轻质高强点阵金属材料的制备及其力学性能强化的研究进展

如何在现有的材料和结构基础上减轻重量并获得更优良的力学性能是材料和力学工作者面临的挑战.概述了国内外轻质点阵金属材料的主要制备技术,评价了点阵金属三明治板的关键焊接技术,并根据各类点阵金属材料的微结构特征分析了其静态力学性能.针对点阵金属材料力学性能强化的关键点进行了系统分析,总结和阐述了点阵金属材料强化研究的关键进展,讨论并展望了轻质材料和结构的研究发展趋势.      

轻质点阵超结构设计及多功能力学性能调控方法

随着先进制造技术、多学科交叉和人工智能科技的飞速发展,高端装备呈现出轻量化、集成化、复合化、功能化、智能化、柔性化和仿生化等发展趋势.传统结构研究存在结构设计和制造相互分离,复杂结构制造效率低、实际制造结构的性能指标和使用可靠性大幅低于设计理论预测、结构多功能一体化程度不足、经济成本过高等问题.此外,先进工业装备对材料、结构的使用性能、使用环境要求越来越高,亟需开展结构的设计、制造、功能、应用一体化研究,为解决我国先进制造“卡脖子”技术难题提供理论依据和技术支持.轻量化多功能点阵超结构具有轻质高强、抗冲击吸能、减振降噪等性能优势,在航空航天、交通运输、国防、生物医疗、能源、机械等工业领域具有巨大的应用潜力.有鉴于此,受多晶体微结构的多尺度力学设计启发,以“点阵超结构力学设计”为主题,开展点阵超结构的节点、杆件组元,胞元类型、双相结构、梯度结构、多层级结构等典型点阵超结构的几何构筑和力学设计,并阐明多晶体多尺度微观结构启发的点阵超结构力学设计基本原理、多功能力学性能调控方法,以及点阵超结构在不同类型载荷下的结构变形和失效物理机理.     

轻质多孔材料研究进展

高超声速武器是军事装备的发展方向,在未来战争中起着重要作用.轻质材料是高超声速飞行器设计与制造的关键技术之一,它是实现高超声速飞行器高超声速、高机动性、远程打击等性能的基础和保障.高超声速飞行器轻质材料主要有蜂窝材料、泡沫金属材料、点阵材料.这些材料具有超轻、高比强、高比刚度、高强韧、高能量吸收等优良机械性能,以及减震、散热、吸声、电磁屏蔽等特殊性质,它兼具功能和结构双重作用,是一种性能优异的多功能材料.本文从材料制备、结构设计、力学与物理性能表征等方面综述了高超声速飞行器轻质材料的研究与应用现状,比较了三种轻质材料的机械和物理性能,重点评述了新型点阵材料的制备工艺、结构构型、力学及其他性能,指出了其发展趋势.     

点阵材料微极连续介质模型的应力优化设计

在将二维周期性点阵类材料等效为具有非局部化本构的微极连续介质的基础上,运用优化技术,探讨了基于材料相对密度和微单胞特征尺度两类变量的优化结构应力的方法,给出了针对最小化结构关键部位应力、结构最大应力最小化、最大化结构关键部位安全储备三类特定目标的结构与材料一体化协同优化结果．利用圆板小孔应力集中的数值算例验证了方法的有效性．     

一阶和二阶金字塔点阵材料等效弹性参数研究

本文通过分析一阶和二阶金字塔点阵夹芯结构的受力特点,研究了它们的等效弹性参数,得到了一阶和二阶芯体在受到3方向简单压缩及1、2方向单向剪切载荷时的等效弹性参数的解析解.此外,还分别建立了三维一阶和二阶点阵夹芯结构的有限元模型,并将有限元解与相同条件下的理论解进行了比较,验证了本文理论计算的正确性.     

轻质波纹夹层结构的制备及其多功能应用研究进展

波纹夹层结构较其他轻质多孔材料具有结构简单、加工制造方便、制造成本低等优点,已得到广泛应用.本文概述了不同轻质波纹结构的构型及其表征方式,阐述了波纹夹层结构的制备及其无损检测技术,重点评述了波纹夹层结构的轻质高强、抗爆炸冲击、高效散热、吸声降噪、促动等多功能应用特性,总结了波纹夹层结构在工程应用上的关键进展,展望了波纹夹层结构在基础和应用研究方面的发展趋势.     

基于扭曲Kagome点阵结构的一模材料设计

零能模式超材料指弹性矩阵的特征值中有若干为零的弹性材料,根据零特征值的个数可将其分类为一模至五模材料。当前,针对五模材料已有较深入研究,并在水声和弹性波调控方面获得重要应用,而对其他类型零能模式材料的研究尚未展开。本文对扭曲Kagome周期桁架这样一类欠约束点阵材料的有效弹性性质进行了研究,结果表明通过调节点阵材料的微观几何构型和杆件刚度,该类结构能够涵盖一系列一模材料谱系。针对给定一模弹性张量,发展了软-硬模式分离的微结构逆向优化设计策略。通过特定一模材料中的波传播现象对有效性质预测和微结构设计进行了数值验证。     

微纳米点阵力学超材料的设计和性能

在过去几年中,增材制造技术的不断涌现促进了点阵力学超材料研究的迅猛发展。本文主要介绍三维微纳米点阵力学超材料的性能和设计,强调点阵单胞基本单元的演化发展：从桁架到平板再到曲面,如何降低结构内部的应力集中,一步步实现理论预测的各向同性的Hashin--Shtrikman极限刚度。并对这一类力学超材料在生物医药、能源环境等领域的应用进行概述。     

智柔超材料及其力学性能的研究进展

力学超材料(或超结构)因其独特的微观结构设计而展现超常的物理和力学特性.将力学超材料设计思想与智能柔性(简称智柔)材料相结合,可以制备出具有自感知和自驱动功能的智柔力学超材料(简称智柔超材料).本文对近年来智柔超材料的研究现状和进展进行了评述,分析了此类材料的基本设计思想、变形机理及力学特性,重点关注了基于形状记忆聚合物和水凝胶智柔超材料的设计原理和性能分析方法;阐释了先进制造技术为智柔超材料发展带来的机遇,并讨论了此类材料在设计和开发方面面临的关键问题以及未来发展趋势.     

软化Mohr-Coulomb材料强度参数的测定方法

为了得到试件的粘聚力和内摩擦角随轴向塑性压应变变化的曲线提出本方法。试件的弹塑性本构关系遵循相关联的Mohr-Coulomb强度准则;对常规三轴试验,试件受力进入塑性状态后,处在棱椎状屈服面的棱上,加载过程遵循Koiter流动法则。按经典塑性力学理论,推导得到轴向塑性压应变与轴向应力与轴向应变的关系;在常规三轴试验机上获得不同围压下试件的全程应力-应变曲线,进而可得到各自围压下轴向塑性压应变随加载过程的变化曲线;把来自不同围压下对应同一轴向塑性压应变的应力分别代入屈服面方程,即可求得对应的粘聚力和内摩擦角。结果表明,Mohr-Coulomb材料的两个强度参数的变化由轴向塑性压应变确定。轴向塑性压应变可以作为塑性变形的状态参数,它和试件的受力过程可以唯一确定试件的变形过程。     

桁架板等效刚度分析

桁架材料的连续介质等效模型的研究已有相当基础,而工程中桁架材料往往以类板结构形式出现,其变形表现出明显的弯曲特征。将类板桁架材料采用弯曲板模型模拟,研究合理的方法确定等效板模型的刚度具有重要意义。本文在基于Kirchhoff假定的小挠度薄板弹性理论框架下,研究了类板桁架材料的等效弯曲薄板模型,提出了确定薄板模型等效刚度的基于Dirichlet位移边界条件的代表体元法,给出了确定各刚度系数所对应的代表体元的边界位移形式。具体计算了几种典型形式桁架板的等效刚度,并采用有限元离散模型和实验技术分析了桁架板在一定的边界约束和荷载作用下的响应,并与等效板模型的分析结果进行了对比。结果表明,在响应分析中,具有等效刚度的薄板模型可准确模拟类板桁架材料;连续介质板等效刚度计算的积分法不能给出准确的桁架板等效刚度,而基于Dirichlet位移边界条件的代表体元法获得的等效板的刚度具有很高的精度。     

Effects of high order deformations on the strength of planar lattice materials

Lattice materials have been attractive over the last decade for use as load-carrying structures, energy absorbing elements and heat exchanging structures because of their excellent mechanical properties and multifunctional characters. However, the quantitative analysis accounting for high order deformations upon the collapse of lattice materials, which is important for their applications, has not been reported. An analytical investigation of yield surfaces with respect to the high order deformations was carried out for two typical planar lattice materials： triangular and Kagome lattices separately. The analytical results were validated by the finite element method （FEM） simulations. It was found that the effect of high order deformation on the yield strength increases with the relative density. The bending effect of the Kagome lattice is more obvious than that of the triangular one with the same relative density and stress state. The yield strength of the Kagome lattice calculated by neglecting the bending effect overestimates the result by more than 10% when the relative density is higher than about 11.1%, which may not be ignored in engineering applications. The yielding surfaces of the two lattice materials demonstrated in the paper also confirm the analytical results.     

The stiffness and strength of the gyroid lattice

Recently, a nanoscale lattice material, based upon the gyroid topology has been self-assembled by phase separation techniques (Scherer et al., 2012) and prototyped in thin film applications. The mechanical properties of the gyroid are reported here. It is a cubic lattice, with a connectivity of three struts per joint, and is bending-dominated in its elasto-plastic response to all loading states except for hydrostatic: under a hydrostatic stress it exhibits stretching-dominated behaviour. The three independent elastic constants of the lattice are determined through a unit cell analysis using the finite element method; it is found that the elastic and shear modulus scale quadratically with the relative density of the lattice, whereas the bulk modulus scales linearly. The plastic collapse response of a rigid, ideally plastic gyroid lattice is explored using the upper bound method, and is validated by finite element calculations for an elastic-ideally plastic lattice. The effect of geometrical imperfections, in the form of random perturbations to the joint positions, is investigated for both stiffness and strength. It is demonstrated that the hydrostatic modulus and strength are imperfection sensitive, in contrast to the deviatoric response. The macroscopic yield surface of the imperfect lattice is adequately described by a modified version of Hill’s anisotropic yield criterion. The article ends with a case study on the stress induced within a gyroid thin film, when the film and its substrate are subjected to a thermal expansion mismatch.     

Planar lattices with tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion and high stiffness based on dual-material triangle unit

The unexpected thermal distortions and failures in engineering raise the big concern about thermal expansion controlling. Thus, design of tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is urgently needed for the materials used in large temperature variation circumstance. Here, inspired by multi-fold rotational symmetry in crystallography, we have devised six kinds of periodic planar lattices, which incorporate tailorable CTE and high specific biaxial stiffness. Fabrication process, which overcame shortcomings of welding or adhesion connection, was developed for the dual-material planar lattices. The analytical predictions agreed well with the CTE measurements. It is shown that the planar lattices fabricated from positive CTE constituents, can give large positive, near zero and even negative CTEs. Furthermore, a generalized stationary node method was proposed for aperiodic lattices and even arbitrary structures with desirable thermal expansion. As an example, aperiodic quasicrystal lattices were designed and exhibited zero thermal expansion property. The proposed method for the lattices of lightweight, robust stiffness, strength and tailorable thermal expansion is useful in the engineering applications.     

Experimental and statistical assessments of the mechanical strength reliability of gamma alumina catalyst supports

The mechanical strength of solid catalysts is considered an important factor in terms of ensuring the reliable performance of industrial reactors. In this work, a pelletizing method was used to form gamma alumina support for catalysts. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to analyze and model the effects of various manufacturing parameters on the crushing strength of the supports. These parameters were binder concentration, compaction pressure, calcination temperature, and drying mode. The suggested model was verified by applying an analysis of variance to assess its validity with regard to crushing strength. The mechanical reliability of various supports was also determined by calculating their Weibull modulus values through linear regression of the Weibull equation. The material with the highest mechanical strength reliability will have both a high mean crushing strength and a high Weibull modulus, and the best values obtained for a support in this work were 70.7 MPa and 6.63, respectively. The conditions used to form this sample were: 20 mass% binder concentration, 861 MPa compaction pressure, 466 °C calcination temperature, and gentle drying.     

Lower bound of effective yield strength domain for random heterogeneous materials

A random heterogeneous material is represented by a finite family of microstructures, the environment of each microstructure being subjected to a perfect mix condition whose validity is justified both theoretically and numerically. Necessary conditions, satisfied by any permissible strain rate field on a representative and unlimited domain of the material, are highlighted. They enable one to obtain, by solving a discrete infmax problem, a lower bound of the effective yield strength domain of the material, that is rigorous and more predictive than the classical bound of Reuss. An analytical application on a porous medium illustrates the methodology.     

On the effective stiffness of plates made of hyperelastic materials with initial stresses

Within the framework of the direct approach to the plate theory we consider the infinitesimal deformations of a plate made of hyperelastic materials taking into account the non-homogeneously distributed initial stresses. Here we consider the plate as a material surface with 5 degrees of freedom (3 translations and 2 rotations). Starting from the equations of the non-linear elastic body and describing the small deformations superposed on the finite deformation we present the two-dimensional constitutive equations for a plate. The influence of initial stresses in the bulk material on the plate behavior is considered.     

Plastic failure analysis of an auxetic foam or inverted strut lattice under longitudinal and shear loads

Auxetic materials possess negative Poisson's ratios. As such, they can be applied in situations where traditional materials perform poorly or cannot perform. We investigate the plastic failure of a 3D auxetic strut lattice under uniaxial and transverse loads in order to complement ongoing research in miniaturized strut-based sandwich cores. The chosen lattice is also representative of an auxetic foam. Plastic failure models derived with respect to two physical parameters (packing parameter and relative density) which control the negative Poisson's ratio compare well with numerical data. Microscopic failure modes differ depending on the loading state: shear failure is due to global plastic yielding while plastic localization occurs under uniaxial loads. This observation suggests among others that it is advisable to use auxetic cores when structural softness under normal loads and hardness under transverse loads are both critical design conditions.     

Bio-inspired mechanics of reversible adhesion: Orientation-dependent adhesion strength for non-slipping adhesive contact with transversely isotropic elastic materials

Geckos and many insects have evolved elastically anisotropic adhesive tissues with hierarchical structures that allow these animals not only to adhere robustly to rough surfaces but also to detach easily upon movement. In order to improve our understanding of the role of elastic anisotropy in reversible adhesion, here we extend the classical JKR model of adhesive contact mechanics to anisotropic materials. In particular, we consider the plane strain problem of a rigid cylinder in non-slipping adhesive contact with a transversely isotropic elastic half space with the axis of symmetry oriented at an angle inclined to the surface. The cylinder is then subjected to an arbitrarily oriented pulling force. The critical force and contact width at pull-off are calculated as a function of the pulling angle. The analysis shows that elastic anisotropy leads to an orientation-dependent adhesion strength which can vary strongly with the direction of pulling. This study may suggest possible mechanisms by which reversible adhesion devices can be designed for engineering applications.     

Size effect of lattice material and minimum weight design

The size effects of microstructure of lattice materials on structural analysis and minimum weight design are studied with extented multiscale finite element method（EMsFEM） in the paper. With the same volume of base material and configuration, the structural displacement and maximum axial stress of micro-rod of lattice structures with different sizes of microstructure are analyzed and compared.It is pointed out that different from the traditional mathematical homogenization method, EMsFEM is suitable for analyzing the structures which is constituted with lattice materials and composed of quantities of finite-sized micro-rods.The minimum weight design of structures composed of lattice material is studied with downscaling calculation of EMsFEM under stress constraints of micro-rods. The optimal design results show that the weight of the structure increases with the decrease of the size of basic sub-unit cells. The paper presents a new approach for analysis and optimization of lattice materials in complex engineering constructions.