中学化学实验教学改革及其反思

从4个方面反思中学化学实验教学改革,指出中学化学实验教学改革的基本思路是:如何更好地发挥教材中各类实验在中学化学教学的作用,从而实现中学化学教学目标;验证是化学实验的最根本功能,实验的验证性与实验在情感领域和能力、方法领域的功能并不矛盾,而是实现这些领域的功能的基础;实验教学若能从学生出发,引发学生的想法并加以验证,则能有效地发挥教材中的各类实验在化学教学中的作用,提高中学化学教学质量.     

介绍一本中学化学实验研究的专著

实验教学是中学化学教学的基础。要在中学教学中推进全面的素质教育,加强化学实验教学有着深远的意义。著名的化学家、教育家戴安邦教授曾经明确指出：“化学实验教学是全面的化学教育的一种最有效的教学形式”。研究如何提高中学化学教师的实验教学和实验研究能力,充分发挥实验教学在全面化学教育中的作用,是摆在化学教育工作者面前的重要任务。     

实验是中学化学教学中永恒的主题

在新课标的化学教材中,增加了许多化学实验尤其是探究性实验。化学实验成为落实新课程改革目标的重要手段之一,是化学教学中永恒的主题。本文分析了化学实验在中学化学教学中的重要作用,提出了如何在教学中加强实验教学的一些方法。     

我国2001-2013年中学化学实验学习研究热点的知识谱图

为比较准确地了解国内中学化学实验学习研究的热点和重点,为今后中学化学实验学习研究提供有力的数据与支撑,利用bicomb1.0软件与IBM SPSS20.0软件,对从中国知网中查询到的2001-2013年的518篇关于实验与化学学习的相关文献进行了知识谱图的绘制.研究结果表明,我国中学化学实验学习的研究主要涉及4大领域,分别是:高中新课程,化学实验对于化学知识的学习、素质教育,创新、观察等能力的培养等相关领域研究热点;中学化学实验对于激发学生兴趣、培养学生动手能力和课外活动作为化学教学的一种方法途径的研究热点;课堂教学中,实验教学与多媒教学等教学模式的改革、创新提升教学质量的研究热点;采用化学实验微型化、绿色化等策略来强化对学生的能力的培养.     

实验室科学管理的一个重要环节——谈实验室应建立实验档案

随着中学化学教学改革的不断深入,广大中学化学教师及有关的教育行政领导对化学实验教学越来越重视起来。目前,全国各地都在为实现电教实验普及县(市)而努力,这项措施对实验教学的发展无疑将产生极大的推动作用。多年来,在实验室管理方面,我们已经形成了一系列的管理制度,为保证中学化学实验教学的正常进行起到了良好的作用,同时也为实现实验室的科学管理奠定了基础。     

推理性实验教学的一次尝试

化学教学是以实验为基础的。化学实验教学在中学化学教学中占有重要位置。严成志同志根据学生思维活动的不同特点,把实验教学划分为概括性的,求解性的和推理性的三种类型。这对化学实验教学具有一定的指导意义。     

加强实验教学 提高教学质量

实践证明,有目的、有计划、有组织地进行实验教学,是中学化学教学理论联系实际的主要途径,是提高教学质量的重要措施。通过一系列的实验教学活动,使学生正确地理解观察的目的,帮助学生形成概念,理解和巩固化学基础知识,掌握实验操作技能,培养思考分析问题概括问题的能力和严肃认真的科学态度,起着重要的作用。     

基于RAMP范式的化学实验风险认知与决策能力教学模式设计

基于RAMP范式对中学化学实验中风险认知与决策能力的培养展开探索与思考。根据中学化学实验教学中风险认知教育现状,建构融合RAMP范式的化学实验教学模式。结合实例阐述识别危害、评估风险、减控风险和应急准备等4个步骤在化学实验教学中展开的方式。     

中学化学手持技术数字化实验研究的演进及展望*

正手持技术数字化实验是信息技术在中学化学实验教学中的有效使用,有利于开展验证性实验和探究性实验教学及推进信息技术与教育教学的深度融合,也利于培养学生的实验技能和提升学生的科学研究素养。1 中学化学手持技术数字化实验研究的演进经文献统计分析,得出中学化学手持技术数字化实验的演进及特点:(1)大致可分为3个阶段;2004-2007年为酝酿期,2008-2012年为徘徊期,2013-至今为快速发展期;(2)在被引较高的前10篇文     

化学实验是研究性学习的重要途径

化学研究性学习应以课堂教学为主阵地,在中学化学教学中,充分利用化学学科"以实验为基础"的基本特征,挖掘和开发化学实验在研究性学习中的功能,对于改变学生的学习方法,形成终身学习的能力,培养科学探究能力具有重要的意义。对化学课堂中如何利用实验教学开展研究性学习从几个方面进行了探讨。     

国内光催化研究进展简述

分1975~1985, 1985~1995和1995~2012三个时期简要介绍了国内光催化研究进展, 主要侧重于光催化材料及其改性、应用和反应机理方面的研究进展, 并指出了当前光催化领域存在的一些重要问题和未来的发展趋势, 涉及到光解水、CO₂还原、环境净化和选择性有机合成等方面.     

青蒿素研究进展

青蒿素是目前治疗疟疾的特效药。本文对自青蒿素发现以来的最新研究进展进行了比较详尽的综述。内容包括: 青蒿素的发现及历史, 青蒿素的来源, 青蒿素的全合成,青蒿素的生物合成, 青蒿素衍生物以及植物组织培养生产青蒿素。     

Interpretation of inorganic arsenic metabolism in humans in the light of observations made in vitro and in vivo in the rat

The toxicity of inorganic trivalent arsenic for living organisms is reduced by in vivo methylation of the element. In man, this biotransformation leads to the synthesis of monomethylarsonic (MMA) and dimethylarsinic (DMA) acids, which are efficiently eliminated in urine along with the unchanged form (As_i). In order to document the methylation process in humans, the kinetics of As_i, MMA and DMA elimination were studied in volunteers given a single dose of one of these three arsenicals or repeated doses of As_i. The arsenic methylation efficiency was also assessed in subjects acutely intoxicated with arsenic trioxide (As₂O₃) and in patients with liver diseases. Several observations in humans can be explained by the properties of the enzymic systems involved in the methylation process which we have characterized in vitro and in vivo in rats as follows: (1) production of As_i metabolites is catalyzed by an enzymic system whose activity is highest in liver cytosol; (2) different enzymic activities, using the same methyl group donor (S-adenosylmethionine), lead to the production of mono- and di-methylated derivatives which are excreted in urine as MMA and DMA; (3) dimethylating activity is highly sensitive to inhibition by excess of inorganic arsenic; (4) reduced glutathione concentration in liver moderates the arsenic methylation process through several mechanisms, e.g. stimulation of the first methylation reaction leading to MMA, facilitation of As_i uptake by hepatocytes, stimulation of the biliary excretion of the element, reduction of pentavalent forms before methylation, and protection of a reducing environment in the cells necessary to maintain the activity of the enzymic systems.     

Recent Advances in Analytical Methodology for in vivo Electrochemistry in Mammals

Electrochemistry is one of the most advanced techniques for monitoring neurochemical activities in the living brain because electrochemical approaches bear the advantageous features of high spatial and temporal resolutions, which facilitate its tremendous potential in investigating the highly spatially heterogeneous brain system and the fast dynamics of neurochemical activities. On the other hand, since brain is the most complicated organ in the sense of its numerous kinds of neurochemical species, high selectivity is always required for any analytical methods that approach the brain. In this review, we will discuss various electrochemical methodologies to achieve selective detection of neurochemicals in mammalian brain and the strategies developed mainly by our group towards selective monitoring of both electrochemically active and inactive neurochemicals. At the end, we will discuss possible solutions towards brain mapping of neurochemical species and combination of neurochemical detection strategy with electrophysiology as the direction of future development of electroanalysis in living brain.     

Use of NAA in marine environment and in archaeology in Greece

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a very sensitive and accurate multielement analytical method that is widely applied to the investigation of environmental and archaeological problems. The first part of this paper is a review of pollution studies of toxic trace elements in sediments, seawater and marine organisms of Saronikos Gulf, Greece by NAA. The second part of this paper is a review of provenance studies based on minor and trace element research in ancient ceramics, obsidian, flint, limestone, marble and lead by Instrumental NAA, performed at the NCSR Demokritos.     

Electrolysis in nanochannels for in situ reagent generation in confined geometries

In situ generation of reactive species within confined geometries, such as nanopores or nanochannels is of significant interest in overcoming mass transport limitations in chemical reactivity. Solvent electrolysis is a simple process that can readily be coupled to nanochannels for the electrochemical generation of reactive species, such as H(2). Here the production of hydrogen-rich liquid volumes within nanofluidic structures, without bubble nucleation or nanochannel occlusion, is explored both experimentally and by modeling. Devices comprised of multiple horizontal nanochannels intersecting planar working and quasi-reference electrodes were constructed and used to study the effects of confinement and reduced working volume on the electrochemical reduction of H(2)O to H(2) and OH(-). H(2) production in the nanochannel-embedded electrode reactor output was monitored by fluorescence emission of fluorescein, which exhibits a pH-dependent emission intensity. Initially, the fluorescein solution was buffered to pH 6.0 prior to stepping the potential cathodic of E(0)' for the generation of OH(-) and H(2). Because the electrochemical products are obtained in a 2:1 stoichiometry, local measurements of pH during and after the cathodic potential steps can be converted into H(2) production rates. Independent experimental estimates of the local H(2) concentration were then obtained from the spatiotemporal fluorescence behavior and current measurements, and these were compared with finite element simulations accounting for electrolysis and subsequent convection and diffusion within the confined geometry. Local dissolved H(2) concentrations were correlated to partial pressures through Henry's Law and values as large as 8.3 atm were obtained at the most negative potential steps. The downstream availability of electrolytically produced H(2) in nanochannels is evaluated in terms of its possible use as a downstream reducing reagent. The results obtained here indicate that H(2) can easily reach saturation concentrations at modest overpotentials.     

乙基香兰素研究前景

报导了近几十年来国内外关于乙基香兰素的研究进展与动态,并简单介绍了本文作者在该方面所取得的研究成果,参考文献33篇。     

Reactions in droplets in microfluidic channels

Fundamental and applied research in chemistry and biology benefits from opportunities provided by droplet-based microfluidic systems. These systems enable the miniaturization of reactions by compartmentalizing reactions in droplets of femoliter to microliter volumes. Compartmentalization in droplets provides rapid mixing of reagents, control of the timing of reactions on timescales from milliseconds to months, control of interfacial properties, and the ability to synthesize and transport solid reagents and products. Droplet-based microfluidics can help to enhance and accelerate chemical and biochemical screening, protein crystallization, enzymatic kinetics, and assays. Moreover, the control provided by droplets in microfluidic devices can lead to new scientific methods and insights.     

Conferences in Chemistry Held in 2022

Russian Chemical Bulletin -