电泳管的改进及使用

中山大学及北京师范大学编写的《无机化学实验》中,有过二硫酸铵与碘化钾反应速度的测定实验.在水溶液中,该反应的离子反应式为: S_2O_8~2+3I~-=2SO_4~(2-)+I_3~-(1)+I_3~(1)反应速度方程可表示为: v=k[S_2O_3~(2-)]~m[I~-]~n(2)式中V是反应的瞬时速度,若[S_2O_8~(2-)]、[I~-]是起始浓度,则V表示起始速度.但实验测定的是在时间Δt内反应的平均速度V,在此时间内S_2O_8~(2-)浓度的改变量为Δ[S_2O_8~(2-)],故有V=-Δ[S_2O_8~(2-))]/(Δt))(3)显然,只在Δt很小时,才能平均速度代替起始     

2001年全国高中学生化学竞赛（决赛）理论试题答案

第 1题1- 1　Ａ :ＮＨ4 ＨＣＯ3[或 (ＮＨ4 ) 2 ＣＯ3]　Ｂ :ＫＣｌ　Ｃ :Ｋ2 ＳＯ4 　Ｄ :ＮＨ4 Ｃｌ　Ｅ :Ｆｅ2 Ｏ3　Ｆ :ＣＯ21- 2　反应 (1) :(ｍ +ｎ)ＦｅＳＯ4 + 2 (ｍ +ｎ)ＮＨ4 ＨＣＯ3=Ｆｅｍ +ｎ(ＯＨ) 2ｎ(ＣＯ3) ｍ↓ + (ｎ +ｍ) (ＮＨ4 ) 2 ＳＯ4 + (2ｎ +ｍ)ＣＯ2 ↑ +ｍＨ2 ＯＮＨ4 ＨＣＯ3 写成 (ＮＨ4 ) 2 ＣＯ3,Ｆｅｍ +ｎ(ＯＨ) 2ｎ(ＣＯ3) ｍ 写成 (1)Ｆｅ2 (ＯＨ) 4-2ｍ(ＣＯ3) ｍ,(2 )Ｆｅ2 (ＯＨ) 2 ＣＯ3,(3)Ｆｅ(ＯＨ) 2 和ＦｅＣＯ3 且配平的 ,也给分。反应 (2 ) :2Ｆｅｍ +ｎ(ＯＨ) 2ｎ(ＣＯ3) ｍ+ ｍ +ｎ2 Ｏ2…     

Kinetic model of living ionic polymerization with three active species

Ｌｉｖｉｎｇｉｏｎｉｃｐｏｌｙｍｅｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎｕｓｕａｌｌｙｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｓｓｅｖｅｒａｌｃｏｅｘｉｓｔｉｎｇｓｐｅｃｉｅｓｏｆｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｒｅａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓ,ｓｕｃｈａｓｃｏｎｔａｃｔｉｏｎｐａｉｒｓ,ｓｏｌｖｅｎｔｓｅｐａｒａｔｅｄｉｏｎｐａｉｒｓａｎｄｆｒｅｅａｎｉｏｎｓ,ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｉｎｄｙｎａｍｉｃｅｑｉｌｌｉｂｒｉａ.Ｔｈｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｓｃｈｅｍｅｒｅａｄｓ[1,2]ａｓｓｃｈｅｍｅ1.Ｐ-ｉ,Ｍ+ｉ+ｎＳ　ｋｓ　　ｋｃ　Ｐ-ｉ,Ｓｎ,Ｍ+ｔ　ｋｄ　　ｋａ　Ｐ-ｉ+Ｍ+ｉ,Ｓｎ+Ｍｋ…     

读者园地

问 :为什么燃烧 碘量法测定钢铁中硫其结果不能用理论值计算 ?浙江读者———陈琦读者园地　　答 :燃烧 碘量法测定硫的基本原理可用以下反应方程式表示。试样在高温下通氧燃烧生成ＳＯ2 :4ＦｅＳ +7Ｏ2 2Ｆｅ2 Ｏ3+4ＳＯ2 ↑3ＭｎＳ +5Ｏ2 Ｍｎ3Ｏ4 +3ＳＯ2生成的ＳＯ2 在酸性淀粉溶液 (或淀粉水溶液 )中吸收生成Ｈ2 ＳＯ3:ＳＯ2 +Ｈ2 ＯＨ2 ＳＯ3生成的Ｈ2 ＳＯ3用ＫＩＯ3或Ｉ2 标准溶液滴定 :ＫＩＯ3+5ＫＩ +6ＨＣｌ 3Ｉ2 +6ＫＣｌ+3Ｈ2 ＯＨ2 ＳＯ3+Ｉ2 +Ｈ2 ＯＨ2 ＳＯ4 +2ＨＩ过量的Ｉ2 与淀粉指示剂作用呈蓝色 ,指示终点的到达。由…     

NaF-SnCl_2光度法测定磷的方法中,钼磷黄还原为钼磷蓝的反应式应如何表述?

答 :关于钼磷杂多酸还原为钼磷蓝的反应式一般表示为 :(ＮＨ4 ) 3 Ｈ4 [ＰＭｏ2 Ｏ7) 6]+2ＳｎＣｌ2 +4ＨＣｌ　　　　　　 (ＮＨ4 ) 3 Ｈ4 [Ｐ(Ｍｏ2 Ｏ5)·5 (Ｍｏ2 Ｏ7) ]+2ＳｎＣｌ4 +2Ｈ2 Ｏ但有报道认为在有ＮａＦ存在下 ,反应中不可能有ＳｎＣｌ4 或ＳｎＣｌ2 - 6的形式的化合状态 ,因为ＳｎＦ2 - 6的积累稳定常数的对数值ｌｇβ6等于 2 5 ,远高于ＳｎＣｌ2 - 6的积累稳定常数的对数值 (ｌｇβ6=14)。此外 ,一般认为磷钼蓝分子中只有 2个Ｍｏ(Ⅵ )被还原为Ｍｏ(Ⅴ )。但用光度滴定法研究钼磷蓝的结果表明在 12个Ｍｏ(Ⅵ )中有 4个Ｍ…     

新试剂1-(2,6-二溴-4-硝基苯)-3-(4-硝基苯)-三氮烯与汞的显色反应及应用

三氮烯试剂与第ＩＢ、ＩＩＢ族金属元素有高灵敏的显色反应 1 [1] ,可用来测定样品中微量的Ｃｄ2 + 、Ｈｇ2 + 、Ｚｎ2 + 、Ｎｉ2 + 。随着表面活性剂引入该显色体系 ,使该试剂与金属离子显色反应的灵敏度有了很大的提高。目前报道的三氮烯显色剂与Ｈｇ2 + 显色反应的灵敏度一般在ε =1 .0× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1左右 ,但也有部分试剂的灵敏度较高 ,如ＯＣ Ｃａｄｉｏｎ[2 ] 的ε =1 .77× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＤＮＡＡＢ[3 ] ε=1 .74× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＭＤＡＡ[4]的ε=1 .8× 1 0 5Ｌ·ｍｏｌ-1·ｃｍ-1,ＡＰＤ…     

三（2—苯并咪唑甲基）胺—锌（II）配合物模拟水解酶催化酯…

研究了三（２－苯并咪唑甲基）胺－锌（Ⅱ）配合物作为水解酶模拟物催化乙酸对硝基苯酯（ＮＡ）水解动力学。结果表明，催化水解速率对ＮＡ及配合物浓度呈一级反应。水解速率遵循速率方程ｖ＝（ｋｃａｔ［Ｚｎ］＋ｋＯＨ［ＯＨ＾－］＋ｋ０）［ＮＡ］。在２９８Ｋ，Ｉ＝０．１０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＫＮＯ３，０．０２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｔｒｉｓ，４０％ＣＨ３ＣＮ水溶液中，二级反应速率常数ｋｃａｔ和ｋＯＨ分别为０．１２、１．４５ｍｏｌ＾－     

关于反应级数的确定方法

研究化学反应动力学 ,一般首先从实验数据确定其反应级数 ,这不仅是因为反应级数体现浓度对反应速率的影响程度 ,而且是推测反应机理的最重要依据。大多物理化学教材中 ,详细讨论了形式为 - ｄｃｄｔ=ｋｃｎ 类型速率方程的反应级数的确定方法 ,主要有 3种 :积分法 ,微分法和半衰期法。本文将从实用性和准确性的角度予以讨论 ,并提出一个合适的和方便的方法。　　 (1 )关于微分法。将速率方程取对数 :ｌｎ - ｄｃｄｔ =ｎｌｎｃ +ｌｎｋ ,则ｌｎ - ｄｃｄｔ ～ｌｎｃ为线性关系 ,其斜率为ｎ。求ｎ的具体步骤为 :作ｃ～ｔ曲线 ;在曲线上取若…     

自制简易气体量管系列在中学科学素质教育中的应用(二)——Mg、Zn、Fe、Al等金属原子量的测定

2　有关金属原子量测定 (装置同前 )2 1　简易气体量管的制作 (原图 1)2 2　测定原理 (原图 2～ 3所示 )由反应 :Ｍｅ +ｍＨＣｌＭｅＣｌｍ+ｍ/ 2Ｈ2 ↑(ａ)反应前 :Ｐ空 Ｖ0 =ｎ0 ＲＴ0 　Ｐ水 =Ｈ/Ｌ　Ｐ空 +Ｐ水 =1ｎ0 ＲＴ0 =(1-Ｈ/Ｌ)Ｖ0 (1)(ｂ)反应终了 :Ｗｉｇ的Ｍｅ与过量 5ｍｏｌ/ＬＨＣｌ反应 ,生成Ｈ2物质的量为ｎｉ 水位下降了Ｙｉｃｍ ,可有 (2 )成立 :Ｐ混(Ｖ0 +ＳＹｉ) =(ｎ0 +ｎｉ)ＲＴ0Ｐ′水 =(Ｈ -Ｙｉ) /ＬＰ混 +Ｐ′水 =1(ｎ0 +ｎｉ)ＲＴ0 / (Ｖ0 +ＳＹｉ) -Ｙｉ/Ｌ =1-Ｈ/Ｌ (2 )∵Ｙｉ/Ｌ =0∴ (ｎ0 +ｎｉ)ＲＴ0 …     

化学复合镀Ni-P-PTFE镀层的组成分析

近年来化学复合镀技术在工业中应用日益广泛 ,本文运用ＳＥＭ、ＡＥＳ和ＸＰＳ等手段对用化学复合镀制得的Ｎｉ Ｐ ＰＴＦＥ镀层的结构和组分进行了分析 ,并就其耐腐蚀性能与前期得到的Ｎｉ Ｓｎ Ｐ[1 ] 、Ｃｕ Ｓｎ Ｐ[2 ] 、Ｎｉ Ｐ ＣｅＯ2 [3] 、Ｎｉ Ｐ ＳｉＯ2 [4] 镀层进行了比较 ,结果表明 :含量一定的ＰＴＦＥ(聚四氟乙烯 )的共存增强镀层的耐腐蚀性及镀层表面的润滑性。1　实验部分1 1　仪器日产Ｄ/ＭＡＸⅢＡ型Ｘ 射线衍射仪 ,铜靶 ,管压 2 5ｋＶ ,电流 1 0ｍＡ。国产ＪＪＣ 1型润滑湿角测量仪。美国ＰＥＲＫＩＮ ＥＬＭＥＲＰ…     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。