超冷原子陷阱中的精确光谱学

超冷原子陷阱中的精确光谱学￥中国科学院物理研究所＠徐积仁超冷原子陷阱中的精确光谱学当用磁场及激光冷却原子使其温度小于ｍＫ量级时，原子被捕获于冷阱中，这时原子的热运动速度已接近为零．在另一束激光作用下，彼此相撞的原子可以结合成分子，这种由光作用形成的分子，称...     

超冷费米原子气体的超流动性

最近美国MIT的Ketterle W教授和他的同事们对超冷费米原子气体具有超流动性作出了实验论证，他们观察到在锂-6原子气体形成玻色-爱因斯坦凝结时会出现涡流运动，涡流呈现出持久的无摩擦的流动特性．Ketterle研究组用激光束将冷冻的原子固定在各自的位置上，然后再分离出若干激光光束来激发出涡流．通常玻色原子与费米原子在低温下的量子行为是很不相同的．     

用扫描隧道显微镜操纵Cu亚表面自间隙原子

在超高真空环境下使用扫描隧道显微镜研究了吸附有双甘氨肽分子的Cu(001)表面.在一定的 偏压条件下，针尖在该表面扫描后会形成纳米尺度的Cu团簇，这些团簇可以根据意愿排列成 字母或图形.团簇的高度同偏压、隧道电流以及时间等条件有密切关系.在室温下可以稳定存 在的团簇为制造纳米器件提供了技术上的可能性.实验结果表明，形成团簇的Cu原子不是来 自Cu衬底表面或是针尖.化学吸附在Cu表面的双甘氨肽分子，受到隧道电场的作用会在Cu表 面形成张应变场，Cu亚表面自间隙原子在张应变场作用下迁移到表面是形成团簇的原因. 关键词： 扫描隧道显微镜 纳米尺度Cu团簇 自间隙原子     

从费米原子到配对超冷分子

自从1995年以来，实验物理学家已经在一系列玻色原子气系统中实现了玻色—爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)，它们是^1H，^7Li，^23Na，^85Rb和^87Rb等等，这些玻色原子具有整数自旋量子数，与玻色原子相对应的是费米原子，它们具有半整数的自旋值，例如^40K。即使在非常接近绝对零度的低温下，费米原子气也不可能凝聚到单一量子态：每一个费米原子所     

原子相干对光缔合形成分子的影响

用量子统计方法,讨论了原子相干对超冷两态原子经光缔合形成超冷分子的影响.结果表明,在原子相干的作用下,光缔合形成的分子数随时间做近周期减幅振荡.原子相干对光缔合过程的暂态阶段影响强烈,而分子始终保持sub-Poisson统计分布.     

原子（分子）集团及其应用

原子(分予)集团可用符号（An)表示，其中A是形成集团的原子(或分子)，n为组成集团的原子或分子数。现有不少方怯可以形成原子(分子)集团，且原子或分子数是可变的，因而集团的大小可以从二聚体直到由上百万原子组成的微粒。研究表明，随着n的增加集团的物理和化学性质在不断变化。     

铯原子双磁光阱中冷原子的输运：从推载到导引

在超高真空环境下实现中性原子的激光冷却与俘获，可以有效地避免背景气体对冷原子的碰撞所造成的影响，已成为玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚、冷原子光学腔量子电动力学、中性原子玻色-费米混合气体等实验研究的出发点。结合气室磁光阱和超高真空磁光阱的所谓双磁光阱，以其真空系统相对简单、参数易于控制、效率高等优点，得到了很大发展。双磁光阱既能在气室磁光阱部分从处于室温的原子背景中快速冷却和俘获原子，然后将其通过一定途径输运到超高真空磁光阱中，又能达到在压力极低的超高真空环境下制备冷原子的目的。     

前沿与基础：宇宙物质和过程的研究与原子分子物理

原子、分子是物质结构的第一个微观层次，是通向下两个微观层次———原子核和粒子的大门．原子分子物理在宇宙物质和过程的研究中起到基础理论的重要作用，而宇宙物质和过程的前沿研究则向原子分子物理提供了许多新的生长点．天体中有无止境的原子分子物理问题有待于人们探讨与研究     

原子,分子物理的若干前沿领域和近期发展的建议

本文扼要地评述了近年来原子、分子物理学的若干活跃的前沿领域：原子、分子高激发态结构，原子、分子碰撞及其反应动力学，原子、分子与辐射相互作用以及原子、分子簇等，并提出了近期我国原子、分子物理学发展的建议．     

费米原子对的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(续)

费米原子组成的分子BEC之发现被认为是冷量子气体研究的一个里程碑．除本身的意义外，它还被作为向对凝聚超流体研究进军的桥头堡。     

Observation of molecules produced from a Bose-Einstein condensate

Molecules are created from a Bose-Einstein condensate of atomic 87Rb using a Feshbach resonance. A Stern-Gerlach field is applied, in order to spatially separate the molecules from the remaining atoms. For detection, the molecules are converted back into atoms, again using the Feshbach resonance. The measured position of the molecules yields their magnetic moment. This quantity strongly depends on the magnetic field, thus revealing an avoided crossing of two bound states at a field value slightly below the Feshbach resonance. This avoided crossing is exploited to trap the molecules in one dimension.     

Collisional stability of fermionic Feshbach molecules

Using a Feshbach resonance, we create ultracold fermionic molecules starting from a Bose-Fermi atom gas mixture. The resulting mixture of atoms and weakly bound molecules provides a rich system for studying few-body collisions because of the variety of atomic collision partners for molecules; either bosonic, fermionic, or distinguishable atoms. Inelastic loss of the molecules near the Feshbach resonance is dramatically affected by the quantum statistics of the colliding particles and the scattering length. In particular, we observe a molecule lifetime as long as 100 ms near the Feshbach resonance.     

BCS-BEC crossover in a gas of Fermi atoms with a p-wave feshbach resonance

We investigate unconventional superfluidity in a gas of Fermi atoms with an anisotropic p-wave Feshbach resonance. Including the p-wave Feshbach resonance as well as the associated three kinds of quasimolecules with finite orbital angular momenta Lz=+/-1,0, we calculate the transition temperature of the superfluid phase. As one passes through the p-wave Feshbach resonance, we find the usual BCS-BEC crossover phenomenon. The p-wave BCS state continuously changes into the BEC of bound molecules with L=1. Our calculation includes the effect of fluctuations associated with Cooper pairs and molecules which are not Bose condensed.     

Superfluidity and phase transitions in a resonant Bose gas

The atomic Bose gas is studied across a Feshbach resonance, mapping out its phase diagram, and computing its thermodynamics and excitation spectra. It is shown that such a degenerate gas admits two distinct atomic and molecular superfluid phases, with the latter distinguished by the absence of atomic off-diagonal long-range order, gapped atomic excitations, and deconfined atomic π-vortices. The properties of the molecular superfluid are explored, and it is shown that across a Feshbach resonance it undergoes a quantum Ising transition to the atomic superfluid, where both atoms and molecules are condensed. In addition to its distinct thermodynamic signatures and deconfined half-vortices, in a trap a molecular superfluid should be identifiable by the absence of an atomic condensate peak and the presence of a molecular one.     

Radio-frequency spectroscopy of weakly bound molecules in ultracold Fermi gas

We create weakly bound Feshbach molecules in ultracold Fermi gas40K by sweeping a magnetic field across a broad Feshbach resonance point 202.2 G with a rate of 20 ms/G and perform the dissociation process using radio-frequency(RF) technology. From RF spectroscopy, we obtain the binding energy of the weakly bound molecules in the vicinity of Feshbach resonance. Our measurement also shows that the number of atoms generated from the dissociation process is different at various magnetic fields with the same RF amplitude, which gives us a deeper understanding of weakly bound Feshbach molecules.     

Effective Hamiltonian for fermions in an optical lattice across a Feshbach resonance

We derive the Hamiltonian for cold fermionic atoms in an optical lattice across a broad Feshbach resonance, taking into account both multiband occupations and neighboring-site collisions. Under typical configurations, the resulting Hamiltonian can be dramatically simplified to an effective single-band model, which describes a new type of resonance between the local dressed molecules and the valence bond states of fermionic atoms at neighboring sites. On different sides of such a resonance, the effective Hamiltonian is reduced to either a t-J model for the fermionic atoms or an XXZ model for the dressed molecules. The parameters in these models are experimentally tunable in the full range, which allows for observation of various phase transitions.     

Condensation of pairs of fermionic atoms near a Feshbach resonance

We have observed Bose-Einstein condensation of pairs of fermionic atoms in an ultracold 6Li gas at magnetic fields above a Feshbach resonance, where no stable 6Li2 molecules would exist in vacuum. We accurately determined the position of the resonance to be 822+/-3 G. Molecular Bose-Einstein condensates were detected after a fast magnetic field ramp, which transferred pairs of atoms at close distances into bound molecules. Condensate fractions as high as 80% were obtained. The large condensate fractions are interpreted in terms of preexisting molecules which are quasistable even above the two-body Feshbach resonance due to the presence of the degenerate Fermi gas.     

Lifetime of molecule-atom mixtures near a Feshbach resonance in 40K

We report a dramatic magnetic-field dependence in the lifetime of trapped, ultracold diatomic molecules created through an s-wave Feshbach resonance between fermionic atoms. The molecule lifetime increases from less than 1 ms away from the Feshbach resonance to greater than 100 ms near resonance. We also have measured the trapped atom lifetime as a function of magnetic field near the Feshbach resonance; we find that the atom loss is more pronounced on the side of the resonance containing the molecular bound state.     

Radio-frequency association of molecules: an assisted Feshbach resonance

We develop a theoretical model to describe the radio-frequency (rf) induced coupling of a pair of colliding atoms to a Feshbach molecule when a magnetic field arbitrarily far from the Feshbach resonance is modulated in time. We use the dressed atom picture, and show that the coupling strength in presence of rf is equal to the Feshbach coupling strength multiplied by the square of a Bessel function. The argument of this function is equal to the ratio of the atomic rf Rabi frequency to the rf frequency. We experimentally demonstrate this law by measuring the rate of rf-association of molecules using a Feshbach resonance in d wave collisions between ultra-cold chromium atoms.     

Pure gas of optically trapped molecules created from fermionic atoms

We report on the production of a pure sample of up to 3 x 10(5) optically trapped molecules from a Fermi gas of 6Li atoms. The dimers are formed by three-body recombination near a Feshbach resonance. For purification, a Stern-Gerlach selection technique is used that efficiently removes all trapped atoms from the atom-molecule mixture. The behavior of the purified molecular sample shows a striking dependence on the applied magnetic field. For very weakly bound molecules near the Feshbach resonance, the gas exhibits a remarkable stability with respect to collisional decay.