Thermal emission properties of one-dimensional grating with different parameters

Thermal emission is often presented as a typical incoherent process. Incorporating periodic structures on the tungsten surface offers the possibility to obtain coherent thermal emission sources. Here we illustrate grating as an example to examine the influence of the geometric parameters on the thermal emission properties. It is found that for very shallow gratings, only surface plasmon polariton(SPP) modes can be excited and the emission efficiency is closely related with the filling factor. When the ratio of the depth to period of the grating is in the range from 1/20 to 1/2, the field between the adjacent corners can be coupled to each other across the air gap for the filling factor larger than 0.5 and produce a similar resonance as in an air rod. Further increase of the grating depth can cause the groove of the grating forming metal–insulator–metal(MIM) structures and induce surface plasmon standing wave modes. Our investigations will not only be helpful for manipulating thermal emission properties according to applications, but also help us understand the coupling mechanism between the incident electromagnetism waves and gratings with different parameters in various research fields.     

Crystalline silicon surface passivation investigated by thermal atomic-layer-deposited aluminum oxide

Atomic-layer-deposited(ALD) aluminum oxide(Al_2O_3) has demonstrated an excellent surface passivation for crystalline silicon(c-Si) surfaces, as well as for highly boron-doped c-Si surfaces. In this paper, water-based thermal atomic layer deposition of Al_2O_3 films are fabricated for c-Si surface passivation. The influence of deposition conditions on the passivation quality is investigated. The results show that the excellent passivation on n-type c-Si can be achieved at a low thermal budget of 250℃ given a gas pressure of 0.15 Torr. The thickness-dependence of surface passivation indicates that the effective minority carrier lifetime increases drastically when the thickness of Al_2O_3 is larger than 10 nm. The influence of thermal post annealing treatments is also studied. Comparable carrier lifetime is achieved when Al_2O_3 sample is annealed for 15 min in forming gas in a temperature range from 400℃ to 450℃. In addition, the passivation quality can be further improved when a thin PECVD-SiN_x cap layer is prepared on Al_2O_3, and an effective minority carrier lifetime of2.8 ms and implied Voc of 721 mV are obtained. In addition, several novel methods are proposed to restrain blistering.     

Resisting shrinkage properties of volume holograms recorded in TiO_2 nanoparticle-dispersed acrylamide-based photopolymer

A novel organic–inorganic nanoparticle–photopolymer composite system is developed, and its fundamental holographic recording characteristics are studied. In this hydrophilic TiO2-nanoparticle-dispersed acrylamide photopolymer composite system, the counter-diffusion of monomers and nanoparticles plays a fundamental and key role in hologram grating formation. The experimental results indicate that the volume shrinkage of the nanoparticle–photopolymer film during the holographic recording can be drastically reduced compared with the undoped photopolymer film. It is also found that the diffraction efficiency of the grating recorded in the nanoparticle–photopolymer film depends strongly on the concentration of the TiO2-nanoparticles, and there exists an optimal TiO2-nanoparticle-doping concentration to make the diffraction efficiency and the refractive index modulation reach their maxima. Additionally, the digital data page is stored and reconstructed in the nanoparticle–photopolymer film.     

Intensity detecting refractive index sensors with long-period fiber gratings written in STS structure

A refractive index intensity detecting sensor with long-period grating written in the single-mode–thin-core–single-mode fiber(STS) structure is proposed and optimized theoretically. The sensor is composed of two single-mode fibers connected by a section of long-period fiber grating fabricated on thin-core fiber. After optimization and benefitting from the phase matching point, the loss peak of the structure can reach 62.8 d B theoretically. The wavelength of the characteristic peak is fixed at the phase matching point, so intensity detection can be achieved. The sensitivity can reach 272.5 d B/RIU. The structural optimization in this Letter provides a reference for the fabrication of an easy-made all-fiber sensor without extra cladding.     

Development of x-ray scintillator functioning also as an analyser grating used in grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging

In order to push the grating-based phase contrast imaging system to be used in hospital and laboratories,this paper designs and develops a novel structure of x-ray scintillator functioning also as an analyser grating,which has been proposed for grating-based x-ray differential phase contrast imaging. According to this design,the scintillator should have a periodical structure in one dimension with the pitch equaling the period of self-image of the phase grating at the Talbot distance,where one half of the pitch is pixellated and is made of x-ray sensitive fluorescent material,such as CsI(Tl),and the remaining part of the pitch is made of x-ray insensitive material,such as silicon. To realize the design,a deep pore array with a high aspect ratio and specially designed grating pattern are successfully manufactured on 5 inch silicon wafer by the photo-assisted electrochemical etching method. The related other problems,such as oxidation-caused geometrical distortion,the filling of CsI(Tl) into deep pores and the removal of inside bubbles,have been overcome. Its pixel size,depth and grating pitch are 3 μm×7.5 μm,150 μm and 3 μm,respectively. The microstructure of the scintillator has been examined microscopically and macroscopically by scanning electron microscope and x-ray resolution chart testing,respectively. The preliminary measurements have shown that the proposed scintillator,also functioning as an analyser grating,has been successfully designed and developed.     

A Novel Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Based on Hybrid Liquid Crystal–Photonic Crystal Fiber

We propose a novel all fiber Mach–Zehnder interferometer(MZI) based on photonic crystal fiber(PCF) filled with liquid crystal(LC). The interference between the core mode and the cladding modes of a PCF is utilized.To excite the cladding modes, a region is formed using fiber fusion splicer. Due to the fact that varying effective index difference between the core region and the LC-filled cladding region can cause different transmission spectra,we mainly study the MZIs with different LC-filled structures and different lengths of LC filling. The measured results demonstrate that quite clear interference spectra can be obtained. Through analysis spatial frequency spectrum and temperature spectrum of two MZIs with different LC-filled structures, we can obtain that the MZI with adjacent two LC-filled holes has clearer interference spectrum and higher temperature sensitivity. Thus we choose this MZI to measure the temperature sensitivity with different lengths of LC filling. When the length of LC filling is 2 cm, the temperature sensitivities can be enlarged to 1.59 nm/C. The interferometer shows a good temperature tunability and sensitivity, which can be a good candidate for a highly tunable optical filtering and temperature sensing applications.     

Tunable terahertz plasmon in grating-gate coupled graphene with a resonant cavity

Plasmon modes in graphene can be tuned into resonance with an incident terahertz electromagnetic wave in the range of 1–4 THz by setting a proper gate voltage.By using the finite-difference-time-domain(FDTD)method,we simulate a graphene plasmon device comprising a single-layer graphene,a metallic grating,and a terahertz cavity.The simulations suggest that the terahertz electric field can be enhanced by several times due to the grating–cavity configuration.Due to this near-field enhancement,the maximal absorption of the incident terahertz wave reaches up to about 45%.     

A plating method for metal coating of fiber Bragg grating

We present a method for metal coating optical fiber and in-fiber Bragg grating. The technology process which is based on electroless plating and electroplating method is described in detail. The fiber is firstly coated with a thin copper or nickel plate with electroless plating method. Then, a thicker nickel plate is coated on the surface of the conductive layer. Under the optimum conditions, the surfaces of chemical plating and electroplating coatings are all smooth and compact. There is no visible defect found in the cross-section. Using this two-step metallization method, the in-fiber Bragg grating can be well protected and its thermal sensitivity can be enhanced. After the metallization process, the fiber sensor is successfully embedded in the 42CrMo steel by brazing method. Thus a smart metal structure is achieved. The embedding results show that the plating method for metallization protection of in-fiber Bragg grating is effective.     

Transport Properties of Binary Clusters

We present first-principles studies on the transport properties of small sificon and aluminium clusters： Al2, Si2, Al4 and AlSi sandwiched between two Al （100） electrodes. The variation of the equilibrium conductance as a function of contact distance for these two-probe systems is probed. Our results show that the transport properties are dependent on both the specific nanostructure and the separation distance between the central molecule and the electrodes. For equilibrium transport properties, the clusters with the similar structure show similar transmission spectra at large distances, the small difference can be explained by the electron filling. For current-voltage characteristics, all the clusters show the metallic behaviour at lower bias, however very different non-linear behaviour can be observed at higher bias. For AlSi and Al2, when the distance between the central cluster and the electrodes is 3.5 A, large negative differential resistance （NDR） can be found in the bias range 0.8V～1.4V.     

Improvement of electron injection of organic light-emitting devices by inserting a thin aluminum layer into cesium carbonate injection layer

We investigate the electron injection effect of inserting a thin aluminum(Al) layer into cesium carbonate(Cs2CO3)injection layer. Two groups of organic light-emitting devices(OLEDs) are fabricated. For the first group of devices based on Alq3, we insert a thin Al layer of different thickness into Cs2CO3 injection layer, and the device's maximum current efficiency of 6.5 cd/A is obtained when the thickness of the thin Al layer is 0.4 nm. However, when the thickness of Al layer is 0.8 nm, the capacity of electron injection is the strongest. To validate the universality of this approach, then we fabricate another group of devices based on another blue emitting material. The maximum current efficiency of the device without and with a thin Al layer is 4.51 cd/A and 4.84 cd/A, respectively. Inserting a thin Al layer of an appropriate thickness into Cs2CO3 layer can result in the reduction of electron injection barrier, enhancement of the electron injection, and improvement of the performance of OLEDs. This can be attributed to the mechanism that thermally evaporated Cs2CO3 decomposes into cesium oxides, the thin Al layer reacts with cesium oxides to form Al–O–Cs complex, and the amount of the Al–O–Cs complex can be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the thin Al layer.     

基于Al_2O_3/MoO_3复合阳极缓冲层的倒置聚合物太阳能电池的研究

采用旋涂Al_2O_3前驱体溶液和低温退火的方法在活性层上形成Al_2O_3薄膜,并与MoO_3结合形成Al_2O_3/MoO_3复合阳极缓冲层,制备了以聚3-己基噻吩:[6.6]-苯基-C_(61)-丁酸甲酯(P3HT:PC_(61)BM)为活性层的倒置聚合物太阳能电池,并通过改变Al_2O_3前驱体溶液的浓度来分析复合阳极缓冲层对器件性能的影响.结果发现,Al_2O_3/MoO_3复合阳极缓冲层能有效调控倒置聚合物太阳能电池的光电性能及其稳定性.当Al_2O_3前驱体溶液的浓度为0.15%时,器件光伏性能达到最优值,与MoO_3单缓冲层的器件相比,光电转换效率(PCE)由3.85%提高到4.64%;经过80天老化测试后,具有复合阳极缓冲层的器件PCE保留为初始值的76%,而单缓冲层的器件PCE已经下降到50%以下.器件性能得到改善的原因是Al_2O_3/MoO_3复合阳极缓冲层增强了倒置太阳能电池器件阳极对空穴的收集能力,同时钝化了器件活性层,从而提升了太阳能电池器件的光伏性能及其稳定性.     

原子层沉积Al2O3/n-GaN MOS结构的电容特性

利用原子层沉积技术制备了具有圆形透明电 极的Ni/Au/Al₂O₃/n-GaN金属-氧化物-半导体结构, 研究了紫外光照对样品电容特性及深能级界面态的影响, 分析了非理想样品积累区电容随偏压增加而下降的物理起源. 在无光照情形下, 由于极长的电子发射时间与极慢的少数载流子热产生速率, 样品的室温电容-电压扫描曲线表现出典型的深耗尽行为, 且准费米能级之上占据深能级界面态的电子状态保持不变. 当器件受紫外光照射时, 半导体耗尽层内的光生空穴将复合准费米能级之上的深能级界面态电子, 同时还将与氧化层内部的深能级施主态反应. 非理想样品积累区电容的下降可归因于绝缘层漏电导的急剧增大, 其诱发机理可能是与氧化层内的缺陷态及界面质量有关的“charge-to-breakdown”过程. 关键词： 原子层沉积 2O₃/n-GaN')" href="#">Al₂O₃/n-GaN 金属-氧化物-半导体结构 电容特性     

空位缺陷和相变对冲击压缩下蓝宝石光学性质的影响

为了探究冲击压缩下蓝宝石光学性质的变化行为,本文采用第一性原理方法,在180 GPa的压力范围内计算了蓝宝石理想晶体和含空位点缺陷晶体的光学性质.吸收光谱数据表明,仅考虑压力和温度因素不能解释冲击消光实验的结果,而冲击诱导的氧离子空位点缺陷应该是导致该结果的一个重要原因.波长在532 nm处的折射率数据表明:1)蓝宝石的两个高压结构相变将导致其折射率明显上升;在Corundum和Rh_2O_3相区,其折射率将随冲击压力增大而降低;在CalrO_3相区,压力小于172 GPa时,其折射率随冲击压力增大而缓慢地降低,但172 GPa以上时折射率却随冲击压力增大而逐渐增大;2)空位点缺陷对折射率随冲击压力的变化规律有明显的影响.本文结果不仅有助于增强用空位点缺陷的物理机理来解释蓝宝石冲击透明性损伤现象的可靠性,而且对未来进一步的实验研究以及发展新型窗口材料有重要的参考作用.     

Performance and reliability improvement of La_2O_3/Al_2O_3 nanolaminates using ultraviolet ozone post treatment

La-based binary or ternary compounds have recently attracted a great deal of attention as a potential candidate to replace the currently used Hf-based dielectrics in future transistor and capacitor devices for sub-22 generation. However, the hygroscopic nature of La₂O₃ hampers its application as dielectrics in electron devices. To cope with this challenge, ultraviolet (UV) ozone post treatment is proposed to suppress the moisture absorption in the H₂O-based atomic layer deposition (ALD) La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ nanolaminates which is related to the residual hydroxyl/hydrogen groups after annealing. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) results indicate that the moisture absorption of the H₂O-based ALD La₂O₃/Al₂O₃ nanolaminates is efficiently suppressed after 600 ℃ annealing, and the electrical characteristics are greatly improved.     

The effects of deep trap population on the thermoluminescence of Al2O3:C

The influence of deep traps on the 450 K thermoluminescence (TL) peak of Al₂O₃:C is studied. Depending upon the sample and on the degree of deep trap filling, features such as the TL width, area and height can vary considerably. These effects are interpreted to be due to: (a) sensitivity changes introduced by competition mechanisms involving deep electron and hole traps, and (b) the multiple component nature of the 450 K TL peak. The influence of the deep traps on the TL was studied using different excitation sources (beta irradiation or UV illumination), and step annealing procedures. Optical absorption measurements were used to monitor the concentration of F- and F⁺-centers. The data lead to the suggestion that the competing deep traps which become unstable at 800–875 K are hole traps, and that the competing deep traps which become unstable at 1100–1200 K are electron traps. Both the dose response of the TL signal and the TL sensitivity are shown to be influenced by sensitization and desensitization processes caused by the filling of deep electron and hole traps, respectively. Changes in the TL peak at low doses were also shown to be connected to the degree of filling of deep traps, emphasizing the influence of deep trap concentration and dose history of each sample in determining the TL properties of the material. Implications of these results for the optically stimulated luminescence properties are also discussed.     

Growth and magnetism of Ni nanoparticles in Ni/Al2O3/Si or Si3N4 multilayers

We report on the fabrication of Ni/Al₂O₃/Si and textured Ni/Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ multilayers containing Ni nanoparticles that exhibit significantly improved results. The secondary phases arising from thermal reaction between Ni and Si can be remarkably suppressed with increasing layers of Al₂O₃ and deposition of Ni/Al₂O₃ multilayers on Si₃N₄ substrates. Atomic force microscopy shows the formation of large as well as nanoclusters of Ni when grown on Si, whereas textured Ni nanoparticles are formed on Si₃N₄ substrates. The magnetization measurements on Ni/Al₂O₃/Si containing a single buffer layer of Al₂O₃ shows higher coercivity field with magnetic nanowire-like behavior, whereas with several Al₂O₃ alternate layers almost a superparamagnetic-like behavior is observed. However, significantly improved magnetic hysteresis was observed in textured Ni/Al₂O₃/Si₃N₄ multilayers due to preferred alignment of Ni nanocrystallites.     

高铁车轮中复合夹杂物的火花光谱原位分析

火花发射光谱分析钢中单一夹杂物的研究已有文献报导,但用火花光谱分析钢中复合夹杂物一直是个难题.钢中复合夹杂物是一种单一夹杂物包裹另外一种单一夹杂物组成的复合体,或由两个及以上单一夹杂物紧密相邻结合体.如何区分材料中同时存在但不相邻的两种单一夹杂物和二者复合夹杂物,用火花发射光谱技术难于实现.该工作采用火花光谱原位统计分...     

Dramatic reduction in dark current of β-Ga2O3 ultraviolet photodectors via β-(Al0.25Ga0.75)2O3 surface passivation

Solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors with metal-semiconductor-metal structure were fabricated based on β -(Al_0.25Ga_0.75)₂O₃/β -Ga₂O₃ film grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. It was known that various surface states increase dark current and a large number of defects can hinder the transport of carriers, resulting in low switching ratio and low responsivity of the device. In this work, β -(Al_0.25Ga_0.75)₂O₃ films are used as surface passivation materials. Owning to its wide band gap, we obtain excellent light transmission and high lattice matching with β -Ga₂O₃. We explore the change and mechanism of the detection performance of the β -Ga₂O₃ detector after β -(Al_0.25Ga_0.75)₂O₃ surface passivation. It is found that under the illumination with 254 nm light at bias 5 V, the β -(Al_0.25Ga_0.75)₂O₃/β -Ga₂O₃ photodetectors show dark current of just 18 pA and high current on/off ratio of 2.16×10⁵. The dark current is sharply reduced about 50 times after passivation of the β -Ga₂O₃ surface, and current on/off ratio increases by approximately 2 times. It is obvious that β -Ga₂O₃ detectors with β -(Al_0.25Ga_0.75)₂O₃ surface passivation can offer superior detector performance.     

氢化氧化铝的同位素效应研究

在B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)水平上预测了Al2O3H3分子的较低能量构型.其基态构型具有C s对称性,电子态为1A′.通过研究Al2O3M3和M2(M=H,D,T)的能量E、定容热容C V和熵S,用电子振动近似讨论了Al2O3+3/2M2→Al2O3M3反应的氢同位素效应,得到了Al2O3氢化的热力学函数?H0,?S0,?G0,及平衡压力与温度的关系.研究表明,氧化物Al2O3吸附氢(氘,氚)反应的同位素排代效应顺序为氚排代氘,氘排代氢,与钛等金属的同位素排代顺序相反.但排代效应都非常弱,且随着温度的增加趋于消失.