Overview of DWDM/ODC Project

Abstract

This article introduces the main achievements resulting from the DWDM/ODC project. The five areas of research activity within the DWDM/ODC project cover some of the main issues of design and development of dense wavelength division multiplexing systems for transparent optical networks. These issues are: performance assessment with arbitrary optical filtering; performance of signaling formats; dispersion compensation strategies for directly and externally modulated systems in presence of nonlinear transmission-induced degradation; and the impact of noise and crosstalk in the extent of transparent optical networks. All five areas of research activity have contributed significantly to a better understanding of the limitations present in dense wavelength division multiplexing systems.     

基于相向工作方式下交叉增益调制型波长转换器特性的研究

全光波长转换器是密集波分复用系统中的关键光电子器件,也是混合WDM/OTDM光网络实用化的关键部分。从脉冲传输方程和载流子密度方程出发,详细分析了相向工作方式下交叉增益调制型波长转换器转换后光的消光比和啁啾特性。在分段动态模型中考虑了剩余端面反射和自发辐射噪声的影响,模拟结果为交叉增益调制型波长转换器的性能优化提供理论依据。     

串扰对密集波分复用网络扩展性的影响

串扰是限制密集波分复用网络扩展的一个重要因素。理论分析了三种典型光交叉连接中的串扰。结果表明基于扩展贝奈斯光交换结构的光交叉连接可以完全消除低于二阶的各类串扰,同时,若将可调谐的窄带滤波器引入到结构2中可以消除低于三阶的各类串扰。用数值模拟的方法分析了带内串扰对强度调制直接检测网络扩展性的影响。结果表明,基于扩展贝奈斯光交换结构的光交叉连接对器件串扰系数的要求得到了很大的放宽,用它来组建的密集波分复用网络具有很好的扩展性。串扰多是由构成光交换节点中各种器件的非理想性造成的,通过分析得出器件中产生的串扰可以从系统中得到很好的解决。     

密集波分复用(DWDM)、光学交叉互连(OXC)和全光通讯网络(AON)

本文介绍了全光网（AON）的基本结构和特点，介绍了全光网的两种关键部件－密集波分复用（DWDM）和光学交叉互连（OXC），讨论了各种方案的物理模型、工作原理和应用，并展望了光通讯的发展趋势。     

多波长光交叉连接节点中的串扰研究

密集波分复用技术(DWDM)在提供传输能力的同时,还具有无可比拟的联网优势.光交叉连接(OXC)是其中的关键技术.由于OXC可对光波长进行全光的交叉连接,极大的提高了系统的容量.但由于在光链路上没有电的再生,使得噪音在光信道上积累起来,尤其是引入无法消除的同频串扰对系统造成了严重的影响.本文从全光通信网络(AON)的几种节点结构出发,讨论了信道的串扰机制,并对如何优化OXC节点结构进行了研究.     

Advanced Optical Network

The following article describes an advanced dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) Optical Network developed by L-3 Photonics. The network, configured as an amplified optical bus, carries traffic simultaneously in both directions, using multiple wavelengths. As a result, data distribution is of the form peer-to-multi-peer, it is protocol independent, and it is scalable. The network leverages the rapid growth in commercial optical technologies, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and when applied to military and commercial platforms such as aircraft, ships, unmanned and other vehicles, provides a cost-effective, low-weight, high-speed, and high noise-immune data distribution system.     

Advanced Optical Network

The following article describes an advanced dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) Optical Network developed by L-3 Photonics. The network, configured as an amplified optical bus, carries traffic simultaneously in both directions, using multiple wavelengths. As a result, data distribution is of the form peer-to-multi-peer, it is protocol independent, and it is scalable. The network leverages the rapid growth in commercial optical technologies, including wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and when applied to military and commercial platforms such as aircraft, ships, unmanned and other vehicles, provides a cost-effective, low-weight, high-speed, and high noise-immune data distribution system.     

Novel discretely tunable narrow linewidth fiber laser with uniform wavelength spacing

A novel configuration of the tunable fiber laser with uniform wavelength spacing in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) application is proposed. The ring type tunable fiber laser consists of an all-fiber comb filter which determines the wavelength spacing, and a piece of adjustable fiber grating to select the discrete lasing wavelength for WDM application. The proposed all-fiber ring type tunable laser has potential application in the DWDM and other optical systems due to its advantages such as narrow linewidth, easy tuning, uniform wavelength interval, etc..     

三阶多粒度光交叉连接的优化设计研究

在采用密集波分复用技术的骨干网中,通过建立动态多粒度业务模型对由大粒度（光纤和波带）和小粒度（波长）组成的三阶多粒度光交叉连接所构成的节点的网络特性（阻塞概率和带宽阻塞比）进行了研究和仿真分析,并由此对三阶多粒度节点的结构参数和网络中的系统参数进行了优化设计.从仿真结果可以看出,所提出来的优化设计方案能够显著的减少节点结构的复杂度并改善阻塞性能,从而减小了网络中设备的规模和成本.     

Multiwavelength CW source with precise 25-GHz channel spacing based on longitudinal mode-carving of supercontinuum

We experimentally demonstrate a novel multiwavelength continuous wave (CW) optical source with precise 25-GHz spacing based on the longitudinal mode-carving of a supercontinuum (SC) spectrum. The CW light was modulated with a 10-Gb/s non-return zero (NRZ) format. The experimental results show that the multiwavelength CW optical source is promising for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)systems.     

Optical Filters Using Optical Multi-Layer Structures for Optical Communication Systems

Abstract

In this article, light reflection spectrums for different one-dimensional multi-layer structures are obtained. Optical reflectivities for periodic, superperiodic, and quasiperiodic structures have been calculated using the transfer matrix method. PBGs of each structure have been obtained using the optical reflectivity pattern. From a comparison of reflectivity and standard dense wavelength division multiplexing grids, it is demonstrated that narrow and dense band filters can be built from generalized Fibonacci quasiperiodic structures. Reflectivity of these structures contains bands that meet the ITU-T dense wavelength division multiplexing standard. Reflectivity of other multi-layer structures has poor or less potential to be used in dense wavelength division multiplexing systems.     

Novel broadband dispersion compensating photonic crystal fibers: Applications in high-speed transmission systems

This paper reveals a novel dispersion compensating photonic crystal fiber (DC-PCF) for wide-band high-speed transmission systems. The finite-difference method with an anisotropic perfectly matched absorbing layers boundary condition is used to investigate the guiding properties. The designed novel DC-PCF shows that it is possible to obtain a larger negative dispersion coefficient, better dispersion slope compensation, and confinement losses less than 10^?4 dB/m in the entire S+C+L telecommunication band by using a modest number of design parameters. The proposed module can be used in 40 Gb/s dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems in optical fiber communication networks.     

基于单个光纤光栅的Sagnac干涉仪的理论与实验研究

提出了一种结构新颖的Sagnac干涉仪,分析计算了所含光纤光栅分别为均匀Bragg光栅和线 性啁啾光栅时的透射响应,得到了均匀光栅Sagnac环的解析解,发现含均匀光栅时可得到间隔均匀的通带结构,而含啁啾光纤光栅时只能得到间隔非均匀的通带结构.这两种结构都可 能有应用价值,前者可用在密集波分复用系统中,后者可用在光纤传感领域中.实验制作了 两种通带间隔不同的、通带数分别为8和16的多通带滤波器,实验证实了理论计算得到的结果. 关键词： 光纤光栅 Sagnac干涉仪 光学滤波器     

Cross-phase modulation-induced penalties in multichannel DWDM optical transport networks

In dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical transmission systems, cross-phase modulation (XPM) due to Kerr effect causes phase shift on each channel, which will ultimately be transformed to amplitude noise that leads to power penalties. In this letter, the XPM-induced penalty in multi-channel DWDM systems is investigated theoretically and an applied algorithm that can be practically used in engineering design is proposed.     

Optical Channel Selection Avoiding DIPP in DSB-RFoF Fronthaul Interface

The paper presents a method of selecting an optical channel for transporting the double-sideband radio-frequency-over-fiber (DSB-RFoF) radio signal over the optical fronthaul path, avoiding the dispersion-induced power penalty (DIPP) phenomenon. The presented method complements the possibilities of a short-range optical network working in the flexible dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) format, where chromatic dispersion compensation is not applied. As part of the study, calculations were made that indicate the limitations of the proposed method and allow for the development of an algorithm for effective optical channel selection in the presence of the DIPP phenomenon experienced in the optical link working in the intensity modulation–direct detection (IM-DD) technique. Calculations were made for three types of single-mode optical fibers and for selected microwave radio carriers that are used in current systems or will be used in next-generation wireless communication systems. In order to verify the calculations and theoretical considerations, a computer simulation was performed for two types of optical fibers and for two selected radio carriers. In the modulated radio signal, the cyclic-prefix orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CP-OFDM) format and the 5G numerology were used.     

Impact of a Post-OTDM-Demultiplexing Optical Filter on Dense OOK OTDM-WDM Transmission

The impact of a post-OTDM-demultiplexing optical filter on the performance of dense on-off keying (OOK) optical time division multiplexing (OTDM)—wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems was studied. For return-to-zero (RZ) modulation, it was found that the additional filter working in a double-tier filter configuration did not offer any significant improvements to performance when the signal pulse width is optimized. Improvements generally increase only when the signal pulse width deviates from its optimal value and only for low spectral densities. For ideal non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation, however, significant improvements of around 1 dB are obtained using the double-tier configuration over a large range of spectral densities.     

Investigation on the influence of intensity scintillation and beam wander in space optical uplink DWDM communication system

Abstract

Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) has been widely applied in ground optical communication. However, the technology of DWDM is still not mature enough in the space optical communication system. In order to further advance the use of DWDM into space optical communication, the probability density function (PDF) and the bit-error rate (BER) performance of DWDM is investigated in uplink communications under the influence of atmospheric turbulence, consisting of intensity scintillation and beam wander caused by atmospheric turbulence. Numerical results show that the atmospheric turbulence has a great impact on BER and PDF, and wavelength, divergence angel, and other relevant parameters should be carefully considered in this DWDM system. This work can be conducive for improving DWDM design of space optical uplink communication systems.     

Chirped fibre Bragg grating based multiplexer and demultiplexer for DWDM applications

A multiplexer/demultiplexer for 100 GHz channel spacing based on chirped fibre Bragg gratings with different bandwidths and optical circulators is presented. The spectral characteristics, specifications and operation of these passive devices are described, showing its potential use in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) applications.     

All-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer for DWDM filter direct group-delay measurement

The group delay of the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) filter is becoming more important in optical communication. This study proposes a Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on the direct group delay measurement of an optical thin film filter. The interferometer provides a simple, accurate and physically intuitive picture of what happens to broadband optical pulses on common optical materials. A 100 GHz DWDM filter was used as an example in the measurement and showed that the time of measurement and selection of Gaussian window were two important factors.     

一种新型光交叉连接器的设计

由于光交叉连接器(OXC)在密集波分复用(DWDM)网络中起关键作用，文中提出一种采用双向环行器的新型光交叉连接器设计方案。其基本结构由一个双向环行器与一个光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)组成，构成一个2×2光交叉连接器，再根据这一基本结构设计出可满足实际需要的N×N光交叉连接器。此方法具有结构简单、体积小、价格便宜及所需环行器数量少(比传统的少67％) 等优点。最后，把新型光交叉连接器的插入损耗与传统结构连接器的插入损耗进行了比较。仿真结果表明，新结构比传统结构具有更小的插入损耗。