太阳中微子问题与非标准电弱模型

非标准电弱模型似乎可以说明长达二十几年的太阳中微子问题，３类不同味的中微子可以彼此振荡地转变．但这个模型要求中微子必须具有质量，从而将带来粒子物理学沉重而激动人心的变革．新的实验正在探索发现中微子振荡的证据     

Black hole bombs and explosions: from astrophysics to particle physics

Black holes are the elementary particles of gravity, the final state of sufficiently massive stars and of energetic collisions. With a 40-year long history, black hole physics is a fully-blossomed field which promises to embrace several branches of theoretical physics. Here I review the main developments in highly dynamical black holes with an emphasis on high energy black hole collisions and probes of particle physics via superradiance. This write-up, rather than being a collection of well known results, is intended to highlight open issues and the most intriguing results.     

Current challenges for statistical physics in fracture and plasticity

Statistical physics has been applied in the last decades to several problems in mechanics, including fracture and plasticity. Concept drawn from percolation, fractal geometry, phase-transitions, and interface depinning have been used with varying degrees of success to understand these problems. In this colloquium, I describe recent successes and current challenging problems for statistical physics in fracture and plasticity, focusing on the roughness of cracks, fracture size effects and micron-scale plasticity.     

The second greatest story ever told

During the past two decades, cosmologists turned to particle physics in order to explore the physics of the very early Universe. The main link between the physics of the smallest and largest structures in the Universe is the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking, familiar from condensed matter physics. Implementing this mechanism into cosmology leads to the interesting possibility that phase transitions related to the breaking of symmetries in high energy particle physics took place during the early history of the Universe. These cosmological phase transitions may help us understand many of the challenges faced by the standard hot Big Bang model of cosmology, while offering a unique window into the very early Universe and the physics of high energy particle interactions.     

My 50 years of research in particle physics

Some of my work of the last 50 years in the field of theoretical particle physics is described with particular emphasis on the motivation, the process of investigation, relationship to the work of others, and its impact. My judgment is unavoidably subjective, although I do present the comments of other researchers as much as possible.     

Why Large Hadron Collider?

I discuss LHC physics in the historical perspective of the progress in particle physics. After a recap of the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, I discuss the high energy colliders leading up to LHC and their role in the discovery of these SM particles. Then I discuss the two main physics issues of LHC, i.e. Higgs mechanism and supersymmetry. I briefly touch upon Higgs and SUSY searches at LHC along with their cosmological implications.     

Physics Needs Philosophy. Philosophy Needs Physics

Contrary to claims about the irrelevance of philosophy for science, I argue that philosophy has had, and still has, far more influence on physics than is commonly assumed. I maintain that the current anti-philosophical ideology has had damaging effects on the fertility of science. I also suggest that recent important empirical results, such as the detection of the Higgs particle and gravitational waves, and the failure to detect supersymmetry where many expected to find it, question the validity of certain philosophical assumptions common among theoretical physicists, inviting us to engage in a clearer philosophical reflection on scientific method.     

Ultrasonic Spectrometry for Particle Size Analysis in Dense Submicron Suspensions

Ultrasonic spectrometry was applied to the particle size analysis of disperse systems. The investigations were made for acoustic conditions called the long-wavelength regime (LWR). In the LWR the acoustic behaviour is governed by dissipative effects rather than by scattering. Two principal theoretical approaches to ultrasonic spectrometry — scattering theory and coupled phase models — are introduced. A model based on a newly developed coupled phase model and the scattering theory (ECAH theory) is implemented in the ultrasonic spectrometer Acousto Phor. Experiments were carried out for several suspensions with a high density contrast. It could be demonstrated that the model successfully describes acoustic attenuation and that the inversion algorithm finds particle size distributions comparable to those given by other measurement techniques. With regard to the particle size, a lower and an upper limit for the applicability were determined, which include three decades. As a further result, the model was validated at concentrations up to 10 vol.%. The model is considered to be open to development to cover even higher concentrations.     

Early Attempts to Detect the Neutrino at the Cavendish Laboratory

In the 1920s and early 1930s the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge was preeminent in experimental research on radioactivity and nuclear physics, with theoretical physics playing a subsidiary role in guiding, but not determining the course of experimental research. Soon after Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958) proposed his neutrino hypothesis in 1930 to preserve conservation of energy and momentum in beta decay, experiments – the first of their kind – were carried out in the Cavendish Laboratory to detect Pauli’s elusive particle, but they were abandoned in 1936. I trace these early attempts and suggest reasons for their abandonment, which may contribute to an understanding of the complex way in which theoretical entities are accepted by physicists.     

Dark matter: Theory

The particle physics interpretation of the dark matter problem, which is intimately of cosmological and astrophysical nature, is going to be posed under deep scrutiny in the next years. From the particle physics side, accelerators like the LHC will deeply test theoretical ideas of new physics beyond the Standard Model, where particle candidates of dark matter are predicted to exist. From the astrophysical side, many probes are already providing a great deal of independent information on the foreseen signals which can be produced by the galactic or extra-galactic dark matter. In all this, cosmology plays a central role in determining the relevance and the basic properties of the particle dark matter candidate. The ultimate hope is the emergence of dark matter signals and the rise of a coherent picture of new physics from and at the crossing of particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology. A very ambitious and farreaching project, which will bring to a deeper level our understanding of the fundamental laws which rule the Universe.     

Probing Physics at Extreme Energies with Cosmic Ultra-High Energy Radiation

The highest energy cosmic rays observed possess macroscopic energies and their origin is likely to be associated with the most energetic processes in the Universe. Their existence triggered a flurry of theoretical explanations ranging from conventional shock acceleration to particle physics beyond the Standard Model and processes taking place at the earliest moments of our Universe. Furthermore, many new experimental activities promise a strong increase of statistics at the highest energies and a combination with γ-ray and neutrino astrophysics will put strong constraints on these theoretical models. We give an overview over this quickly evolving research field with a focus on testing new particle physics.     

Kinetics of internal structures growth in magnetic suspensions

The kinetics of aggregation of non Brownian magnetizable particles in the presence of a magnetic field is studied both theoretically and by means of computer simulations. A theoretical approach is based on a system of Smoluchowski equations for the distribution function of the number of particles in linear chain-like aggregates. Results obtained in the two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) models are analyzed in relation with the size of the cell, containing the particles, and the particle volume fraction φ$\phi$. The theoretical model reproduces the change of the aggregation kinetics with the size of the cell and with the particle volume fraction as long as the lateral aggregation of chains is negligible.     

Probing physics at extreme energies with cosmic ultra-high energy radiation

The highest energy cosmic rays observed possess macroscopic energies and their origin is likely to be associated with the most energetic processes in the universe. Their existence triggered a flurry of theoretical explanations ranging from conventional shock acceleration to particle physics beyond the standard model (SM) and processes taking place at the earliest moments of our universe. Furthermore, many new experimental activities promise a strong increase of statistics at the highest energies and a combination with γ-ray and neutrino astrophysics will put strong constraints on these theoretical models. We give an overview over this quickly evolving research field with focus on testing new particle physics.     

不同粒度条件下矿物光谱变化分析

矿物粒度是影响矿物光谱特征的一个重要因素,探索不同粒度下矿物光谱曲线的变化情况以及相同粒度下不同矿物的光谱差异,不仅是高光谱矿物遥感信息识别的关键,也为研究矿物随着粒度变化而产生的光谱差异提供理论基础。利用地物光谱仪对采集的六种矿物进行观测,获取了不同粒度下的反射率光谱曲线,同时生成一阶微分光谱曲线,进而分析了不同粒度下各种矿物的光谱变化特征,对比了相同粒度下不同矿物的光谱差异,探索高光谱遥感识别矿物的可能波段。结果表明：各种矿物的光谱曲线均会随着粒度的改变而产生较大的差异,但变化规律不尽相同,紫苏辉石的整条光谱曲线都会随着粒度的增加而下降,叶蛇纹石、赤铁矿、高岭石、绿泥石的光谱曲线在特定的波长范围内随着粒度的增加而下降,橄榄石的光谱与粒度大小不存在直接的相关性;相同粒度下,不同矿物的光谱反射率在大部分波段范围内差异较大,为实现矿物高精度识别提供了可能;叶蛇纹石、高岭石、绿泥石具有较多的宽度较窄、强度较小的吸收峰,而赤铁矿、橄榄石、紫苏辉石的光谱曲线相对平滑,吸收和反射峰的数量较少。本研究旨在为矿物光谱库的构建以及矿物的高光谱技术识别提供基础数据和理论支撑。     

Galactic searches for dark matter

For nearly a century, more mass has been measured in galaxies than is contained in the luminous stars and gas. Through continual advances in observations and theory, it has become clear that the dark matter in galaxies is not comprised of known astronomical objects or baryonic matter, and that identification of it is certain to reveal a profound connection between astrophysics, cosmology, and fundamental physics. The best explanation for dark matter is that it is in the form of a yet undiscovered particle of nature, with experiments now gaining sensitivity to the most well-motivated particle dark matter candidates. In this article, I review measurements of dark matter in the Milky Way and its satellite galaxies and the status of Galactic searches for particle dark matter using a combination of terrestrial and space-based astroparticle detectors, and large scale astronomical surveys. I review the limits on the dark matter annihilation and scattering cross sections that can be extracted from both astroparticle experiments and astronomical observations, and explore the theoretical implications of these limits. I discuss methods to measure the properties of particle dark matter using future experiments, and conclude by highlighting the exciting potential for dark matter searches during the next decade, and beyond.     

Directional far-field response of a spherical nanoantenna

We study the directional far-field response of a spherical nanoantenna via engineering the plasmonic nanosphere's distance, size, and material. A unified pattern synthesis approach based on the T-matrix method and the particle swarm optimization is proposed for the directional beamforming of the nanoantenna. The angular response of the directional nanoantenna is very sensitive to the material change but is immunized to the random error of the spatial position of each particle. The physical origin of the high directionality is attributed to the coherent near-field distribution with large correlation length. This work provides the fundamental theory and physics for future nanoantenna design.     

Next generation muon g-2 experiment at FNAL

The precise measurement of the muon anomalous magnetic moment a _μ has stimulated much theoretical and experimental efforts over more than six decades. The last experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA obtained a value more than three standard deviations larger than predicted by the Standard Model of particle physics, and is one of the strongest hints for physics beyond the Standard Model. A new experiment at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, USA to measure a _μ with fourfold increased precision to 140 ppb is currently in its commissioning phase. While the new experiment will reuse the 1.45 T superconducting muon storage ring which was shipped from Brookhaven National Laboratory, most of the other instrumentation of the experiment will be new. This will allow the experiment to make efficient use of the significantly higher number of muons available at the new muon campus. We discuss the general status of the experiment and in particular focus on the improved tools available to homogenize and determine the magnetic field in the muon storage ring.