超短脉冲激光在电介质材料中传输及破坏深度微观理论计算

基于Fokker-Planck方程和激光传输方程建立超短脉冲激光在电介质材料中的传输及材料破坏理论模型,计算材料内不同位置处导带电子数密度及激光电场强度随时间的变化,进而得到激光的反射率、透射率及沉积率随激光能量密度的变化特征.选取导带电子数密度阈值作为材料破坏的判断条件,计算了不同激光能量密度下的破坏深度,发现破坏深度随激光能量密度的变化曲线呈现先增长后减小,讨论了激光能量沉积特性对破坏深度的影响.计算最大破坏深度随激光脉宽的变化发现,激光脉宽越短则最大破坏深度越小. 关键词： 超短脉冲激光 电介质材料 破坏深度 微观理论模型     

Time-Dependent Transport in Nanoscale Devices

A method for simulating ballistic time-dependent device transport, which solves the time-dependent Sehrǒdinger equation using the finite difference time domain （FDTD） method together with Poisson＇s equation, is described in detail. The effective mass Schrǒdinger equation is solved. The continuous energy spectrum of the system is discretized using adaptive mesh, resulting in energy levels that sample the density-of-states. By calculating time evolution of wavefunctions at sampled energies, time-dependent transport characteristics such as current and charge density distributions are obtained. Simulation results in a nanowire and a coaxially gated carbon nanotube field-effect transistor （CNTFET） are presented. Transient effects, e.g., finite rising time, are investigated in these devices.     

Formation of the distribution function for runaway electrons in strong fields of pulsed gas discharges

A simplified Boltzmann equation describing the escape of electrons in a weakly ionized gas is constructed. The electric fields are assumed to be so strong that all electrons are runaway electrons and the electron distribution function is strongly anisotropic. The equation is solved analytically, and it is shown that the electron density in relatively weak fields exponentially increases with time, while the momentum dependence of the distribution function exponentially decreases. In strong fields, the electron density increases with time logarithmically and the momentum dependence of the electron distribution function is nonmonotonic. The characteristic scales of time and energy, which determine different scenarios, are obtained.     

On gradient field theories: gradient magnetostatics and gradient elasticity

In this work, the fundamentals of gradient field theories are presented and reviewed. In particular, the theories of gradient magnetostatics and gradient elasticity are investigated and compared. For gradient magnetostatics, non-singular expressions for the magnetic vector gauge potential, the Biot–Savart law, the Lorentz force and the mutual interaction energy of two electric current loops are derived and discussed. For gradient elasticity, non-singular forms of all dislocation key formulas (Burgers equation, Mura equation, Peach–Koehler stress equation, Peach–Koehler force equation, and mutual interaction energy of two dislocation loops) are presented. In addition, similarities between an electric current loop and a dislocation loop are pointed out. The obtained fields for both gradient theories are non-singular due to a straightforward and self-consistent regularization.     

Viscous quark‐gluon plasma in the early universe

In the present work a study is given for the evolution of a flat, isotropic and homogeneous Universe, which is filled with a causal bulk viscous cosmological fluid. We describe the viscous properties by an ultra‐relativistic equation of state, and bulk viscosity coefficient obtained from recent lattice QCD calculations. The basic equation for the Hubble parameter is derived by using the energy equation obtained from the assumption of the covariant conservation of the energy‐momentum tensor of the matter in the Universe. By assuming a power law dependence of the bulk viscosity coefficient, temperature and relaxation time on the energy density, we derive the evolution equation for the Hubble function. By using the equations of state from recent lattice QCD simulations and heavy‐ion collisions we obtain an approximate solution of the field equations. In this treatment for the viscous cosmology, no evidence for singularity is observed. For example, both the Hubble parameter and the scale factor are finite at t = 0, where t is the comoving time. Furthermore, their time evolution essentially differs from the one associated with non‐viscous and ideal gas. Also it is noticed that the thermodynamic quantities, like temperature, energy density and bulk pressure remain finite. Particular solutions are also considered in order to prove that the free parameter in this model does qualitatively influence the final results.     

Hamiltonian Structure for Dispersive and Dissipative Dynamical Systems

We develop a Hamiltonian theory of a time dispersive and dissipative inhomogeneous medium, as described by a linear response equation respecting causality and power dissipation. The proposed Hamiltonian couples the given system to auxiliary fields, in the universal form of a so-called canonical heat bath. After integrating out the heat bath the original dissipative evolution is exactly reproduced. Furthermore, we show that the dynamics associated to a minimal Hamiltonian are essentially unique, up to a natural class of isomorphisms. Using this formalism, we obtain closed form expressions for the energy density, energy flux, momentum density, and stress tensor involving the auxiliary fields, from which we derive an approximate, “Brillouin-type,” formula for the time averaged energy density and stress tensor associated to an almost mono-chromatic wave.     

Recent developments in vorton theory

This article provides a concise overview of recent theoretical results concerning the theory of vortons, which are defined to be (centrifugally supported) equilibrium configurations of (current-carrying) cosmic string loops. Following a presentation of the results of work on the dynamical evolution of small circular string loops, whose minimum energy states are the simplest examples of vortons, recent order-of-magnitude estimates of the cosmological density of vortons produced in various kinds of theoretical scenarios are briefly summarized.     

靶材吸收率变化与烧蚀过程熔融前靶材温度分布

讨论了脉冲激光沉积法中烧蚀阶段熔融前靶材吸收率的变化对于其温度分布的影响. 给出了靶材吸收率随时间的变化规律，并在此基础上，利用较为符合实际的高斯分布表示脉冲激光输入能量密度，建立了相应的热传导方程. 结合适当的边界条件，利用有限差分法，以硅靶材和钨靶材为例，给出了靶材熔融前温度分布随时间和深度变化的演化分布规律，同时对相关过程的物理图像进行详细的讨论.对于吸收率的变化与脉冲激光能量密度的分布对于相应过程的影响，进行了分析讨论. 结果表明，在脉冲激光中间的持续过程中，忽略靶材吸收率的变化对于最终的模拟结果有重要影响，从而导致理论结果与实验数据有较大差异. 关键词： 脉冲激光沉积 吸收率 有限差分 温度演化     

飞秒激光辐照下单晶硅薄膜中超快能量输运的数值模拟

利用载流子输运模型对飞秒激光辐照下单晶硅亚微米薄膜中的能量输运过程进行数值模拟。研究了不同辐照能量密度和不同激光波长对载流子密度和温度超快变化过程的影响规律。结果表明,在800nm激光辐照下,不同入射能量密度仅影响载流子密度和温度响应的峰值,但达到峰值的时刻不变。平衡态的恢复过程受入射能量密度影响很小。在不同波长激光辐照下,光子能量越大,载流子密度和温度达到峰值所用时间越短,对应峰值越大,但衰减速度也越快。当入射光子能量大于单晶硅的直接带隙时,快速衰减时间常数可以与载流子能量弛豫时间相当。     

Fundamentals in generalized elasticity and dislocation theory of quasicrystals: Green tensor,dislocation key-formulas and dislocation loops

The present work provides fundamental quantities in generalized elasticity and dislocation theory of quasicrystals. In a clear and straightforward manner, the three-dimensional Green tensor of generalized elasticity theory and the extended displacement vector for an arbitrary extended force are derived. Next, in the framework of dislocation theory of quasicrystals, the solutions of the field equations for the extended displacement vector and the extended elastic distortion tensor are given; that is, the generalized Burgers equation for arbitrary sources and the generalized Mura–Willis formula, respectively. Moreover, important quantities of the theory of dislocations as the Eshelby stress tensor, Peach–Koehler force, stress function tensor and the interaction energy are derived for general dislocations. The application to dislocation loops gives rise to the generalized Burgers equation, where the displacement vector can be written as a sum of a line integral plus a purely geometric part. Finally, using the Green tensor, all other dislocation key-formulas for loops, known from the theory of anisotropic elasticity, like the Peach–Koehler stress formula, Mura–Willis equation, Volterra equation, stress function tensor and the interaction energy are derived for quasicrystals.     

Theoretical Investigation of Influence of Mechanical Stress on Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic/Antiferromagnetic Bilayers Deposited on Flexible Substrates

Effect of mechanical stress on magnetic properties of an exchange-biased ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic bilayer deposited on a flexible substrate is investigated.The hysteresis loops with different magnitudes and orientations of the stress can be classified into three types.The corresponding physical conditions for each type of the loop are deduced based on the principle of minimal energy.The equation of the critical stress is derived,which can judge whether the loops show hysteresis or not.Numerical calculations suggest that except for the magnitude of the mechanical stress,the relative orientation of the stress is also an important factor to tune the exchange bias effect.     

Anisotropic Universe Models with Perfect Fluid and Dark Energy with Time Varying G and Λ

We have investigated general Bianchi type I cosmological models which containing a perfect fluid and dark energy with time varying G and Λ that have been presented. The perfect fluid is taken to be one obeying the equation of state parameter, i.e., p=ωρ; whereas the dark energy density is considered to be either modified polytropic or the Chaplygin gas. Cosmological models admitting both power-law which is explored in the presence of perfect fluid and dark energy too. We reconstruct gravitational parameter G, cosmological term Λ, critical density ρ _c , density parameter Ω, cosmological constant density parameter Ω _Λ and deceleration parameter q for different equation of state. The present study will examine non-linear EOS with a general nonlinear term in the energy density.     

Loops in one-dimensional random walks

Distribution of loops in a one-dimensional random walk (RW), or, equivalently, neutral segments in a sequence of positive and negative charges is important for understanding the low energy states of randomly charged polymers. We investigate numerically and analytically loops in several types of RWs, including RWs with continuous step-length distribution. We show that for long walks the probability density of the longest loop becomes independent of the details of the walks and definition of the loops. We investigate crossovers and convergence of probability densities to the limiting behavior, and obtain some of the analytical properties of the universal probability density. Received 8 January 1999     

Dirac spinors in an inhomogeneous cosmological model

Solutions of the Dirac equation in the Senovilla inhomogeneous cosmological model, which is free of a big-bang singularity, are presented. It is found that the energy density of the spinors is initially zero, but attains a maximum at some time and then decreases.     

Electron Density and Temperature Rise Time of a Weakly Ionized Oxygen Plasma Subject to an Alternating Electric Field

Macroscopic balance equations for particle number, momentum and energy of the electrons are derived from the Boltzmann equation which describe the time evolution of a weakly ionized oxygen plasma exposed to an alternating homogeneous electric field. The equations are applied to estimate the rise time of electron temperature and density when a rf pulse is emitted from a satellite into the ionospheric plasma.     

Quasi-linear stage of synchrotron instability I. The limit of low initial radiation energy density

We consider the initial problem of quasi-linear relaxation of synchrotron instability in a spatially homogeneous system of relativistic electrons embedded in a cold plasma. We analyze evolution of the energy spectrum of electrons and the frequency spectrum of radiation at the limit of low initial radiation energy density. At this limit, the problem is reduced to the solution of a diffusion equation with a stationary diffusion coefficient for the electron distribution over momentum which does not depend on the initial radiation energy density. The radiation frequency spectrum is approximated by the Gaussian profile, and its parameters are expressed via the electron energy density at the given and initial instants of time. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 11, pp. 964–976, November 2006.     

Evolution of a network of vortex loops in He-II: exact solution of the rate equation

The evolution of a network of vortex loops in He-II due to the fusion and breakdown of vortex loops is studied. We perform investigation on the base of the "rate equation" for the distribution function n(l) of number of loops of length l. By use of the special ansatz we have found the exact power-like solution of the rate equation in a stationary case. That solution is the famous equilibrium distribution n(l) proportional l(-5/2) obtained earlier from thermodynamic arguments. Our result, however, is not equilibrium; it describes the state with two mutual fluxes of the length (or energy) in l space. Analyzing this solution we drew several results on the structure and dynamics of the vortex tangle in the superfluid turbulent helium. In particular, we obtained that the mean radius of the curvature is of the order of interline space and that the decay of the vortex tangle obeys the Vinen equation. We also evaluated the full rate of reconnection.     

On the quantum mechanical description of scattering by a dissipative and diffusive scattering centre

A partial integro-differential equation is formulated for the Wigner transform of the quantum mechanical reduced density operator describing the time evolution of a “macroscopic” coordinate under the influence of coupling to a large number of “intrinsic” degrees of freedom. The equation contains integral operators which lead to energy dissipation and diffusion and reduces to a transport equation of the Fokker-Planck type if the form factors in the integrands are treated in appropriate (harmonic) approximations. The stationary solution of the partial integro-differential equation is obtained numerically for scattering by a conservative potential and by a dissipative and diffusive scattering centre in one spatial dimension.     

X光辐射在泡沫介质中超声速传输研究进展

X光辐射输运过程通过光子的发射与吸收使能量在介质内进行再分配,而光子的辐射和吸收过程对从介质内出射的能谱产生十分显著的影响。辐射输运由积分-微分方程来描述,得到它的解极其困难,这是因为此方程依赖于局域和非局域的条件。当外加的非局域的X光辐射场作用在介质上一个强的X光辐射能流时,介质的局域温度和密度将影响X光的吸收和发射。本文将对辐射输运的方程和基本理论进行阐述,并对辐射超声速传输的实验结果进行评述。首先,介绍辐射在介质中的传输的理论基础以及简化分析模型;其次,对辐射在介质中扩散超声速输运进行解析分析,我们首次导出辐射的超声速传输条件下的辐射能流与物质能流之比与马赫数和光学厚度的定量关系;最后,介绍国外的主要实验结果,同时也给出我们近期的研究结果。我们的实验结果表明,不同能区的光子因辐射不透明度不同使得在介质中的传播时间不同,并且实验测出光学厚度。