Simulation study of a photo-injector for brightness improvement in Thomson scattering X-ray source via ballistic bunching

Increasing the peak brightness is beneficial to various applications of the Thomson scattering X-ray source. A higher peak brightness of the scattered X-ray pulse demands a shorter scattering electron beam realized by beam compression in the electron beam-line. In this article, we study the possibility of compressing the electron beam in a typical S-band normal conducting photo-injector via ballistic bunching, through just adding a short RF linac section right behind the RF gun, so as to improve the peak brightness of the scattered x-ray pulse. Numerical optimization by ASTRA demonstrates that the peak current can increase from 50 A to > 300 A for a 500 pC, 10 ps FWHM electron pulse, while normalized transverse RMS emittance and RMS energy spread increases very little. Correspondingly, the peak brightness of the Thomson scattering X-ray source is estimated to increase about three times.     

Preliminary experiment of the Thomson scattering X-ray source at Tsinghua University

The X-ray source based on Thomson scattering of ultrashort laser pulse with a relativistic electron beam is a means of generating a tunable, narrow bandwidth and ultrashort pulse of hard X-rays. Such a sub-picosecond hard X-ray source is proposed at Tsinghua University, and a preliminary experiment with a 16 MeV Backward Traveling electron linac and a 1.5 J, 6 ns Q-switched Nd:YAG laser is carried out first. A 6 ns pulse X-ray with a peak energy of 4.6 keV and an intensity of 1.7×104 per pulse is generated successfully in the experiment. The experimental setup, result and discussion are reported in this paper.     

Increasing the RF energy per pulse of an RKO

The Air Force Research Laboratory RKO source has recently demonstrated the ability to convert electron beam power to RF power until the termination of the electron beam pulse, achieving a power of 1.5 GW at an energy of 170 J. These results represent an increase in power of 25-30% in power and energy extracted from this source. This paper discusses the principal research areas encountered in lengthening the RF pulse (FWHM) from 50 ns to the present 120 ns and the associated increase in the RF energy     

Ka-band solid-state pulsed Gunn oscillator and power combiner

GaAs Gunn diodes were fabricated for pulse source application at 8 mm wave band and operated with pulsewidths of 0.05 to 2.0 microseconds and duty cycles of 0.001 to 0.01. Peak pulse output power levels of 0.8–1.2W are achieved and the maximum available power is 1.6W with the highest efficiency of 6.5 percent. A simple and compact pulsed power combiner is also given in this paper.     

MeV- and Sub-MeV-photon Sources Based on Compton Backscattering at Spring-8 and KPSI-JAEA

Recently we have constructed two facilities for generating photon beams in the MeV and sub-MeV energy regions by means of the Compton backscattering with a laser and an electron beam at SPring-8 and at Kansai Photon Science Institute of Japan Atomic Energy Agency(KPSIJAEA).The MeV-photon source at SPring-8 consists of a continuous-wave optically-pumped far infrared laser with a wavelength of 118.8 μm and an 8 GeV stored electron beam.Present MeV-photon flux is estimated to be 1.3×10~3 photons/s.On the other hand,the sub-MeV-photon source at KPSI-JAEA consists of a pulse Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1 064 nm and a 150 MeV electron beam accelerated by microtron.In the first trial of the photon production in this source,backscattered photon flux is estimated to be 20 photons/pulse.Both the Compton backscattered photon sources have possibilities to be used for new tools in various fields such as nuclear physics,materials science,and astronomy.     

易于数字化处理等离子体密度的微波干涉仪

一、引言 用微波干涉仪测量等离子体电子密度是一种常用的诊断手段,但通常不易于数字化,并且精度也不高。本文描述了用阶梯波调制的微波干涉仪原理,提出了用计算机直接处理干涉信号的方法,并实际测得了密度曲线。实验结果表明:这种干涉仪的原理及处理方法对于稳态长脉冲等离子体实验装置的密度测量是可行的。测量的相移量容易达到π/10。并且不需增加任何电子线路和微波器件。     

Short-pulse, high-brightness X-ray production with the PLEIADES Thomson-scattering source

PLEIADES is a compact, tunable, high-brightness, ultra-short-pulse, Thomson-scattering X-ray source. Picosecond pulses of hard X-rays (10–200 keV) are created by colliding an ultra-relativistic (20–100 MeV), picosecond-duration electron beam with a high-intensity, sub-picosecond, 800-nm laser pulse. Initial operation of this source has produced 78-keV X-rays with 10⁶ photons per pulse using a 57-MeV, 0.3-nC, 50-m rms width electron beam and a 180-mJ, 15-m rms width laser pulse. The angular distribution, energy, and energy spectrum of the source are found to agree well with theory and simulations. Source optimization is expected to increase X-ray output to between 10⁷ and 10⁸ photons per pulse with a peak brightness approaching 10²⁰ photons/s/0.1% bandwidth/mm²/mrad². PACS 41.50.+h; 07.85.Fv; 41.75.Ht; 42.62.-b     

SASE自由电子激光

 SASE自由电子激光可以产生短至0.1nm的高亮度（峰值亮度比当前的第三代同步辐射高10个量级;平均亮度高3~5个量级）、短脉冲（脉冲长度小于2个量级、达到亚皮秒水平）硬X射线相干光。因而被称为是继第三代同步辐射之后的第四代光源。SASE依据的是高增益自由电子激光原理,利用了光阴极微波电子枪技术和电子直线加速器技术。综述了SASE的历史发展、基本原理、基本结构、主要物理特征和对电子束的要求。     

Single-shot femtosecond electron diffraction with laser-accelerated electrons: experimental demonstration of electron pulse compression

We report the first experimental demonstration of longitudinal compression of laser-accelerated electron pulses. Accelerated by a femtosecond laser pulse with an intensity of 101? W/cm2, an electron pulse with an energy of around 350 keV and a relative momentum spread of about 10?2 was compressed to a 500-fs pulse at a distance of about 50 cm from the electron source by using a magnetic pulse compressor. This pulse was used to generate a clear diffraction pattern of a gold crystal in a single shot. This method solves the space-charge problem in ultrafast electron diffraction.     

Generation and Amplification of Cherenkov Superradiance Pulses by Electron Beams with Energy Chirp

We propose a method for increasing the peak power of a superradiance pulse by varying the electron energy along an electron bunch. A one-dimensional time-dependent model describing the evolution of an electromagnetic pulse as well as direct numerical simulations based on the KARAT code show that the power of generated pulses becomes several times greater if the particle energy increases linearly along the bunch. A similar method can be applied to increase the peak power in the case of amplification of a short electromagnetic pulse (and a superradiance pulse generated by an external source) propagated along a quasi-continuous electron beam with a certain particle-energy profile.     

猝发强流多脉冲电子束源物理设计

给出一台脉冲间隔100～1 000 ns、脉冲数2~5个、二极管电压3 MV、引出束流强度2.5 kA的猝发多脉冲电子束源的物理设计及初步调试结果。在设计中,采用感应叠加和阻抗匹配方案获得二极管高电压脉冲;试验中分别采用天鹅绒和大发射面储备式热阴极获得猝发多脉冲电子束。调试结果表明:采用大发射面热阴极可避免阴极等离子体产生,确保二极管在猝发多脉冲状态下稳定运行。初步调试获得大于2.7 MV猝发三脉冲二极管高压,并获得1.6 kA的三脉冲电子束流。     

高能电子在强激光场中的同步辐射获得超短X射线脉冲

 研究了逆流相对论高能电子与强激光脉冲相互作用的同步辐射过程,当电子具有合适的初速度且传播方向与激光的传播方向相反时,电子在激光脉冲中心作圆周运动。由于电子的运动半径比传统同步辐射环中电子的运动半径小几个数量级,因此电子的辐射能量大大增加。研究发现此过程可以获得阿秒和泽秒X射线脉冲;同时发现随着入射电子初能量的增加和激光能量的增强,获得X射线脉冲脉宽越来越短,强度越来越大。这使得激光同步辐射可以成为一种强大的短波长短脉宽的辐射光源。     

A new idea for high brightness pulsed electron microscope

We proposed to equip an electron microscope with laser-driven photocathode and make it operate in a CW state or ps pulse state with high brightness as an ideal electron beam source for pulsed electron microscope.     

The theory of nuclear orientation via electron spin locking (NOVEL)

Nuclear orientation via electron spin locking (NOVEL) is a technique to orient nuclear spins embedded in a solid. Like other methods of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) it employs a small amount of unpaired electron spins and uses a microwave field to transfer the polarization of these unpaired electron spins to the nuclear spins. Traditional DNP uses CW microwave fields, but NOVEL uses pulsed electron spin resonance (ESR) techniques: a 90 degree pulse–90 degree phase shift–locking pulse sequence is applied and during the locking pulse the polarization transfer is assured by satisfying the Hartmann–Hahn condition. The transfer is coherent and similar to coherence transfer between nuclear spins. However, NOVEL requires an extension of the existing theory to many, inequivalent nuclear spins and to arbitrary, i.e. high electron and nuclear spin polarization. In this paper both extensions are presented. The theory is applied to the system naphthalene doped with pentacene, where the proton spins are polarized using the photo-excited triplet states of the pentacene molecules and found to show excellent agreement with the experimentally observed evolution of the polarization transfer during the locking pulse.     

加速器电子枪控制器的设计及其远程光纤通讯的实现

 介绍了合肥国家同步辐射实验室200 MeV电子直线加速器新型脉冲电子枪控制器的工作原理，以及I²C总线和嵌入式微控制器在电子枪控制器中的应用，详细分析了加热灯丝的数控电流源、引出电子束的数控电压源和脉冲电压源等模块的硬件实现，并给出了光纤通讯和后端微机控制软件的设计过程。该电子枪已成功应用于加速器的实际运行中，性能稳定，工作可靠，完全替代了以前的机械控制方式。     

利用等离子体非线性系数实现超强脉冲的压缩

超短脉冲压缩技术在强场物理研究中有非常重要的作用,但由于强场电离现象在惰性气体自相位调制脉冲压缩技术中限制了脉冲的能量。Tempea等人提出可以采用等离子体非线性系数对脉冲进行压缩,本文在考虑毛细管内表面电离的情况下,讨论能量为10mJ左右,脉宽为50fs的脉冲的压缩问题,发现可以将脉冲压缩至5fs左右。计算表明频谱展宽可以在气体密度很低的情况下进行,这样半可以减小电子对脉冲传输的影响。同时,由于毛细管内表面也处于电及状态,从而使脉冲能量不会受到电离阈值的.限制。     

Using short pulses to enhance the production rate of vibrationally excited hydrogen molecules in hydrogen discharge

Hydrogen discharges driven by the combined radio-frequency(rf)/short pulse sources are investigated using the particle-in-cell method.The simulation results show that the discharge driven additionally by the short pulse can enhance the electron density and modulate the electron energy to provide a better condition for negative hydrogen ion production than the discharge driven by the rf-only source.     

迥旋加速器离子束的脈冲调制

使用回旋加速器离子束的脉冲调制,可以扩大加速器的物理应用范围。最早在回旋加速器上离子束的脉冲调制是采用脉冲调制D形盒电压的方法,这种调制只能用于较长的脉冲宽度、较低的重复频率。以后,采用了脉冲调制离子源电弧和调制D形盒高频电压相结合的方法,成为到目前为止回旋加速器离子束脉冲调制的常用方法。在我国1.2米回旋加速器上采用了这种方法。在靶上得到的离子束宽度可以达到～1—2微秒,重复频率～0.2—1000周。下面我们将这部分工作作一简单介绍。     

Observation of terahertz emission from a laser-plasma accelerated electron bunch crossing a plasma-vacuum boundary

Coherent radiation in the 0.3-3 THz range has been generated from femtosecond electron bunches at a plasma-vacuum boundary via transition radiation. The bunches produced by a laser-plasma accelerator contained 1.5 nC of charge. The THz energy per pulse within a limited 30 mrad collection angle was 3-5 nJ and scaled quadratically with bunch charge, consistent with coherent emission. Modeling indicates that this broadband source produces about 0.3 microJ per pulse within a 100 mrad angle, and that increasing the transverse plasma size and electron beam energy could provide more than 100 microJ/pulse.     

Tunneling and other modes of atomic ionization in the presence of strong few-cycle laser pulses and generation of attosecond pulses

Numerical integration of the nonstationary Schrödinger equation describing the dynamics of a quantum system in the presence of the electromagnetic wave field is employed to study atomic hydrogen ionization in the presence of an ultrashort laser pulse. It is demonstrated that, in the nonadiabatic mode, in the presence of a pulse with a duration of one or two optical cycles, the ionization probability is anomalously high in comparison with predictions based on the Keldysh ionization theory and various modifications of this theory. It is shown that the nonadiabatic and multiphoton modes of the atomic ionization in the presence of ultrashort laser pulses are superior to the low-frequency adiabatic mode in the effective generation of attosecond XUV pulses.