Generating a uniform transverse distributed electron beam along a beam line

It has been reported that transverse distribution shaping can help to further enhance the energy extraction efficiency in a terawatt, tapered X-ray free-electron laser. Thus, methods of creating and keeping an almost uniform transverse distributed(UTD) beam within undulators are required. This study shows that a UTD electron beam can be generated within evenly distributed drift sections where undulators can be placed, by means of octupoles and particular optics. A specific design is presented, and numerical simulations are performed to verify the proposed method.     

Manufacture of pupil filters for 3D beam shaping

In a previous work we presented a new method for binarizing pupil filters designed to control the three-dimensional (3D) irradiance distribution in the focal volume of apodized systems. The method is based in the fact that the 3D amplitude point spread function of an axially-symmetrical system can be recovered entirely from a one-dimensional (1D) set of regularly spaced amplitude samples. Hence we proposed the use of 1D iterative Fourier transform algorithm to binarize a, properly mapped, version of the amplitude transmittance of the filter. The binary masks obtained consist of a set of opaque and transparent concentric annular zones. In this paper we have built two of these masks with opposing properties and we have experimentally verified their abilities in a focusing system. These experimental results strongly agree previous theoretical predictions.     

3D printed plano-freeform optics for non-coherent discontinuous beam shaping

Optical Review - The design, fabrication, and characterization of freeform optics for LED-based complex target irradiance distribution are challenging. Here, we investigate a 3D printing technology...     

Generating a low-energy high-current electron beam in a gun having a plasma anode

Research has been done on major physical processes governing the scope for generating magnetized low-energy high-current electron beams in a plasma-filled system. Conditions are considered for efficient excitation of the explosive electron emission at a large-area cathode at low accelerating voltages, together with the trends in beam formation in the nonstationary double layer formed between the cathode and anode plasmas, as well as the beam transport to the collector in the inhomogeneous guiding plasma. It is found that a gun having a plasma anode enables one to generate wide-aperture electron beams of microsecond duration having a mean electron energy of 10–20 keV and an energy density of up to 20 J/cm² or more, which goes with homogeneity sufficient for technological purposes.High-Current Electronics Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 100–114, March, 1994.     

周期凸起磁场聚焦带状电子注的3维粒子模拟

 从麦克斯韦方程出发,分析了带状电子注在螺线管磁场中传输时Diocotron模形成的原因;对周期凸起磁场(PCM)聚焦下的电子受力进行分析,分析表明PCM磁场能够抑制Diocotron模。结合理论分析,利用3维粒子模拟程序, 对Diocotron模的形成进行了研究,并利用了PCM磁场聚焦带状电子注,抑制Diocotron模。通过粒子模拟研究了磁场大小对PCM磁场抑制Diocotron模的影响,结果表明：磁场减少导致空间电荷力和磁力需要平衡,其侧面包络变厚。     

Nonlinear beam shaping by a cloud of cold Rb atoms

First experimental investigations are reported on nonlinear beam shaping due to the interaction between an intense laser beam and a cloud of laser cooled rubidium atoms. Resonant excitation of the F = 3 ↔ F ^′ = 4 hyperfine transition is considered. The single-pass interaction through the cold vapor causes an increase in the laser beam intensity in the forward direction (zero transverse wavevector component) when observed in Fourier space, for sufficiently high values of saturation. A qualitative explanation of the observations based on a two-level model for a resonantly excited transition proves acceptable. The observations are compatible with an interpretation based on nonlinear index-induced focusing of an incident beam with curved wavefront, as is used in z-scan measurements. Simple physical considerations allow us to deduce the conditions for the observability of optical patterns in the beam transmitted by a cold atomic cloud.     

Advanced optical trapping by complex beam shaping

Optical tweezers, a simple and robust implementation of optical micromanipulation technologies, have become a standard tool in biological, medical and physics research laboratories. Recently, with the utilization of holographic beam shaping techniques, more sophisticated trapping configurations have been realized to overcome current challenges in applications. Holographically generated higher‐order light modes, for example, can induce highly structured and ordered three‐dimensional optical potential landscapes with promising applications in optically guided assembly, transfer of orbital angular momentum, or acceleration of particles along defined trajectories. The non‐diffracting property of particular light modes enables the optical manipulation in multiple planes or the creation of axially extended particle structures. Alongside with these concepts which rely on direct interaction of the light field with particles, two promising adjacent approaches tackle fundamental limitations by utilizing non‐optical forces which are, however, induced by optical light fields. Optoelectronic tweezers take advantage of dielectrophoretic forces for adaptive and flexible, massively parallel trapping. Photophoretic trapping makes use of thermal forces and by this means is perfectly suited for trapping absorbing particles. Hence the possibility to tailor light fields holographically, combined with the complementary dielectrophoretic and photophoretic trapping provides a holistic approach to the majority of optical micromanipulation scenarios.     

Laser diode beam shaping by optical interference

We recently proposed a novel beam shaping technique that employs Lloyd’s mirror interference. In this study, we apply this technique to three commercial laser diodes: laser diodes used for optical pumping of solid-state lasers, for laser beam printers, and for laser displays. The elliptical output beams from these laser diodes could be transformed into nearly circular beams by inserting a mirror-polished GaAs substrate below the active layer of each laser diode and adjusting its height. The experimentally observed far-field patterns were predicted fairly well by numerical calculations based on Huygens’ integral. We confirmed that our beam shaping technique is applicable to laser diodes with various wavelengths and vertical beam divergence angles. We also describe the monolithic configuration of the beam shaping system, which can be fabricated by dry etching.     

Two-dimensional nonlinear beam shaping

We develop a technique for two-dimensional arbitrary wavefront shaping in quadratic nonlinear crystals by using binary nonlinear computer generated holograms. The method is based on transverse illumination of a binary modulated nonlinear photonic crystal, where the phase matching is partially satisfied through the nonlinear Raman-Nath process. We demonstrate the method experimentally showing a conversion of a fundamental Gaussian beam pump light into three Hermite-Gaussian and three Laguerre-Gaussian beams in the second harmonic. Two-dimensional binary nonlinear computer generated holograms open wide possibilities in the field of nonlinear beam shaping and mode conversion.     

Spatial beam shaping by quartz crystal piano-convex lens

Based on the optical activity of quartz crystal, we proposed a scheme for shaping the spatial intensity distribution of a linearly polarized laser beam by utilizing a quartz crystal piano-convex lens in combination with a polarizer. The intensity profile of the shaped laser beam can be easily switched from one profile to another by controlling the polarization direction of the incident laser beam.     

Stable laser-pulse propagation in plasma channels for GeV electron acceleration

To achieve multi-GeV electron energies in the laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) it is necessary to propagate an intense laser pulse long distances in plasma without disruption. A 3D envelope equation for a laser pulse in a tapered plasma channel is derived, which includes wakefields and relativistic and nonparaxial effects, such as finite pulse length and group velocity dispersion. It is shown that electron energies of approximately GeV in a plasma-channel LWFA can be achieved by using short pulses where the forward Raman and modulation nonlinearities tend to cancel. Further energy gain can be achieved by tapering the plasma density to reduce electron dephasing.     

Ultrashort laser-pulse diagnostics for detection of ordering within an ion beam

A novel diagnostic method to detect ordering within one-dimensional ion beams in a storage ring is presented. The ions are simultaneously excited by a ultrashort pulsed laser ( 1 ps) at two different locations along the beam and fluorescence is detected by a group of four photomultipliers. Correlation in fluorescence signals is a firm indication that the ion beam has an ordered structure.     

Polysilicon dry etching by a large-area electron beam

Dry etching using a novel large-area electron beam has been obtained on polysilicon over SiO₂/Si samples in the pressure range 0.1–0.4 Torr. The dependence of etching rate upon electron-beam power density, total pressure of the CF₄/He mixture, and the ratio of CF₄/He pressure has been determined. An etching rate of 150 nm/min without any addition of O₂ has been achieved with a low-energy density electron beam for poly-Si dry etching.     

3D atomic imaging by internal-detector electron holography

A method of internal-detector electron holography is the time-reversed version of photoelectron holography. Using an energy-dispersive x-ray detector, an electron gun, and a computer-controllable sample stage, we measured a multiple-energy hologram of the atomic arrangement around the Ti atom in SrTiO3 by recording the characteristic Ti Kα x-ray spectra for different electron beam angles and wavelengths. A real-space image was obtained by using a fitting-based reconstruction algorithm. 3D atomic images of the elements Sr, Ti, and O in SrTiO3 were clearly visualized. The present work reveals that internal-detector electron holography has great potential for reproducing 3D atomic arrangements, even for light elements.     

Level inversion by excitation with a monoenergetic electron beam

The efficiency of level excitation with a monoenergetic electronic beam has been studied and compared with plasma excitation. The ratio of the 3s₂ and 2p₄ level populations of neon excited by a monokinetic beam was found to be three times higher than for plasma excitation. This result is in satisfactory agreement with theory.     

带状束高功率微波源宽通带收集极

设计了一种适用于带状电子束高功率微波源的宽通带收集极,在有效吸收束-波相互作用后的带状电子束的同时,保证了带状电子束高功率微波源的工作模式矩形波导TM11模式高效率地通过。研究结果表明：在13~27 GHz范围内,功率传输效率大于95%,这一宽通带特性使得该类型的收集极与带状电子束高功率微波源能够更好配合,显著提高了微波源的模拟优化和实验调试效率;TM11模式微波的传输效率对收集极厚度和长度等参数不敏感;该类型收集极结构具有良好的散热能力,在不加外部水冷装置的条件下,仅靠空气自然对流冷却和辐射冷却,可以承受电流3 kA、电压300 kV、脉冲宽度30 ns及重复频率50 Hz带状电子束的连续冲击。     

Hollow Gaussian beam generated by beam shaping with phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Based on the refractive beam shaping system, the transformation of a quasi-Gaussian beam into a dark hollow Gaussian beam by a phase-only liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) is proposed. According to the energy conservation and constant optical path principle, the phase distribution of the aspheric lens and the phase-only LC-SLM can modulate the wave-front properly to generate the hollow beam. The numerical simulation results indicate that, the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well for a certain propagation distance during which the dark region will not decrease whereas the ideal hollow Gaussian beam will do. By designing the phase modulation profile, which loaded into the LC-SLM carefully, the experimental results indicate that the dark hollow intensity distribution of the output shaped beam can be maintained well even at a distance much more than 550 mm from the LC-SLM, which agree with the numerical simulation results.     

利用汉克尔变换设计高斯光束整形衍射元件的应用研究

衍射光学元件由于可以实现对高斯光束的整形而被重视,其通常的设计方法为G-S算法,由于使用傅里叶变换运算量大、费时长,将快速汉克尔变换应用到这些算法中可以极大地提高运算速度,节省运算时间,为设计复杂的光束整形元件提供了高效、可行的方法。本文利用该种方法设计针对中心波长为775 nm、光束束腰口径为6 cm的激光器,成功设计了一个具有二阶相位的折衍混合光学元件。仅单独这一片元件,既可在距离其35 m处得到一半径为200μm的圆形平顶光斑,均方根误差D0.021。当抽样值取2~15时,在普通PC机上运行时间仅为20.05 s,大大节省了优化设计时间(整个优化设计过程往往需要几十次甚是上百次这种运算)。同时利用离子刻蚀技术加工了该折衍混合元件,并进行了实际测试,结果与设计值基本相符,整形效果较好。这种单片的整形元件不仅整形效果好,还有利于与激光器的集成,简化系统的调节。