原子转移自由基聚合的研究进展

综述了原子转移自由基“活性”聚合研究的进展，包括采用的各种引发体系，聚合反应机理，动力学研究以及所合成的各种模型聚合物。通过原子 转移自由基聚合可以方便地合成各种结构的模型聚合物，２包括窄分的均聚物，交替，无规和渐变共聚物、特殊链端的聚合物，嵌段和接枝共聚物等。     

原子转移自由基聚合及可控自由基聚合

以作者在原子转移自由基聚合领域的研究成果为主导,结合国内外文献,对近年来出现的颇具影响的可控自由基聚合体系与进行了评述与展望。     

原子转移自由基聚合法合成磺胺类片段印迹聚合物及其表征

采用原子转移自由基聚合与片段印迹技术相结合的方法,以磺胺类物质的结构类似物4,6-二氯嘧啶为模板合成印迹聚合物。以4,6-二氯嘧啶(模板)︰甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(功能单体)︰2,2'-联吡啶(配体)的摩尔比为10︰180︰1合成印迹聚合物。控制反应温度为60℃,反应时间为5 h。印迹聚合物的吸附量为1.48 mg/g,非印迹聚合物的吸附量为0.73 mg/g。以合成的聚合物为新型材料,对样品中的兽药残留进行选择性分离、富集,结果表明印迹聚合物的选择吸附能力明显优于非印迹聚合物。通过电镜扫描对聚合物的表面形态进行了表征。     

金属螯合固相萃取整体柱的制备及其性能研究

基于金属螯合物中Cu2+与氨基硫醇类化合物(如半胱氨酸的-SH基团)之间的亲和作用,设计合成了一种金属螯合整体柱,并用作固相萃取吸附剂。实验以亚氨基二乙酸(IDA)三齿配体为中间介质,通过化学修饰法键合在聚(甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯-乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯)(poly(GMA-co-EDMA))整体柱孔表面,再利用配位结合作用螯合Cu2+,合成poly(GMA-co-EDMA-IDA-Cu2+)整体柱。实验以谷胱甘肽为探针测试化合物,考察了该整体柱固定相的萃取性能,并优化了实验条件。在最佳实验条件下,此整体柱对谷胱甘肽的吸附容量为43.15 mg/g,并能有效富集人血浆样品中的氨基硫醇类化合物。     

原子转移自由基聚合法制备超大孔聚合物微球

以甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯为单体(GMA)、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,采用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)制备了PGMA-EDMA大孔聚合物微球,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及压汞法对PGMA-EDMA微球进行了表征.研究结果表明,原子转移自由基聚合法制备的PGMA-EDMA微球的孔径尺寸及比表面积均大于普通自由基聚合法(CFRP)制备的PGMA-EDMA;ATRP法制备的PGMAEDMA微球的颗粒尺寸(100~400 nm)明显小于CFRP法制备的PGMA-EDMA微球的颗粒尺寸(1000 nm).PGMA-EDMA(ATRP)的微球粒径尺寸分布优于PGMA-EDMA(CFRP).因此PGMA-EDMA(APRP)微球在快速蛋白分离纯化方面有潜在的应用前景.     

原子转移自由基活性聚合合成PS-PMA-PS嵌段聚合物

本文采用氯化亚铜/α,α'-联吡啶配位化合物作催化剂.首先在130℃时用1-苯基氯乙烷在引发苯乙烯(St)进行原子转移自由基聚合,再以其产物PS-Cl作为大分子引发剂引发丙烯酸甲酯(MA)在反应温度为120℃时进行聚合,得到两嵌段聚合物PS-PMA-Cl.此两嵌段共聚物在特殊混合溶剂--丙酮/正丙醇(体积比7:3)中仍然可以作大分子引发剂引发苯乙烯进行原子转移自由基聚合,由于聚合体系接近于均相.所以表现出了较高的反应活性,并且合成的聚苯乙烯一聚丙烯酸甲酯一聚苯乙烯(PS-PMA-PS)三嵌段聚合物的分子量与设计值接近、分子量分布比较窄,反应的条件温和,可控性好.最后通过NMR技术对三元嵌段共聚物的结构迸行了表征.     

原子转移自由基悬浮聚合制备PVC-g-PMMA共聚物

原子转移自由基悬浮聚合制备PVC-g-PMMA共聚物;聚氯乙稀;甲基丙烯酸甲酯;原子转移自由基悬浮聚合     

超氧化物歧化酶催化-电化学调控的原子转移自由基聚合方法制备分子印迹聚合物

病理学中对含金属蛋白质的敏感检测极其重要。 本文以超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)作为金属蛋白,SOD既作为模板分子又作为催化剂进行电化学调控的原子转移自由基聚合(eATRP)反应制备蛋白质印迹聚合物(PIPs),用于SOD电化学生物传感器。 该方法不需要过渡金属离子,具有制备简单、节约试剂、保护环境等优点。 我们选用L-半胱氨酸和纳米金修饰的金电极(Au/L-cys/nanoAu)作为工作电极将氧化型SOD催化还原为还原型SOD,利用还原型SOD的Cu(Ⅰ)粒子,在引发剂4-硫苯基-2-溴-2-甲基丙酸酯(4-mercaptophenyl 2-bromo-2-methylpropanoate,4-HTP-Br)修饰的金电极上调控丙烯酰胺、N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺的eATRP聚合制备SOD PIPs。 利用循环伏安法(CV)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)方法对其进行了表征。 通过微分脉冲伏安法(DPV),在最优的条件下利用此修饰电极对溶液中的SOD进行检测,线性响应范围为1.0×10^-7~1.0×10² mg/L,检测限为6.8×10^-8 mg/L(S/N=3),相关系数为0.995。 与其它检测SOD的方法相比,该方法具有更宽的线性范围和较低的检测限。 本研究对于制备PIPs,用蛋白质催化的eATRP和含金属蛋白的敏感检测均有重要意义。     

乳液原子转移自由基聚合*

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)应用于乳液聚合体系的主要挑战在于如何同时保证乳液的稳定性和聚合反应的可控性。本文主要对乳液ATRP体系中影响聚合反应可控性和乳液稳定性的各种因素、乳液ATRP的机理和乳液ATRP的应用等方面进行了综述。表面活性剂亲水亲油性及其亲水亲油基团的化学性质、催化剂/配体在油/水两相之间的分配行为、引发剂的溶解性、反应温度以及各组分的浓度是影响反应可控性和乳液稳定性的主要因素。各组分在油/水两相中的分配行为使得乳液ATRP的机理比传统乳液聚合更加复杂。乳液原子转移自由基聚合结合了活性自由基聚合和乳液聚合的优点,在理论研究和工业生产上具有很大的应用前景。     

酶催化原子转移自由基聚合

原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)是制备分子量以及分散度可控聚合物的重要途径。然而,受制于除氧步骤复杂、金属催化剂残留以及单体适用范围有限等因素,ATRP难以应用于批量制备功能化聚合物/共聚物材料,限制了其进一步应用。近年来提出和发展的酶催化聚合,为高效便捷除氧、拓展单体适用范围以及制备具有特殊(纳米)结构的纯净聚合物/共聚物提供了新思路。本文详细介绍了酶的结构与催化机理,以酶的种类进行分类,系统总结了具有不同结构的酶催化体系(包括过氧化辣根酶、血红蛋白、血红素、漆酶等)的催化机理、适用单体、优缺点及应用等;综述了酶以及酶模拟物催化ATRP体系的发展现状;最后,对酶催化ATRP的发展前景和挑战进行了探讨和展望。     

Preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres via atom transfer radical precipitation polymerization

The first combined use of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and precipitation polymerization in the molecular imprinting field is described. The utilized polymerization technique, namely atom transfer radical precipitation polymerization (ATRPP), provides MIP microspheres with obvious molecular imprinting effects towards the template, fast template binding kinetics and an appreciable selectivity over structurally related compounds. The living chain propagation mechanism in ATRPP results in MIP spherical particles with diameters (number‐average diameter D_n ≈ 3 μm) much larger than those prepared via traditional radical precipitation polymerization (TRPP). In addition, the MIP microspheres prepared via ATRPP have also proven to show significantly higher high‐affinity binding site densities on their surfaces than the MIP generated via TRPP, while the binding association constants K_a and apparent maximum numbers N_max of the high‐affinity sites as well as the specific template bindings are almost the same in the two cases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3257–3270, 2009     

A new tetradentate ligand for atom transfer radical polymerization

The properties of a ligand, including molecular structure and substituents, strongly affect the catalyst activity and control of the polymerization in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). A new tetradentate ligand, N,N′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl‐3‐hexoxo‐3‐oxopropyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (BPED) was synthesized and examined as the ligand of copper halide for ATRP of styrene (St), methyl acrylate (MA), and methyl methacrylate (MMA), and compared with other analogous linear tetrdendate ligands. The BPED ligand was found to significantly promote the activation reaction: the CuBr/BPED complex reacted with the initiators so fast that a large amount of Cu(II)Br₂/BPED was produced and thus the polymerizations were slow for all the monomers. The reaction of CuCl/BPED with the initiator was also fast, but by reducing the catalyst concentration or adding CuCl₂, the activation reaction could be slowed to establish the equilibrium of ATRP for a well‐controlled living polymerization of MA. CuCl/BPED was found very active for the polymerization of MA. For example, 10 mol% of the catalyst relatively to the initiator was sufficient to mediate a living polymerization of MA. The CuCl/BPED, however, could not catalyze a living polymerization of MMA because the resulting CuCl₂/BPED could not deactivate the growing radicals. The effects of the ligand structures on the catalysis of ATRP are also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3553–3562, 2004     

Hybrid atom transfer radical polymerization system for balanced polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight control

A hybrid polymerization system that combines the fast reaction kinetics of conventional free radical polymerization and the control of molecular weight and distribution afforded by ATRP has been developed. High‐free radical initiator concentrations in the range of 0.1–0.2 M were used in combination with a low concentration of ATRP catalyst. Conversions higher than 90% were achieved with ATRP catalyst concentrations of less than 20 ppm within 2 h for the hybrid ATRP system as compared with ATRPs where achieving such conversions would take up to 24 h. These reaction conditions lead to living polymerizations where polymer molecular weight increases linearly with monomer conversion. As in living polymerization and despite the fast rates and low ATRP catalyst concentrations, the polydispersity of the produced polymer remained below 1.30. Chain extension experiments from a synthesized macroinitiator were successful, which demonstrate the living characteristics of the hybrid ATRP process. Catalyst concentrations as low as 16 ppm were found to effectively mediate the growth of over 100 polymer chains per catalytic center, whereas at the same time negating the need for post polymerization purification given the low‐catalyst concentration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2294–2301, 2010     

Kinetics of surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization

Although atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is often a controlled/living process, the growth rate of polymer films during surface‐initiated ATRP frequently decreases with time. This article investigates the mechanism behind the termination of film growth. Studies of methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate polymerization with a Cu/tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine catalyst system show a constant but slow growth rate at low catalyst concentrations and rapid growth followed by early termination at higher catalyst concentrations. For a given polymerization time, there is, therefore, an optimum intermediate catalyst concentration for achieving maximum film thickness. Simulations of polymerization that consider activation, deactivation, and termination show trends similar to those of the experimental data, and the addition of Cu(II) to polymerization solutions results in a more constant rate of film growth by decreasing the concentration of radicals on the surface. Taken together, these studies suggest that at high concentrations of radicals, termination of polymerization by radical recombination limits film growth. Interestingly, stirring of polymerization solutions decreases film thickness in some cases, presumably because chain motion facilitates radical recombination. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 386–394, 2003     

Preparation of block copolymer by atom transfer radical seeded emulsion polymerization

Poly(i-butyl methacrylate)-polystyrene block copolymer was successfully prepared in an aqueous medium by two-step atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), mini-emulsion- and seeded-ATRP, in which ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate/CuBr/4,4-dinonyl-2,2-dipyridyl initiator system was used. The block copolymer had narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn=1.1) and the number-average molecular weight measured by gel permeation chromatography agreed with the calculated value.Part CCXLVIII of the series Studies on Suspension and Emulsion     

Living radical emulsion polymerization using the nanoprecipitation technique: An extension to atom transfer radical polymerization

Living radical polymerizations of styrene were performed under emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization conditions with latexes prepared by a nanoprecipitation technique recently developed for the stable free‐radical polymerization process. Latexes were prepared by the precipitation of a solution of low‐molecular‐weight polystyrene in acetone into a solution of a surfactant in water. The resulting particles were swollen with styrene and then heated. The effects of various surfactants and hydrophobic ligands, the reaction temperature, and the ligand/copper(I) bromide ratio were studied. The best results were obtained with the nonionic surfactant Brij 98 in combination with the hydrophobic ligand N,N‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)octadecylamine and a ligand/copper(I) bromide ratio of 1.5 at a reaction temperature of 85–90 °C. Under these conditions, latexes with good colloidal stability with average particle diameters of 200 nm were obtained. The molecular weight distributions of the polystyrenes were narrow, although the experimental molecular weights were slightly larger than the theoretical ones because not all the macroinitiator appeared to reinitiate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4027–4038, 2006     

Synthesis of diblock copolymers by combining stable free radical polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

A stable nitroxyl radical functionalized with an initiating group for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), 4‐(2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionyloxy)‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (Br‐TEMPO), was synthesized by the reaction of 4‐hydroxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy with 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionyl bromide. Stable free radical polymerization of styrene was then carried out using a conventional thermal initiator, dibenzoyl peroxide, along with Br‐TEMPO. The obtained polystyrene had an active bromine atom for ATRP at the ω‐end of the chain and was used as the macroinitiator for ATRP of methyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate to prepare block copolymers. The molecular weights of the resulting block copolymers at different monomer conversions shifted to higher molecular weights and increased with monomer conversion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2468–2475, 2006     

Preparation of polyethylene block copolymers by a combination of postmetallocene catalysis of ethylene polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization

The synthesis of block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene segment and either a poly(meth)acrylate or polystyrene segment was accomplished through the combination of postmetallocene-mediated ethylene polymerization and subsequent atom transfer radical polymerization. A vinyl-terminated polyethylene (number-average molecular weight = 1800, weight-average molecular weight/number-average molecular weight =1.70) was synthesized by the polymerization of ethylene with a phenoxyimine zirconium complex as a catalyst activated with methylalumoxane (MAO). This polyethylene was efficiently converted into an atom transfer radical polymerization macroinitiator by the addition of α-bromoisobutyric acid to the vinyl chain end, and the polyethylene macroinitiator was used for the atom transfer radical polymerization of n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, or styrene; this resulted in defined polyethylene-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate), polyethylene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate), and polyethylene-b-polystyrene block copolymers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 496–504, 2004     

Synthesis of miktoarm star and miktoarm star block copolymers via a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization and stable free‐radical polymerization

A trifunctional initiator, 2‐phenyl‐2‐[(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl)‐1‐piperidinyloxy] ethyl 2,2‐bis[methyl(2‐bromopropionato)] propionate, was synthesized and used for the synthesis of miktoarm star AB₂ and miktoarm star block AB₂C₂ copolymers via a combination of stable free‐radical polymerization (SFRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in a two‐step or three‐step reaction sequence, respectively. In the first step, a polystyrene (PSt) macroinitiator with dual ω‐bromo functionality was obtained by SFRP of styrene (St) in bulk at 125 °C. Next, this PSt precursor was used as a macroinitiator for ATRP of tert‐butyl acrylate (tBA) in the presence of Cu(I)Br and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine at 80 °C, affording miktoarm star (PSt)(PtBA)₂ [where PtBA is poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)]. In the third step, the obtained St(tBA)₂ macroinitiator with two terminal bromine groups was further polymerized with methyl methacrylate by ATRP, and this resulted in (PSt)(PtBA)₂(PMMA)₂‐type miktoarm star block copolymer [where PMMA is poly(methyl methacrylate)] with a controlled molecular weight and a moderate polydispersity (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.38). All polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography and ¹H NMR. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2542–2548, 2003     

Coupled atom transfer radical coupling and atom transfer radical polymerization approach for controlled grafting from poly(vinylidene fluoride) backbone

A new “grafting from” strategy for grafting of different monomers (methacrylates, acrylates, and acrylamide) on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) backbone is designed using atom transfer radical coupling (ATRC) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). 4‐Hydroxy TEMPO moieties are anchored on PVDF backbone by ATRC followed by attachment of ATRP initiating sites chosen according to the reactivity of different monomers. High graft conversion is achieved and grafting of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) exhibits high degree of polymerization (DPn = 770) with a very low graft density (0.18 per hundred VDF units) which has been increased to 0.44 by regenerating the active catalyst with the addition of Cu(0). A significant impact on thermal and stress–strain property of graft copolymers on the graft density and graft length is noted. Higher tensile strain and toughness are observed for PVDF‐g‐PMMA produced from model initiator but graft copolymer from pure PVDF exhibits higher tensile strength and Young's modulus. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 995–1008