The ρ-π Puzzle of J/φ and φ′ Decays

The recent BES Collaboration data on φ →PV, particularly the isospin violating mode φ′ → π^oω^o and finding of a finite number for B(φ′ → K^*OK^O), enable us now to deal more precisely about the challenges to theory concerning this extraordinary and remarkableso-called ρ-π puzzle of J/φ and φ′ decays. In terms of the existing data and deploying the simplest phenomenology, measurement of φ′ → π⁺π^- and whether a finite number for the K^*+K^- mode might require a significantly large accumulation of data remain interesting questions.     

Are Words the Quanta of Human Language? Extending the Domain of Quantum Cognition

In previous research, we showed that ‘texts that tell a story’ exhibit a statistical structure that is not Maxwell–Boltzmann but Bose–Einstein. Our explanation is that this is due to the presence of ‘indistinguishability’ in human language as a result of the same words in different parts of the story being indistinguishable from one another, in much the same way that ’indistinguishability’ occurs in quantum mechanics, also there leading to the presence of Bose–Einstein rather than Maxwell–Boltzmann as a statistical structure. In the current article, we set out to provide an explanation for this Bose–Einstein statistics in human language. We show that it is the presence of ‘meaning’ in ‘texts that tell a story’ that gives rise to the lack of independence characteristic of Bose–Einstein, and provides conclusive evidence that ‘words can be considered the quanta of human language’, structurally similar to how ‘photons are the quanta of electromagnetic radiation’. Using several studies on entanglement from our Brussels research group, we also show, by introducing the von Neumann entropy for human language, that it is also the presence of ‘meaning’ in texts that makes the entropy of a total text smaller relative to the entropy of the words composing it. We explain how the new insights in this article fit in with the research domain called ‘quantum cognition’, where quantum probability models and quantum vector spaces are used in human cognition, and are also relevant to the use of quantum structures in information retrieval and natural language processing, and how they introduce ‘quantization’ and ‘Bose–Einstein statistics’ as relevant quantum effects there. Inspired by the conceptuality interpretation of quantum mechanics, and relying on the new insights, we put forward hypotheses about the nature of physical reality. In doing so, we note how this new type of decrease in entropy, and its explanation, may be important for the development of quantum thermodynamics. We likewise note how it can also give rise to an original explanatory picture of the nature of physical reality on the surface of planet Earth, in which human culture emerges as a reinforcing continuation of life.     

辣椒碱与β-环糊精包合物的核磁共振研究

利用核磁共振方法研究了辣椒碱β-环糊精包合物的化学计量比、空间结构信息及其在水溶液中的自扩散系数. 通过测定不同浓度比的辣椒碱和β-环糊精混合溶液的 ¹H NMR数据,绘制Job's曲线,辣椒碱和β-环糊精的Job's曲线均在r=0.5处出现拐点. 同时测定了该包合物的2D ROESY和DOSY谱图,ROESY谱图中NOE交叉信号出现在辣椒碱的H-1~H-8和β-环糊精的H-3′、H-5′、H-6′之间,DOSY测得β-环糊精和辣椒碱形成包合物前后的表观自扩散系数. 结果表明,辣椒碱β-环糊精包合物的主客体分子的化学计量比为1∶1,辣椒碱分子的异丙基端从β-环糊精的宽口端进入疏水腔,其中H-1~H-8部分在空腔内部,包合物的自扩散系数为2.95×10^-10m²/s.     

面向集成模拟平台的远程协作系统

基于 Web 技术,采用三层模型的系统架构,分别使用 AJAX、SQLite、Openlava 和 Python 解决了 数据异步传输、作业结果重用、多用户作业管理和可视化显示等关键技术,成功开发出面向集成模拟平台的远程 协作系统——SICOS。通过 Web 浏览器即可多人同时运行高性能计算集群上 IMAS 框架下的等离子体程序,实 现了程序的集成运行及运行结果的远程分析、数据共享和可视化显示等功能。通过率先集成 EFIT 可以获得 HL-2A 装置实验的平衡位形重建结果和 HL-2M 装置期望的平衡位形结果,为后续其它程序的集成奠定了技术基础。     

HL-2M 装置时序控制与数据采集系统设计

基于 FPGA 和 IEEE1588PTPv2 协议设计了 HL-2M 装置时序控制系统,用于在精准时刻为测控系统 提供触发。数据采集系统采用客户端/服务端双模式管理。在 HL-2M 装置初始等离子体放电实验中测试结果表明, 时序控制和采集系统具有纳秒级精度触发,实时性强,数据传输速度快,稳定可靠,方便部署和管理的特点,满 足 HL-2M 等离子体放电实验的应用需求。     

“爱迪生”珍珠及染色处理有核珍珠的谱学特征

颗粒大、圆度高并具有浓郁颜色的淡水有核养殖珍珠（商贸名称为“爱迪生”珍珠）为珍珠市场提供了更高的品质与价值,然而受利益的驱使,染色的有核养殖珍珠也逐渐流入市场,扰乱了消费者的健康消费,在一定程度上阻碍了“爱迪生”珍珠产业的良性发展。本文利用红外光谱仪、紫外-可见分光光度计和光致发光光谱仪对养殖和染色“爱迪生”珍珠进行了系统的谱学研究,并将其与海水珍珠、染色海水珍珠进行了比较。结果表明：（1）染色与养殖“爱迪生”珍珠在红外光谱上均显示1 445,882和725 cm-1处的文石振动峰,其中染色“爱迪生”珍珠在3 800 cm-1处均出现宽缓的弱吸收峰;（2）染色“爱迪生”珍珠的紫外可见光光谱中280 nm处的吸收峰明显弱于养殖“爱迪生”珍珠,染色后的“爱迪生”珍珠整体反射率降低,可能与染剂使珍珠中的蛋白质分子受损有关。染黄色“爱迪生”珍珠缺失养殖橙黄色“爱迪生”珍珠在360～380 nm处的吸收峰,而与染色海水金珠430 nm处的强吸收峰相似。染黑色“爱迪生”珍珠在425 nm处有吸收峰,染色海水黑珍珠在480和645 nm处有吸收峰,养殖海水黑珍珠在702 nm处有吸收峰,三者图谱的差异可能为各自的染料不同所致;（3）养殖“爱迪生”珍珠在光致发光光谱中450～550 nm范围内可见一组吸收峰,染色“爱迪生”珍珠的发光中心向红区偏移且在650 nm附近出现强度不等的与染色剂相关的吸收峰,染色海水金珠也在600 nm处有和染色剂有关的吸收峰。     

卷丹皂苷A和甾体皂苷的NMR特征

应用2D NMR技术：¹H-¹H COSY、HMQC、HMBC全归属新化合物卷丹皂苷A和已知化合物麦冬皂苷D′ 的碳和氢质子信号，总结薯蓣皂苷元类型甾体皂苷的NMR特征，为该类型化合物的结构鉴定提供光谱学依据.     

Probability Representation of Quantum States

The review of new formulation of conventional quantum mechanics where the quantum states are identified with probability distributions is presented. The invertible map of density operators and wave functions onto the probability distributions describing the quantum states in quantum mechanics is constructed both for systems with continuous variables and systems with discrete variables by using the Born’s rule and recently suggested method of dequantizer–quantizer operators. Examples of discussed probability representations of qubits (spin-1/2, two-level atoms), harmonic oscillator and free particle are studied in detail. Schrödinger and von Neumann equations, as well as equations for the evolution of open systems, are written in the form of linear classical–like equations for the probability distributions determining the quantum system states. Relations to phase–space representation of quantum states (Wigner functions) with quantum tomography and classical mechanics are elucidated.     

A Hybrid Metaheuristic Based on Neurocomputing for Analysis of Unipolar Electrohydrodynamic Pump Flow

A unipolar electrohydrodynamic (UP-EHD) pump flow is studied with known electric potential at the emitter and zero electric potential at the collector. The model is designed for electric potential, charge density, and electric field. The dimensionless parameters, namely the electrical source number (Es), the electrical Reynolds number (ReE), and electrical slip number (Esl), are considered with wide ranges of variation to analyze the UP-EHD pump flow. To interpret the pump flow of the UP-EHD model, a hybrid metaheuristic solver is designed, consisting of the recently developed technique sine–cosine algorithm (SCA) and sequential quadratic programming (SQP) under the influence of an artificial neural network. The method is abbreviated as ANN-SCA-SQP. The superiority of the technique is shown by comparing the solution with reference solutions. For a large data set, the technique is executed for one hundred independent experiments. The performance is evaluated through performance operators and convergence plots.     

On Improving Accuracy of Finite-Element Solutions of the Effective-Mass Schrödinger Equation for Interdiffused Quantum Wells and Quantum Wires

We use the Galerkin approach and the finite-element method to numerically solve the effective-mass Schrödinger equation.The accuracy of the solution is explored as it varies with the range of the numerical domain.The model potentials are those of interdiffused semiconductor quantum wells and axially symmetric quantum wires.Also,the model of a linear harmonic oscillator is considered for comparison reasons.It is demonstrated that the absolute error of the electron ground state energy level exhibits a minimum at a certain domain range,which is thus considered to be optimal.This range is found to depend on the number of mesh nodes N approximately as α₀ log_e^α₁(α₂ N),where the values of the constants α₀,α₁,and α₂ are determined by fitting the numerical data.And the optimal range is found to be a weak function of the diffusion length.Moreover,it was demonstrated that a domain range adaptation to the optimal value leads to substantial improvement of accuracy of the solution of the Schrödinger equation.     

Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics: Boltzmann’s versus Planck’s State Definitions and Counting

During the physical foundation of his radiation formula in his December 1900 talk and subsequent 1901 article, Planck refers to Boltzmann’s 1877 combinatorial-probabilistic treatment and obtains his quantum distribution function, while Boltzmann did not. For this, Boltzmann’s memoirs are usually ascribed to classical statistical mechanics. Agreeing with Bach, it is shown that Boltzmann’s 1868 and 1877 calculations can lead to a Planckian distribution function, where those of 1868 are even closer to Planck than that of 1877. Boltzmann’s and Planck’s calculations are compared based on Bach’s three-level scheme ‘configuration–occupation–occupancy’. Special attention is paid to the concepts of interchangeability and the indistinguishability of particles and states. In contrast to Bach, the level of exposition is most elementary. I hope to make Boltzmann’s work better known in English and to remove misunderstandings in the literature.     

A Hybrid Data-Differencing and Compression Algorithm for the Automotive Industry

We propose an innovative delta-differencing algorithm that combines software-updating methods with LZ77 data compression. This software-updating method relates to server-side software that creates binary delta files and to client-side software that performs software-update installations. The proposed algorithm creates binary-differencing streams already compressed from an initial phase. We present a software-updating method suitable for OTA software updates and the method’s basic strategies to achieve a better performance in terms of speed, compression ratio or a combination of both. A comparison with publicly available solutions is provided. Our test results show our method, Keops, can outperform an LZMA (Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain-algorithm) based binary differencing solution in terms of compression ratio in two cases by more than 3% while being two to five times faster in decompression. We also prove experimentally that the difference between Keops and other competing delta-creator software increases when larger history buffers are used. In one case, we achieve a three times better performance for a delta rate compared to other competing delta rates.     

苏羊遗址白灰面的制作工艺研究

河南省洛阳市宜阳县苏羊遗址是中原地区史前时期的重要遗址之一,该遗址出土房址的地面和墙面涂抹有“白灰面”,其原料和制作方法对研究史前建筑材料具有重要意义。采用X射线衍射分析仪（XRD）、X射线荧光光谱仪（XRF）对采自苏羊遗址的白灰面、遗址周边地区的几种天然石灰质原料（料礓石、石灰石和牡蛎）进行分析检测,以探究苏羊遗址白灰面的制作原料。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）和扫描电镜（SEM）对苏羊遗址的白灰面、天然料礓石和模拟制备的白灰面进行分析检测,利用红外图谱中方解石的ν₂/ν₄值反映其晶体的无序程度,并绘制ν₂-ν₄特征趋势线,最后结合微观形貌观察,以探究苏羊先民在制作白灰面时,是否将原料人工烧制成石灰后再使用。结果显示,苏羊遗址白灰面样品的主要物相为石英、方解石以及少量长石,化学成分中钙含量与硅含量较高,其化学成分、物相等与天然料礓石相似,而不同于石灰石和牡蛎;根据红外谱图显示的信息,苏羊遗址白灰面的ν₂/ν₄平均值在3.6左右,远低于人工烧制石灰的ν₂/ν₄值,其ν₂-ν₄特征趋势线也与天然料礓石的接近;结合扫描电镜观察结果,可初步认为苏羊先民在制作白灰面时,以天然料礓石为原料,未对料礓石进行人工烧制,是直接将其粉碎后与水按比例混合成浆状,涂抹于墙面、地面以及窖穴穴壁。相关研究结果为辨别天然料礓石和人工烧制料礓石的碳化产物提供了一种较为便易的研究方法,有助于进一步了解史前白灰面的制作原料和工艺,为考古工作人员研究史前居民制作建筑材料的工艺和改善居住环境的思维意识提供了参考依据。     

Study of the XYZ states at the BESIII

With its unique data samples at energies of 3.8–4.6 GeV, the BESIII experiment made a significant contribution to the study of charmonium and charmonium-like states, i.e., the XYZ states.We review the results for observations of the Z_c(3900) and Z_c(4020) states, the X(3872) in e⁺e⁻ annihilation, and charmonium ψ(1³D₂) state, as well as measurements of the cross-sections of ωχ_cJ and ηJ/ψ, and the search for e⁺e⁻→ γχ_cJ and γY (4140). We also present data from BESIII that may further strengthen the study of the XYZ and conventional charmonium states, and discuss perspectives on future experiments.     

A Critical Examination to the Unitarized IJ ＝ 20 ππ Scattering Chiral Amplitude

We discuss the Padé approximation to the ππ scattering amplitudes in one-loop chiral perturbation theory.The approximation restores unitarity and can reproduce the correct resonance poles,but the approximation violates crossing symmetry and produces spurious poles on the complex s plane and therefore plagues its predictions in some cases.However we find that one virtual state in the IJ = 20 channel may have physical relevance.     

Chess AI: Competing Paradigms for Machine Intelligence

Endgame studies have long served as a tool for testing human creativity and intelligence. We find that they can serve as a tool for testing machine ability as well. Two of the leading chess engines, Stockfish and Leela Chess Zero (LCZero), employ significantly different methods during play. We use Plaskett’s Puzzle, a famous endgame study from the late 1970s, to compare the two engines. Our experiments show that Stockfish outperforms LCZero on the puzzle. We examine the algorithmic differences between the engines and use our observations as a basis for carefully interpreting the test results. Drawing inspiration from how humans solve chess problems, we ask whether machines can possess a form of imagination. On the theoretical side, we describe how Bellman’s equation may be applied to optimize the probability of winning. To conclude, we discuss the implications of our work on artificial intelligence (AI) and artificial general intelligence (AGI), suggesting possible avenues for future research.     

β-CD降低AEO-9对紫外光谱检测TDBAC的影响

十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵（TDBAC）和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚（AEO-9）之间的相互作用,能对复配水溶液中TDBAC紫外光谱的吸光度产生明显影响。研究结果表明,在TDBAC/AEO-9二元复配水溶液中,AEO-9不仅能明显增强TDBAC的吸光度,还能明显地降低其表观临界胶束浓度（cmc）,当AEO-9从0分别增加到0.150和0.300 mmol·L-1时,TDBAC的cmc从1.901 mmol·L-1分别降至1.739和1.584 mmol·L-1。在复配水溶液中,按物质的量比1∶1加入β-环糊精（β-CD）后,TDBAC的吸光度有所增强,当β-CD从0改变至0.800 mmol·L-1时,0.800 mmol·L-1TDBAC的吸光度由0.259增加至0.270。β-CD具有消除TDBAC/AEO-9复配溶液形成胶束的作用,按物质的量比1∶1加入TDBAC和β-CD,当AEO-9浓度为0,0.150和0.300 mmol·L-1时,TDBAC在0.600~2.800 mmol·L-1范围内均不能形成胶束。加入β-CD后,AEO-9对TDBAC的紫外光谱的干扰作用也显著减弱,TDBAC/AEO-9复配水溶液中TDBAC的回收率从86.3%～107.5%变化至101.9%～103.9%,检测准确度显著提高。job’s实验结果表明,在TDBAC和β-CD所形成的包结物结构中,TDBAC与β-CD按物质的量比1∶1包结。FTIR及TG-DSC结果进一步表明,在水溶液中,相比于形成胶束,TDBAC优先与β-CD形成包结物,这正是β-CD降低AEO-9对TDBAC紫外光谱干扰的主因。     

Coefficient of Performance at Maximum χ-Criterion for Feynman Ratchet as a Refrigerator

The χ-criterion is defined as the product of the energy conversion efficiency and the heat absorbed per unit time by the working substance [de Tomás et al., Phys. Rev. E 85 (2012) 010104(R)]. The χ-criterion for Feynman ratchet as a refrigerator operating between two heat baths is optimized. Asymptotic solutions of the coefficient of performance at maximum χ-criterion for Feynman ratchet are investigated at both large and small temperature difference. An interpolation formula, which fits the numerical solution very well, is proposed. Besides, the sufficient condition for the universality of the coefficient of performance at maximum χ is investigated.     

HL-2M 真空紫外光谱初始诊断系统研制

基于 Seya-Namioka 结构 200mm 焦距可换光栅,研制了 HL-2M 真空紫外(VUV)光谱诊断光谱仪。该 系统在 300~3000Å 的真空紫外光谱范围具有较高的探测效率,时间分辨优于 1µs。经过结构设计、光谱标定和安 装调试,单通道 VUV 光谱仪已成功安装在 HL-2M 装置中平面窗口。在 HL-2M 装置初始放电实验中,利用该系 统测量到 C、O、N 等杂质的多条特征谱线,展现出优秀的信噪比和高灵敏度。