热超构材料:几何结构、工作机制与新奇性质（英文）

因为在热保护、热探测和热管理领域存在重要的应用价值,自由操控宏观热流一直是人类的一个梦想。热超构材料正是为此目的应运而生,它是电磁超构材料在热学领域的延伸。在此,我将综述该领域自2008年诞生以来取得的若干研究进展,其将主要包括以下新奇热现象或功能器件:热隐身;热聚集;热旋转;宏观热二极管;热伪装;热透明;热晶体;环境温差中零能耗保温;宏观热网络中反常热传导;热对流隐身、聚集、伪装;热辐射制冷。我将介绍与之相关的微观或宏观传热机制,这些机制可以通过以下理论或方法来理解或阐述:变换热学理论、Laplace方程、热声子能带理论、相变理论、变换热对流理论、热辐射制冷理论。我也将介绍这些材料从基础研究到工业应用的发展前景。     

变换热学:热超构材料及其应用

热输运是自然界中最普遍的现象之一,如何高效操控热流在工业等领域有着巨大的应用价值.尽管主导热传导过程的扩散方程与波动方程迥异,但是,自2008年和2012年起,已有研究人员成功地将变换理论推广到宏观热传导领域.自此之后,多种具有特异性质的新型热材料在变换热学的理论框架下被设计出来,并同时获得实验验证.本文介绍该领域的研究进展,并同时介绍在热超构材料实验中软物质材料所起的关键作用.     

漫谈理论热学

文章简要介绍了理论热学,一个理论物理(统计物理)中的新兴研究方向,其以变换热学及其扩展理论为理论架构,用于设计热超构材料,实现任意操控热流的目的,为工程技术应用服务。不同于传统热力学侧重于自然系统中热现象的被动描述,理论热学侧重于人工系统中热现象的主动控制。     

双曲超材料近场热辐射穿透深度研究

双曲超材料对近场辐射换热有新的影响模式,能够影响近场热辐射。本文研究了双曲超材料近场热辐射的穿透深度,考察了双曲超材料填充系数和不同类型双曲模式对穿透深度的影响。研究表明双曲超材料能够获得更大的穿透深度。这将为双曲超材料近场热辐射在热光伏和辐射制冷等领域的广泛应用提供理论基础。     

纳米光学辐射传热:从热辐射增强理论到辐射制冷应用

热辐射作为一种无处不在的物理现象,对于科学研究和工程应用都具有重要意义.传统上对热辐射的理解主要是基于普朗克定律,它描述了物体通过辐射交换能量的能力.而近年来的研究表明,由于微纳光学材料在尺寸上远小于热辐射峰值波长,它们的热辐射性质往往很大程度上有别于传统黑体辐射理论所描述的宏观物体.更重要的是,微纳光学材料的热辐射性质可以通过改变它们的几何尺寸和微观构型进行定量的优化设计与精确调控.纳米光学材料与辐射制冷效应的结合,给热辐射效应在能源和环境等相关领域的应用提供了极具前景的应用价值.本文首先从热辐射的基本原理和规律出发,介绍纳米结构热辐射增强的发展进程和最新进展,包括二维材料间的近场热辐射机理以及尺寸效应导致的远场热辐射增强;其次,介绍了近年来纳米光学材料在辐射制冷应用中的重大进展,包括可以实现高效日间辐射制冷的各种纳米光学材料设计;最后,进一步介绍了日间辐射制冷的各种实际应用,包括建筑物制冷、冷凝水收集、舒适衣物与太阳能电池降温等.此外,展望了纳米光学材料的辐射制冷技术在推动荒漠生态环境的治理与改造方面的广阔未来.     

热隐身：小概念，大用途

热隐身这个概念的提出,无论从应用角度,还是从学术层面,皆有其异乎寻常的重要性。文章简介了热隐身的来龙去脉,在介绍概念的同时,重点阐述其在地下掩体中红外热防护方面的特殊应用价值——其在领域内已经发展十五年,广为人知,而在领域外尚显陌生。至于热隐身的特殊学术价值,也在文末一并介绍,并着重介绍基于其进行的概念延拓,即从“热隐身”这个小概念,推广到“热超构材料”这个大概念,再进一步推广到“扩散超构材料”这个更大的概念。此外,文章对热隐身的制备方法和原理亦有述及。     

有机电致发光二极管散热机理模拟研究

研究了有机电致发光二极管( OLEDs)工作过程中的生热与热传输机制。 OLEDs器件产热由载流子复合产生,散热渠道主要由热辐射、对流两部分构成。基于传热学理论计算,发现发光亮度为1000 cd/m2时,发光占输入功率的15%,热辐射占30%,热对流占55%,器件温度上升了39.4℃,并且计算结果与实验数据有良好的匹配。决定器件工作温度的因素有环境、材料、工作功率等。具有不同发光材料的OLEDs器件,其亮度衰减速率不同。     

流动隐身衣的均匀化设计与减阻特性

流动隐身衣因为可以显著降低指定目标的表面阻力而备受关注.然而大多数传统流动隐身衣的设计参数为非均匀各向异性,非均匀这一限制增加了制备流动隐身衣的难度.为突破这种限制,本文采用等效介质理论与积分中值定理,将流动隐身衣所需的设计参数均匀化.通过数值模拟验证了简化后的均匀流动隐身衣具有与非均匀流动隐身衣一样的隐身效果,并且同样适用于多种流场.这种简化方法不仅可以将非均匀流动隐身衣简化为均匀流动隐身衣,更重要的是可以适用于其他领域,如光学、声学、电磁学与热学等不同领域的超材料均匀化设计,为降低超材料制备难度提供了新方法.此外,基于均匀流动隐身衣对不同流场的适用性,首次设计了一种流动伪装装置,该装置可以将原始物体所产生的流场伪装成由任意物体引起的期望流场,为实现流动伪装提供了解决方案.最后,定量对比分析了流动隐身衣的隐身与减阻性能随着雷诺数增加的变化,结果表明在非蠕动流时流动隐身衣仍然具有良好的隐身性能与较高的减阻效率.     

水雾红外隐身的冷/热目标效应

人工水雾对抗红外成像制导导弹时,会因为蒸发对流强、辐射热流弱而使水雾形成冷目标;也可能因为辐射热流过强、散热弱而形成热目标。为详细揭示该现象,以Mie理论为基础,通过辐射传递方程和能量守恒方程的耦合计算,建立了水雾红外隐身产生冷目标或热目标效应的数学模型。应用蒙特卡洛法与本文算法作对比,验证了模型的正确性;将水雾视为吸收、发射、各向异性散射介质,考虑水雾自身辐射、多重散射和各种换热过程,比如辐射热流、两相流的热传导、热对流、紊流热扩散以及雾滴蒸发等,反映了水雾热遮蔽所产生的冷/热目标效应。     

热超构材料的研究进展

由于光波、声波、地震波和水波都遵循波动方程,所以,2006年光学隐身衣(optical cloak)原理在Science杂志上发表后,光学隐身衣的设想很快就从最初的光波推广到了声波、地震波和水波,至今方兴未艾.由于热传导满足的是扩散方程,并且波动方程与扩散方程在物理机制上迥异,这就使得把光学隐身衣推广到热学隐身衣的尝试不得不面临来自原理上的挑战,可能也正因为如此,国际上对热超构材料的研究非常缓慢:早在2008年,就有学者在光学隐身衣的启发下,通过有限元模拟,揭示了热学隐身衣和热流反转等反常热功能或热现象,从而提出热超构材料(thermal metamaterial)的概念,但是,直到2012年,这个概念才被实验验证.由于其中蕴含着巨大的潜在应用价值,该实验工作发表后,热超构材料开始得到国际同行的广泛关注.文章的主要目的就是向读者介绍这一类新型功能材料——热超构材料的物理原理、发展历程及其理论和实验研究进展.     

Ellipsoidal Thermal Concentrator and Cloak with Transformation Media

Thermal concentrators and cloaks with ellipsoidal shapes are designed by utilizing the transformation thermotics method and finite element simulations.The thermal conductivities for the concentrator and cloak are directly derive in Cartesian coordinates.The simulation results show that the ellipsoidal thermal concentrator can focus heat flux into a central region and that the ellipsoidal thermal cloak can guide heat flux around the cloaked region smoothly without disturbing the external temperature distribution and heat flux.The present method can be extended to design arbitrarily shaped thermal metadevices with novel properties.     

Three-dimensional thermal illusion devices with arbitrary shape

Since the concept of invisible cloak was proposed by Pendry and Leonhardt in 2006, many researchers have applied the theory of coordinate transformation to thermodynamics and overcome the complexity of inhomogeneous and anisotropic of material parameters. However, only two-dimensional(2 D) thermal illusion devices are researched recently. According to this situation, our study focuses on three-dimensional(3 D) thermal illusion devices including shrinker(or invisible cloak),concentrator, amplifier, reshaper, and rotator with arbitrary shape in a general way. In this paper, the corresponding material parameters of thermal illusion devices mentioned above are derived based on the theory of transformation thermodynamics and the simulated results agree well with the theoretical derivations. In addition, the conventional invisible cloak just controls the temperature gradient rather than the temperature value which is more concerned in physical applications. Here,we find that the temperature value of the cloaked object can be controlled by adjusting the location of the original point of the coordinate system.     

Design of square-shaped heat flux cloaks and concentrators using method of coordinate transformation

A square-shaped heat flux cloak and a square-shaped heat flux concentrator have been designed theoretically according to the invariance symmetry of steady state thermal conductive equation. The direction of heat flux in these devices can be modulated as desired. Using the method of coordinate transformation, the inhomogeneous and anisotropic thermal conductivity in the transformation region have been acquired. Two-dimensional finite element simulations were performed to confirm the theoretical results.     

Adaptive Radiative Thermal Camouflage via Synchronous Heat Conduction

The advent of transformation thermotics has seen a boom in development of thermal metamaterials with a variety of thermal functionalities,including phenomena such as thermal cloaking and camouflage.However,most thermal metamaterials-based camouflage devices only tune in-plane heat conduction,which may fail to conceal a target from out-of-plane detection.We propose an adaptive radiative thermal camouflage via tuning out-ofplane transient heat conduction,and it is validated by both simulation and experiment.The physics underlying the performance of our adaptive thermal camouflage is based on real-time synchronous heat conduction through the camouflage device and the background plate,respectively.The proposed concept and device represent a promising new approach to fabrication of conductive thermal metamaterials,providing a feasible and effective way to achieve adaptive thermal camouflage.     

基于变换热力学的三维任意形状热斗篷设计

在变换热力学的基础上,通过坐标变换的方法,推导出三维任意形状热斗篷导热系数的通解表达式,并进行了全波仿真验证.结果表明:热流均能绕过保护区域流出,保护区域的温度保持不变,而且热斗篷外的温度场并没有破坏,具有很好的热保护和热隐身的效果.这一方法把变换热力学从二维拓展到三维,具有普遍的适用性.同时,这种技术为热流流动路径和目标温度场的控制奠定了理论基础,在微芯片、电动机的保护以及目标热隐身上有潜在应用.     

Controlling Thermal Conduction by Graded Materials

Manipulating thermal conductivities are fundamentally important for controlling the conduction of heat at will. Thermal cloaks and concentrators, which have been extensively studied recently, are actually graded materials designed according to coordinate transformation approaches, and their effective thermal conductivity is equal to that of the host medium outside the cloak or concentrator. Here we attempt to investigate a more general problem: what is the effective thermal conductivity of graded materials? In particular, we perform a first-principles approach to the analytic exact results of effective thermal conductivities of materials possessing either power-law or linear gradation profiles. On the other hand, by solving Laplace's equation, we derive a differential equation for calculating the effective thermal conductivity of a material whose thermal conductivity varies along the radius with arbitrary gradation profiles. The two methods agree with each other for both external and internal heat sources, as confirmed by simulation and experiment. This work provides different methods for designing new thermal metamaterials (including thermal cloaks and concentrators), in order to control or manipulate the transfer of heat.     

On the combined heat transfer in the multilayer non-gray porous fibrous insulation

A detailed numerical modeling is performed to investigate coupled heat transfer of natural convection, radiation and conduction in high-temperature multilayer thermal insulation (MTI), which consists of high-porous, non-gray semitransparent fibrous materials and reflective foils. Radiation within fibers, radiation between fibers and the reflective foils, conduction within fibers and convection from the fibers to the surrounding fluid are considered. Macroscopic (porous media) modeling is used to determine velocity, pressure and temperatures fields for fibrous insulation with a random packing geometry under natural convection, whereas the radiative transfer equation (RTE) is used to solve the radiative heat flux for non-gray materials. Key features of the macroscopic model include two-dimensional effects, non-gray radiative exchange, and the relaxation of the local thermodynamic non-equilibrium (LTNE). This model was validated by comparison with experimental data and it was used to investigate natural convection of coupled heat transfer in multilayer insulation, numerical results showed that natural convection is more likely to occur when the heated/cooled rate is low, while natural convection can be ignored in simulating steady-state coupled heat transfer in MTI.     

A transformation theory for camouflaging arbitrary heat sources

Camouflage devices have attracted intensive research interest for their significant applications. However, most camouflage devices are specifically designed according to target heat sources. Here, by applying the transformation thermotics approach, we develop a coordinate transformation, and design an unspecific camouflage device which can camouflage arbitrary heat sources into a circular one with an anisotropic shell. We verify the ability of our unspecific camouflage device with both steady and transient simulations. We also find the “apparent negative thermal conductivity” under certain conditions without violating the second law of thermodynamics. To ensure the feasibility, we further put forward the effective medium approximation for sample fabrication, and only two natural materials are required. Our results have relevance to the different applications of infrared misleading, uniform heating, and so on; they may also provide guidance to the research on other diffusive fields, such as magnetostatic and electrostatic fields.     

基于变换热力学的任意形状热集中器研究与设计

如何灵活地控制和操纵热流是目前研究的热点.本文根据变换热力学方法,导出了具有任意横截面形状热集中器的材料参数表达式,并在此基础上设计了具有圆形、椭圆形、正五边形等规则横截面形状的热集中器和具有共形、非共形任意横截面形状的热集中器.全波仿真结果表明,这些热集中器使等温线和热通量向其压缩区弯曲,靠近热源的一侧热扩散加快而相反的一侧热扩散减慢,在很小的区域内表现出对热量的集中作用,这一特点在热能工程中有潜在应用.此外,研究了圆柱形热集中器的层化实现方法.结果显示,热集中器可通过将同性材料沿角向分层交替填充来实现.这项工作对热集中器的设计及制备具有指导意义.     

任意横截面柱形热斗篷研究与设计

基于变换热力学,导出了具有非共形任意横截面的柱形热斗篷热导率表达式,并在此基础上设计了具有非共形横截面的柱形热斗篷.全波仿真结果表明,热斗篷迫使外部热流绕过斗篷,导致隐身区域热通量为零,从而具有热保护功能;同时,热流绕过斗篷后将恢复原来的温度场分布,使其具有完美热隐身功能.此外,基于所导出的变换媒质热导率表达式,设计并求解了具有规则共形和非规则共形横截面的柱形热斗篷,发现它们同样具有热保护和完美热隐身功能.这表明通过选择适当的边界函数,所得变换媒质热导率表达式可用于设计任意横截面柱形热斗篷,具有普遍的适用性,这种技术在计算机芯片、卫星和航天器等的热保护中有潜在应用.