Mass spectrometry in structural and stereochemical problems—CXCIX Contrasting fragmentations of singly- and doubly-charged o-, m- and p-hydroxyalkylphenones and their trimethylsilyl ethers

High resolution mass spectrometry, metastable defocusing and deuterium labeling of trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers have been used to study the electron-impact induced fragmentations of o-, m- and p-hydroxyalkylphenones and their TMS ether derivatives. These derivatives have proven useful in contrasting the fragmentation patterns of singly- and doubly-charged ions because of the competing fragmentations: α-cleavage and a McLafferty rearrangement from the ketone moiety and methyl cleavage from the TMS group. A proximity effect was responsible for a markedly increased methyl radical loss from the o-TMS ether. This fragmentation was minor with the m- and p-isomers. Significantly intense doubly-charged ions were formed from ketonic cleavage and by the loss of a TMS methyl radical. The sequence of fragmentation depended on the size of the alkyl group attached to the ketone carbonyl. There was no evidence found for a McLafferty rearrangement occurring from the doubly-charged molecular ion of the TMS ethers of the hydroxyalkylphenones but the rearrangement occurred from the doubly-charge molecular ion of bis-3-(1-oxopentyl)-4-hydroxy-phenyl-methane and, of course, from the singly charged [M]^+. The bis-p-hydroxyphenylmethane derivatives were studied in an effort to increase the intensity of the doubly-charged ions as it was expected that the charges would be separated by a longer distance.     

Efficient Difluoromethylation of Alcohols Using TMSCF2Br as a Unique and Practical Difluorocarbene Reagent under Mild Conditions

A general method for the efficient difluoromethylation of alcohols using commercially available TMSCF₂Br (TMS=trimethylsilyl) as a unique and practical difluorocarbene source is developed. This method allows primary, secondary, and even tertiary alkyl difluoromethyl ethers to be synthesized under weakly basic or acidic conditions. The reaction mainly proceeds through the direct interaction between a neutral alcohol and difluorocarbene, which is different from the difluoromethylation of phenols. Moreover, alcohols containing other moieties that are also reactive toward difluorocarbene can be transformed divergently by using TMSCF₂Br. This research not only solves the synthetic problem of difluorocarbene‐mediated difluoromethylation of alcohols, it also provides new insights into the different reaction mechanisms of alcohol difluoromethylation and phenol difluoromethylation with difluorocarbene species.     

Rapid,highly efficient and chemoselective trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) catalyzed by reusable electron‐deficient tin(IV)porphyrin

In this paper, rapid and highly efficient trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) in the presence of catalytic amounts of high‐valent [Sn^IV(TPP)(OTf)₂] is reported. This catalytic system catalyzes trimethylsilylation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols as well as phenols, and the corresponding TMS‐ethers were obtained in high yields and short reaction times at room temperature. It is noteworthy that this method can be used for chemoselective silylation of primary alcohols in the presence of secondary and tertiary alcohols and phenols. The catalyst was reused several times without loss of its catalytic activity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electron‐deficient vanadium(IV) tetraphenylporphyrin: A new,highly efficient and reusable catalyst for chemoselective trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethyldisilazane

In the present work, the application of electron‐deficient tetraphenylporphyrinatovanadium(IV) trifluoromethanesulfonate, [V^IV(TPP)(OTf)₂], in the trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethydisilazane (HMDS) is reported. This new V(IV) catalyst was used as an efficient catalyst for silylation of not only primary alcohols but also sterically hindered secondary and tertiary alcohols with HMDS. Trimethylsilylation of phenols with HMDS was also performed to afford the desired Trimethylsilyl ethers (TMS) ethers. The chemoselectivity of this method was also investigated. This catalyst can be reused several times without loss of its activity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mass spectrometry of the triethylsilyl,tri-n-propylsilyl and tri-n-butylsilyl derivatives of some alcohols,steroids and cannabinoids

The 25 _eV mass spectra of the trialkylsilyl (R = Et, Pr, Bu) derivatives of several alcohols, steroids and cannabinoids are compared with those of the corresponding trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives. Abundant ions produced by elimination of one of the alkyl groups characterize most of the spectra. Although the presence of such ions is advantageous in certain cases, such as for single ion monitoring studies, the spectra usually contain fewer ions of diagnostic use than the spectra of corresponding TMS derivatives. Successive elimination of C_nH_2n fragments is also a feature of these spectra.     

Evaluation of MINDO/3 calculated structures. III. Saturated acyclic compounds with chlorine,nitrogen, oxygen,or sulfur

Fifty-one structures have been calculated by the MINDO /3 method to evaluate the errors introduced by branching and by the presence of the heteroatom. The structures are evaluated by comparisons which reveal that the calculated ΔH_f values reflect a bias because of the presence of the heteroatom. With two carbons or more in a chain attached to a heteroatom group, a linear relationship exists which makes possible the calculation of reasonably accurate ΔH_f values for unbranched alcohols, primary or secondary amines, ethers, thioethers, thiols, and alkyl chlorides. Branching errors do not seem to be linearly related among the systems. Some errors in calculations of geometries are also discussed.     

Mass spectra of alkenyl methyl ethers

Electron impact ionization mass spectra of numerous alkenyl methyl ethers C_nH_2n-1OCH₃ (n = 3–6) recorded under normal (4 kV, 70 eV, 175°C) and low-energy, low-temperature (8 kV, 12 eV, 75 °C) conditions are reported. The influence of the position and stereochemistry of the double bond on the dissociation of ionized alkenyl methyl ethers is discussed. The mechanisms by which these ethers fragment after ionization have been further investigated using extensive ²H-labelling experiments and by studying the energy dependence of the reactions. Ethers of allylic alcohols show spectra that are distinct from those of the isomeric species in which the double bond is separated by one or more sp³ carbon atoms from the carbon atom carrying the methoxy group. Three principal primary fragmentations are observed. The most common process, especially for ionized ethers of allylic alcohols, is loss of an alkyl group. This reaction often occurs by simple α-cleavage of radical-cations of the appropriate structure; however, alkyl groups attached to either end of the double bond are also readily lost. These formal β- and γ-cleavages are explained in terms of rearrangements via distonic ions and, at least in the case of γ-cleavages, ionized methoxycyclopropanes. Ionized homoallyl methyl ethers tend to eliminate an allylic radical, particularly at high internal energies, with formation of an oxonium ion (CH₃ ⁺O?CH₂ or CH₃ ⁺O?CHCH₃). The ethers of linear pentenols and hexenols show abundant [M - CH₃OH]⁺? ions in their spectra, especially when a terminal methoxy group is present Methanol loss also takes place from ionized ethers of allylic alcohols in which there is a Δ-hydrogen atom; this process is significantly favoured by cis, rather than trans, stereochemistry of the double bond.     

An efficient synthesis of silyl ethers of primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, phenols and oximes with a hydrosilane using InBr3 as a catalyst

An efficient method for the preparation of silyl ethers by InBr₃ catalyzed silylation of primary alcohols, secondary alcohols, phenols and oxime with a hydrosilane is described.     

{[K.18-Crown-6]Br3}n:保护胺和醇的三溴化催化剂（英文）

{[K.18-Crown-6]Br3}n , a unique tribromide-type catalyst, was utilized for the N-boc protection of amines and trimethylsilylation (TMS) and tetrahydropyranylation (THP) of alcohols. The method is general for the preparation of N-boc derivatives of aliphatic (acyclic and cyclic) and aromatic, and primary and secondary amines and also various TMS-ethers and THP-ethers. The simple separation of the catalyst from the product is one of the many advantages of this method.     

A facile method for the rapid and selective deprotection of methoxymethyl (MOM) ethers

We describe a rapid and efficient method for selective deprotection of methoxymethyl (MOM) ethers using ZnBr₂ and n-PrSH, which completely removed MOM from diverse MOM ethers of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols or phenol derivatives. The deprotection takes less than ten minutes with both high yield and selectivity in the presence of other protecting groups. In addition, the rapid deprotection of MOM ethers of tertiary hydroxyls in high yield with no epimerization allows MOM to be a suitable protecting group for tertiary alcohols.     

A novel B(C(6)F(5))(3)-catalyzed reduction of alcohols and cleavage of aryl and alkyl ethers with hydrosilanes

The primary alcohols 1a-e and ethers 4a-d were effectively reduced to the corresponding hydrocarbons 2 by HSiEt(3) in the presence of catalytic amounts of B(C(6)F(5))(3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of catalytic use of Lewis acid in the reduction of alcohols and ethers with hydrosilanes. The secondary alkyl ethers 4j,k enabled cleavage and/or reduction under similar reaction conditions to produce either the silyl ethers 3m-n or the corresponding alcohol 5a upon subsequent deprotection with TBAF. It was found that the secondary alcohols 1g-i and tertiary alcohol 1j, as well as the tertiary alkyl ether 4l, did not react with HSiEt(3)/(B(C(6)F(5))(3) reducing reagent at all. The following relative reactivity order of substrates was found: primary > secondary > tertiary. A plausible mechanism for this nontraditional Lewis acid catalyzed reaction is proposed.     

AlCl3 · 6H2O/KI/CH3CN/H2O: An Efficient and Versatile System for Chemoselective C–O Bond Cleavage and Formation of Halides and Carbonyl Compounds from Alcohols in Hydrated Media

AlCl₃ · 6H₂O/KI/CH₃CN/H₂O, an efficient and versatile system, cleaves the C–O bonds of esters, acetals, ethers, and oxathiolanes to the corresponding acids, alcohols, and carbonyl compounds chemoselectively at 80 °C in hydrated media with good yields. This system also converts the alcohols (primary/secondary) to halides and oxidizes the alcohols (primary/secondary) to the corresponding carbonyl compounds in the presence of DMSO.     

Identification by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of lipids from the rat Harderian gland

Lipids from rat Harderian glands were extracted with ethyl acetate, hydrolysed with base and examined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as trimethylsilyl (TMS), [2H9]TMS, methyl ester-TMS, picolinyl, nicotinate and nicotinylidene derivatives. The latter three derivatives were used to reveal the structures of the alkyl chains of fatty acids, alcohols and glycerol ethers, respectively. Forty-eight compounds were identified, representing about 97% of the total extracted lipids as measured by GC peak areas. The major constituents were fatty acids with chain lengths from 12 to 22 carbon atoms (mainly C18 and C20) and fatty alcohols (C16 to C26) derived from wax esters. Most of these acids and alcohols were unsaturated in the omega-7 position and were accompanied by smaller amounts of the saturated and omega-5 monounsaturated analogues. glycerol ethers were also identified for the first time in this secretion; the ether chains contained from 14 to 19 carbon atoms (mainly 16) and were straight-chain saturated, unsaturated (omega-5 and omega-7) and branched (iso). The only sterol found was cholesterol amounting to 1.24% of the total extract.     

An efficient synthesis of novel l-rhamnose based non-ionic surfactants under controlled microwave irradiation

The scope and limitations of microwave-assisted glycosylation for the preparation of various alkyl l-rhamnoside amphiphiles were investigated. Straightforward coupling of hydrophilic unprotected sugar and hydrophobic high molecular weight alcohols, in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid as a promoter, yielded structurally different compounds in very good yields (37–87%). A homologous series including 17 examples of alkyl α-l-rhamnoside amphiphiles varying in chain structure (C₄–C₂₀) is reported. The structures of the new derivatives were determined by NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Molecular geometry optimizations of different ring forms (¹C₄ and ⁴C₁) and anomeric configurations were carried out using DFT calculations. Herein we demonstrate the advantages of microwave irradiation for the preparation of a broad variety of linear and branched-chain alkyl α-l-rhamnosides. The application of this approach to the synthesis of new natural non-ionic surfactants makes this method attractive because of their potential use in biomedical and pharmaceutical chemistry.     

Cobalt‐Catalyzed Negishi Cross‐Coupling Reactions of (Hetero)Arylzinc Reagents with Primary and Secondary Alkyl Bromides and Iodides

We report a cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of di(hetero)arylzinc reagents with primary and secondary alkyl iodides or bromides using THF‐soluble CoCl₂?2 LiCl and TMEDA as a ligand, which leads to the corresponding alkylated products in up to 88 % yield. A range of functional groups (e.g. COOR, CN, CF₃, F) are tolerated in these substitution reactions. Remarkably, we do not observe rearrangement of secondary alkyl iodides to unbranched products. Additionally, the use of cyclic TBS‐protected iodohydrins leads to trans‐2‐arylcyclohexanol derivatives in excellent diastereoselectivities (up to d.r.=99:1).     

Efficient chemoselective alcohol oxidation using oxygen as oxidant. Superior performance of gold over palladium catalysts

Gold nanoparticles supported on nanocrystalline ceria (Au/CeO₂) is a general, air- and moisture-stable, commercial catalyst for the atmospheric pressure, solventless oxidation of aromatic, primary and secondary alcohols to the corresponding benzaldehyde or ketone compound. Aliphatic primary alcohols are oxidized to the corresponding alkyl ester and aliphatic secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones. Conversions and product yields are in most of the cases excellent. The oxidizing reagent and the experimental conditions are almost ideal from the environmental point of view. Comparison with analogous ceria supported and hydroxyapatite-supported palladium catalysts, Au/CeO₂ clearly shows the superior performance of Au/CeO₂ in terms of higher chemoselectivity. In contrast to palladium catalysts that promote CC double isomerization, Au/CeO₂ oxidizes selectively allylic alcohols to conjugated ketones.     

Cationic polymerization of α,β-disubstituted olefins. V. Reactivity of propenyl alkyl ethers in cationic polymerization

To elucidate the effect of the introduction of a methyl group in the β-position of a vinyl monomer, propenyl alkyl ethers were copolymerized with vinyl ethers having the same alkoxy group. Propenyl alkyl ethers with an unbranched alkoxy group (ethyl or n-butyl propenyl ether) were more reactive than the corresponding vinyl ethers. This behavior is quite different from that of β-methylstyrene derivatives. However, propenyl alkyl ethers with branched alkoxy groups at the α carbon atom (isopropyl or tert-butyl propenyl ether) were less reactive than the corresponding vinyl ethers. Also, cis- isomers were more reactive than the trans isomers, regardless of the kind of alkoxy group and the polarity of the solvent.     

Mild and efficient silylation of alcohols and phenols with HMDS using Bi(OTf)3 under solvent-free condition

A very efficient and mild silylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) at rt is developed using Bi(OTf)₃ as the catalyst. Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols as well as phenols are excellently converted into corresponding TMS ethers in a very short reaction time. This procedure can also be applied to large scale silylation for industrial application.     

RuIII(OTf)SalophenCH2–NHSiO2–Fe: an efficient and magnetically recoverable catalyst for trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethyldisilazane

Efficient trimethylsilylation of alcohols and phenols with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) catalyzed by ruthenium(III) complex of chloromethylated Salophen supported on nanomagnetic materials is reported. First, the iron nanomagnets were silica coated, functionalized with amine and then ruthenium CM‐Salophen was successfully bonded to their surface. The catalyst, Ru^III(OTf)SalophenCH₂–NHSiO₂–Fe, was characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques, transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The Ru^III(OTf)SalophenCH₂–NHSiO₂–Fe catalyzed trimethylsilylation of primary and secondary alcohols as well as phenols, and the corresponding TMS ethers were obtained in high yields and short reaction times at room temperature. This new heterogenized trimethylsilylation catalyst is easily recovered with a magnet and showed no appreciable loss of activity even after five consecutive runs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Selective tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols using titanium(IV) salophen trifluoromethanesulfonate as an efficient catalyst

Titanium(IV) salophen trifluoromethanesulfonate, [Ti^IV(salophen)(OSO₂CF₃)₂], as a catalyst enables selective tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols with 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran. Using this catalytic system, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols, as well as phenols, were converted to their corresponding tetrahydropyranyl ethers in high yields and short reaction times at room temperature. Investigation of the chemoselectivity of this method showed discrimination between the activity of primary alcohols in the presence of secondary and tertiary alcohols and phenols. This heterogenized catalyst could be reused several times without loss of its catalytic activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.