Stable high-power TE01 gyro-TWT amplifiers

The stability of high power gyro-TWT amplifiers operating in the low-loss TE₀₁ mode of cylindrical waveguide has been studied, Linear theory has been used to determine the threshold start-oscillation beam current for absolute instability in the operating mode and the critical section lengths for the dominant gyro-BWO interactions occurring at various cyclotron harmonics in other waveguide modes. The performance of the amplifier was evaluated with a nonlinear, self-consistent slow-timescale simulation code. Utilizing interaction sections whose lengths are less than the threshold start-oscillation length and are separated by attenuating severs for isolation, two stable three-section devices have been designed which are predicted to yield: (1) a peak output power of 230 kW at 35 GHz with an efficiency of 23%, a saturated gain of 46 dB and a constant-drive bandwidth of 6% for a 100 kV, 10 A electron beam with an α=ν_⊥ /ν_z =1.0 and an axial velocity spread Δν_z/ν_z=5% and (2) 105 kW at 94 GHz with 21% efficiency, 45 dB saturated gain and 5% constant-drive bandwidth for a similar 5 A electron beam. In addition, the design of the 0 dB input/output couplers and the MIG electron gun are given. Due to the low loss of the TE₀₁ mode, both of these amplifiers can be operated continuously     

Analysis and Numerical Calculations of the Beam-Wave Interaction for Gyroklystron Amplifiers

A four-cavity gyroklystron was designed and optimized after analysis and calculation of RF system and magnetron injection gun, numerical simulations showed that the TE₀₁₁ mode gyroklystron achieved 280kW peak output power, 38% efficiency, 35dB saturated gain with 250Mhz bandwidth centered at 34GHz for a 68 kV, 11A electron beam. The numerical simulation results were used to build a Ka band high power gyroklystron amplifier. In this paper, analysis and numerical calculation results of the beam-wave interaction are presented. The influences of electron beam, RF system parameters, magnetic field, and input RF signal on output power, efficiency, bandwidth and gain are discussed.     

低功率驱动的高功率微波放大器实验研究

在器件设计上,针对低功率驱动的高功率微波放大器或高增益放大器中的高次模激励和自激振荡问题,采取了降低电子束同器件前端结构耦合等措施,来保证器件在工作区间完全处于放大状态,通过PIC模拟,设计了低功率驱动的S波段高功率微波放大器(电子束:流强7.5 kA,电子能量750 kV),注入微波6.8 kW时,模拟微波输出功率1.7 GW,增益53.9 dB.在Sinus加速器平台上开展了相应的实验研究: 注入微波62 kW时,微波输出功率达到2.04 GW(电子束:流强8 kA,电子能量800 kV), 输出频率 关键词： 高功率微波 微波器件 高增益 模式控制     

W波段回旋行波管放大器的模拟与设计

回旋行波管放大器是高功率毫米波雷达发射系统最重要的候选者.通过对回旋行波管放大器中的绝对不稳定性、回旋返波振荡以及电子注-波互作用的研究，讨论了回旋行波管的稳定性、寄生模式的抑制和工作参数的优化等问题，给出了W波段TE₀₁模回旋行波管放大器的模拟设计结果.PIC粒子模拟结果表明，在电子注电压100kV、电流10A、工作磁场3.52T时，94GHz的基波回旋行波管放大器可获得大于250kW的输出功率、40dB的增益、大于25％的效率和约5％的带宽. 关键词： W波段 回旋行波管放大器 模拟 设计     

Ka波段带状注相对论速调管模拟研究

利用三维电磁场与粒子模拟软件对Ka波段带状注相对论速调管放大器进行了分析设计和模拟计算。通过对谐振腔本征模的计算确定了腔体的冷腔高频特性,采用三维粒子模拟软件(PIC)模拟分析速调管各腔及整管的束波互作用过程。模拟结果表明:在带状电子注电压500kV、束流1kA、宽高比40∶1,注入微波功率1.94kW和均匀聚焦磁场0.8T的条件下,获得的输出微波功率达到142MW,频率40GHz,效率28.4%,增益约48.6dB。     

Submillimeter-wave harmonic gyrotron experiment

A theoretical and experimental investigation of the operation of a harmonic gyrotron at submillimeter wavelengths is reported. Using a waveguide cavity with an iris at the output end of the straight section, 14 different second-harmonic modes were observed with frequencies of 301-503 GHz, output powers of 1-22 kW, and a 12-MHz emission frequency bandwidth. The highest output power was 22 kW, with a total efficiency of 3.5% at 467 GHz, and an output power of 15 kW with a 6% efficiency was obtained at 417 GHz. Research was conducted using a 65-75 kV up to 10-A electron gun with a 1/1.5-μs pulse length and a 4-Hz repetition rate, which produced a helical electron beam in magnetic fields of up to 14 T. These results represent the first operation of a high-power harmonic gyrotron in the submillimeter region     

0.14THz行波管的设计与实验研究

以折叠波导作为为慢波结构进行研究分析,利用三维电磁仿真软件HFSS和CST,对0.14THz行波管模型进行了折叠波导慢波结构、电子光学系统和输入输出窗等的模拟设计,并完成了整管的PIC注波互作用的仿真计算与优化。进行了整管的焊接工艺设计和热测实验,研制出的样管在电压15.4kV、电流17.4mA下,脉冲工作输出最大功率为8.3 W,输出中心频率为140.8GHz,最大增益为28dB,-3dB带宽为2.9GHz。     

X波段高功率高增益多注相对论速调管放大器设计

针对器件工程应用中的高功率高增益需求,设计了工作在X波段的高功率高增益多注相对论速调管放大器,建立了带输入、输出波导结构的三维整管模型。设计双边对称耦合孔输入腔结构,降低了输入波导对输入腔间隙电场均匀性的影响以抑制非均匀干扰模式;设计采用多腔多间隙群聚结构,降低了输入微波功率的需求,提高了器件放大增益;并且分析设计了多间隙扩展互作用微波提取结构,提高了器件的功率转换效率以及降低输出结构表面电场强度。通过优化设计,粒子模拟仿真实现X波段多注相对论速调管放大器输出微波功率达到3.2 GW,器件放大增益约为60 dB,功率转换效率约为40%。器件验证实验在电子束电压550 kV,电流5.1 kA的情况下,输出功率为0.99 GW,放大增益约为53 dB,转换效率约为35%。     

同轴回旋行波放大器的理论和数值研究

 给出了一组描述同轴回旋行波放大器中波束相互作用的非线性自洽方程组，对该放大器的运行特性进行了研究。得到：在小信号区，辐射场的增益随同轴波导的内外半径比b/a的增加而增加，达到饱和时的辐射功率仅略有下降；内外导体管壁上的功率损耗密度随b/a的增加而减小。采用电压为90kV，电流为10A，纵向速度零散度为3%，速率比为1的电子束，在34.26～36.78GHz的频率范围内，计算得到了峰值功率约230kW的微波输出，相应的增益和效率分别为46.6dB和25.5%，带宽为7%，内外导体管壁上功率的最大损耗分别为80和56W/cm²。     

长脉冲X波段多注相对论速调管放大器的初步实验研究

设计了工作在长脉冲的X波段同轴强流多注相对论速调管放大器, 对长脉冲强流多注电子束在多注器件结构中的传输、电子束经过输入腔和中间腔后的束流调制以及经过输出腔的微波提取等过程进行了实验研究, 采用了相应的设计措施以减轻实验中出现的脉冲缩短现象, 得到了初步的长脉冲实验结果. 在输入微波功率60 kW、频率9.378 GHz、电子束电压700 kV、束流4.2 kA、轴向引导磁感应强度1 T的条件下, 重频5Hz输出微波功率为670 MW, 脉宽89 ns, 效率为23%, 增益为40 dB, 输出微波频率与输入微波一致. 从实验上验证了几十千瓦级输入微波驱动X波段同轴多注RKA输出几百兆瓦长脉冲高功率微波的可行性, 为后续更高功率研究打下了基础.     

回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用分析

 给出了自洽非线性大信号理论分析方法,在理论分析和高频计算的基础上,建立了回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用计算模型,对其进行数值计算。研究多种参量对放大器输出功率、增益、效率等的影响,通过优化得到了中心频率34 GHz的四腔回旋速调管放大器设计方案。粒子模拟表明：在工作电压65 kV,注电流8 A,电子注横向与纵向速度比为1.5时,输出功率230 kW,带宽230 MHz,电子效率45%,饱和增益33 dB。     

Preliminary Design of a Harmonic-doubling Gyrotron Traveling Wave Amplifier

This study proposes a Ka-band harmonic-doubling gyrotron traveling-wave amplifier (gyro- TWT), using distributed wall losses in the input stage and mode-selective interaction circuit in the output stage, to improve the stability of the amplification. Based on a large signal simulation code, a saturated peak power of 163 kW with an efficiency of 15.5%, a gain of 31.1 dB, and a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.9 GHz is predicted for the gyro-TWT driven by 70 kV, 15 A electron beam with a velocity ratio of 1.2 and velocity spread 5% at 33.2 GHz.     

High efficiency, phase-locked operation of the harmonic-multiplyinginverted gyrotwystron oscillator

The inverted gyrotwystron (phigtron) is a millimeter wave frequency-doubling amplifier that has been demonstrated to produce over 300 kW peak power at twice the input frequency (centered at f_in =16.85 GHz and f_out=33.7 GHz) over a 0.5% bandwidth with a saturated gain of 30 dB and efficiency greater than 35%. The device has also been studied both theoretically and experimentally in a different operating regime where frequency-doubled, phase-locked oscillation is possible. A signal, injected via a fundamental gyro-traveling wave tube input section, modulated a 55 kV, 10 A electron beam. After transit through a drift section, the prebunched electron beam produced phase-locked, second harmonic oscillations in a TE₀₃ mode output cavity. RF output centered at either of two frequencies, 34.42 and 34.62 GHz, with a maximum output power of 180 kW, an efficiency of 32% and a locked signal gain of 35 dB was measured. A theoretical prediction of locking bandwidth, a design overview, and the experimental results are presented followed by a summary and discussion of the results     

重复运行短脉冲S波段相对论速调管放大器

介绍了利用HVG-1二极管产生的强流短脉冲电子束源, 开展短脉冲重复频率为100Hz的S波段相对论速调管放大器(RKA)实验研究. 利用无箔空心石墨阴极和0.82T的恒流源引导磁场, 引出了电压约700kV、电流约6.5kA、脉宽(半高宽)25ns的环形电子束. 该电子束经过输入腔和中间腔的调制后, 得到了5kA/22ns的 基波调制电流. 经过输出腔后, 得到了大于1GW/20ns的辐射微波, 频率2.95GHz, 平均功率2.4kW, 效率约24%, 增益34dB. 没有观察到限制该GW级功率水平的S波段RKA的因素.     

高功率跨波段相对论速调管放大器模拟设计

设计了一种能在S波段和C波段实现稳定输出的高功率相对论速调管放大器,并使用电磁粒子PIC程序进行了模拟研究。模拟结果表明:采用700 kV,4 kA的电子束,在注入微波功率340 kW、注入微波频率分别为2.8 GHz和3.2 GHz的条件下,通过合理选择输入腔和中间腔的结构和工作模式、调节器件输出腔的腔长,模拟实现了S波段（3.2 GHz）和C波段（5.6 GHz）分别为1 GW和490 MW的微波输出,束波转换效率分别约为35%和17%。     

Kα波段TE01模基波回旋速调放大器的设计与实验

在回旋速调放大器自洽非线性大信号理论分析和数值计算的基础上,给出了一支Kα波段TE₀₁模4腔基波回旋速调放大器的设计方案,并完成了样管的研制.同时对样管进行了热测实验,得到了如下实验结果:注电压为70 kV,电流为10 A,输入功率为60 W,磁场强度1.31 T,中心频率34 GHz,峰值功率245 kW,平均功率大于3 kW,增益36.1 dB,效率 35%,3 dB带宽大于280 MHz. 关键词： 回旋速调放大器 注-波互作用 群聚腔 输入腔     

A frequency-locked, high power, X-band dielectric Cerenkovmaser

A high-power frequency-locked dielectric Cerenkov maser oscillator is presented. The device consists of an annular electron beam traveling down a dielectric-lined waveguide (wall radius 1.74 cm, liner thickness 2-3 mm, linear ∈=10). A 100 kW input signal is injected into the drift tube between the diode and liner, through a rectangular TE₁₀ to cylindrical TM₀₁ mode converter. When operated with a beam current of 500 A and a total output power of 13 MW, the device displays no RF quenching through the full width of the 100 ns beam pulse. Two higher current cases with power as high as 280 MW but severe RF quenching are presented. The results are compared with linear theory, and quenching mechanisms are discussed     

X波段三重轴相对论速调管放大器的设计

分析了同轴腔体间隙束流与电场的相互作用,推导了同轴腔体间隙的耦合系数和电子负载电导,并设计了10⁴ W级注入微波驱动的X波段三重轴相对论速调管放大器,产生了GW级的微波功率输出.通过三维粒子模拟,设计了工作频率为9.37 GHz的三重轴相对论速调管放大器,在注入微波功率为70 kW、束压为600 kV、束流为5 kA的条件下,获得的输出微波功率达到1.1 GW,效率为37%,增益为42 dB. 关键词： 同轴腔体 束波互作用 X波段 三重轴相对论速调管放大器     

倍频谐波回旋行波放大器的研究

 通过研究倍频谐波回旋行波放大器中电子束在调制区和漂移区中的群聚与在辐射区中的辐射,给出了器件各部分的最佳参数;同时在均匀波导管和引导场的情况下,运用低速率比的电子束获得了宽带输出。当电子束的电压为130kV、电流为20A、速率比为0.8以及纵向速度散度为1%时,模拟得到器件的饱和带宽至少可达到10%,峰值功率和增益分别为290k W和50dB,常数驱动带宽约9%。     

Dielectric-loaded wideband gyro-TWT

The bandwidth of a gyro-TWT (traveling-wave tube) can be widened by employing a dielectric-loaded waveguide to reduce the circuit's dispersion. Fast wave interaction allows the requirements on the beam's quality to be relaxed compared with slow wave interaction. A low-α (≡ν_⊥/ν_z) electron beam is chosen to avoid the absolute instability and minimize the possibility of dielectric charging. This device is investigated using a self-consistent single-mode, large-signal simulation based on a slow time scale formulation. Simulation results show that a constant drive bandwidth of 20% can be achieved for a 100 kV, 5 A electron beam with a velocity ratio of α=0.59 and an axial velocity spread of 2.0%. The growth rate is relatively low because of the low α of the electron beam. The design of a proof-of-principle experiment is described. The tube is expected to deliver a power of 80 kW from 9 to 11 GHz with 15% efficiency and a saturated gain of 30 dB. The performance of a single-anode magnetron injection gun designed to produce the required high-quality electron beam has been studied through simulation