Mie-Rayleigh Doppler Wind Lidar with Two Double-edge Interferometers

The Mie-Rayleigh direct detection Doppler lidar (DDDL) with two double-edge etalons is presented. Fabry-Perot (F-P) etalon is used as the spectral analyzer for Doppler measurement formthe aerosol and molecule backscattered signals. The aerosol and molecular backscattering signals are separated by a polarization isolator with less signal decrement, so this system has about same accuracy as individual Rayleigh Doppler lidar or Mie Doppler lidar system. The simulation on a proposed ground-based DDDL at 532 nm shows that the velocity error is less than 2 m/s below 8 km for a 100 m vertical resolution by Mie channel and 2m/s up to 20 km by Rayleigh channel, respectively.     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(Ⅱ):基于Fabry-Perot标准具的Rayleigh通道大气风速反演研究

基于星载激光多普勒测风雷达工作原理,构建了基于连续双通道Fabry-Perot(F-P)标准具的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Rayleigh通道大气风速反演算法,系统分析了Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号对Rayleigh通道反演大气视线(LOS)风速的影响,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Rayleigh通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.结果表明,基于连续双通道F-P标准具的Rayleigh通道可反演中高层大气风速;Rayleigh-Brillouin效应和Mie干扰信号影响Rayleigh通道LOS风速反演精度;Rayleigh通道风速反演对温度精度要求最高,在晴空条件下可忽略Mie干扰信号的影响;不考虑Brillouin效应时,高度2 km以下Rayleigh通道无法反演HLOS风速,高度2 km以上Rayleigh通道反演的HLOS风速误差小于0.4 m·s-1,风速标准差在1—4 m·s-1之间;同Mie通道一样,气溶胶和云的分布影响Rayleigh通道HLOS风速反演误差.研究结果对发展星载激光雷达测风技术具有重要参考意义.     

Simultaneous Measurement of Wind and Aerosol Backscattering in the Troposphere by High Spectral Resolution Lidar with Iodine Filter

We propose a high spectral resolution lidar system which is capable of measuring aerosol backscattering and line-of-sight wind velocity in the troposphere. An iodine vapor filter is used to separate the aerosol and Rayleigh scattering components as well as to discriminate the Doppler shift frequency. The performance of the lidar system is estimated with reasonable parameters. The error of horizontal wind velocity below an altitude of 6 km is less than 0.5 m/s, and accuracy of the aerosol backscattering coefficient is better than 40% below 10 km. This system is particularly suitable for the study of aerosol transportation in the troposphere.     

紫外域多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达探测气溶胶的技术实现和系统仿真

多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达是一种新型的高光谱分辨率激光雷达.本文在研究典型高功率Nd:YAG脉冲激光器的多纵模模式及其在大气中传输的气溶胶米散射和瑞利散射光谱的基础上,设计紫外域多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达系统,采用窄带干涉滤光片滤除太阳背景光的影响,设计可调谐马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,分离提取多纵模激光回波中的气溶胶米散射和瑞利散射光谱,并利用马赫-曾德尔干涉仪双通道输出的互补性原理,精确反演气溶胶光学参量.系统仿真结果表明,所设计的紫外域多纵模高光谱分辨率激光雷达能够实现10 km高度内的气溶胶光学参量精细探测.     

星载激光多普勒测风雷达鉴频系统仿真(I):基于Fizeau干涉仪的Mie通道大气风速反演研究

研究了星载激光多普勒测风雷达系统结构,构建了基于Fizeau干涉仪的鉴频仿真系统,仿真研究了Mie通道风速反演算法,并利用无线电探空数据集仿真结果统计分析了Mie通道大气水平视线(HLOS)风速反演误差.仿真和统计结果表明,基于Fizeau干涉仪的Mie通道可反演低对流层大气风速;低对流层HLOS风速误差和标准差分别小于1 m·s-1和2 m·s-1;气溶胶和云的分布影响星载激光多普勒雷达测风误差,可使风速最大偏差增大一倍.     

Ultraviolet Rayleigh Lidar for Wind and Temperature Measurements

A new method of simultaneous remote sensing of atmospheric wind and temperature by a ultraviolet Rayleigh lidar is described. This technique uses two narrowband filters located at either side of the wings of the Rayleigh backscatter spectrum to analyze Rayleigh backscattering signals. These filters are selected to be greatly sensitive to both velocity and temperature. By measuring the ratio and the sum of the two normalized filtered signals, the line-of-sight wind velocity and temperature profiles can be retrieved. A lidar system is proposed for the wind velocity and temperature measurements in the middle atmosphere, and the simulation results show that the accuracies of velocity and temperature are about 1 m/s and 2 K at the height of 30 km, respectively. The influence of aerosol component has been estimated for clear weather conditions, and with an uncertainty of aerosol component of 15% the errors are about 0.1 m/s and 2 K above the troposphere, respectively.     

Ultraviolet high-spectral-resolution Rayleigh-Mie lidar with a dual-pass Fabry-Perot etalon for measuring atmospheric temperature profiles of the troposphere

We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of measurement of tropospheric temperature profiles in daytime by use of a high-spectral-resolution Rayleigh-Mie lidar at an eye-safe wavelength of 355 nm. Atmospheric temperature is determined from the linewidth of the Rayleigh spectrum. Two Rayleigh signals are detected with Fabry-Perot etalon filters with a dual-pass optical layout. The Mie signal is detected with a third etalon filter for correcting the Mie component in the Rayleigh signals. The temperature statistical uncertainties are below 1 K up to a height of 3 km in nighttime and 2 km in daytime with a relatively compact system that uses laser energy of 180 mJ and a 25-cm telescope. Good agreement between lidar and radiosonde measurements is obtained.     

多普勒测风激光雷达风场探测结果分析

为了验证自行研制的瑞利散射测风激光雷达的性能及应用价值,将激光雷达测量的风速风向廓线与探空气球测量结果进行对比,结果吻合得较好,高度10 km以下风速最大差距3.0 m/s,20 km以下最大差距4.5 m/s;风向除拐点外标准差最大32。连续探测结果显示了强劲的西风急流和风向转换特征,急流中心的高度一般在10~12 km,中心最大风速接近70 m/s,最小风速不低于30 m/s,20 km左右拐点最小风速不足1 m/s,20 km以上风速逐渐增加 ;在20 km以下风向为西风,在270左右变化,20 km以上为东风,在90左右变化。探测结果表明瑞利散射测风激光雷达既能跟踪大尺度季节性气候特征的变化规律,又能突出小尺度瞬态气候特征的形成、演化过程。     

基于双F-P干涉仪的多普勒测风激光雷达的性能分析

 自行研制了一台基于双边缘技术的多普勒激光雷达，用于测量对流层大气风场。该雷达采用具有高光谱分辨率的双Fabry-Perot干涉仪来检测气溶胶后向散射的多普勒频移量。给出了多普勒测风激光雷达的结构和参数。利用干涉仪参数讨论了雷达系统的测量精度。实验测定了双干涉仪的频谱曲线。通过计算和分析，由测量的干涉仪频谱曲线的的标准偏差引起的系统测量误差为0.5 m/s。系统的测量误差随着测量的高度和所测速度的增加在增大，在高度10 km测量50 m/s的风速时系统的测量误差小于2 m/s。     

米散射多普勒激光雷达性能改进

介绍了自行研制的米散射多普勒激光雷达的系统结构。针对系统存在的问题,对接收机子系统、工作时序、扫描方式等方面作了改造。实验结果表明:改造后系统光学鉴频器的频谱稳定性提高了2.8倍;消除了系统近距离的探测盲区;在0~2.5 km的高度范围内,当垂直距离分辨力为21.2 m、脉冲累积数为9 000发时,改造后的米散射多普勒激光雷达系统连续30 min测量的水平风速大小和方向的标准偏差的最大值分别小于1 m/s和18.3°,平均值分别小于0.43 m/s和7.7°;与探空仪的风场对比测量结果吻合得很好;当每个径向脉冲累积数为1 000发时,采用四波束扫描获得的2 km以下东西方向径向风速的相关系数为0.99,偏差为-0.038 m/s,标准偏差为1.34 m/s。     

瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达的校准

 在进行实际风速测量之前,对于新研制的测风激光雷达系统进行校准,可以验证并提高风速测量的准确性。根据瑞利散射多普勒激光雷达的测量原理,提出了利用瑞利散射谱和米散射谱之间的关系,采用运动硬目标实现对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的方法。设计了对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的实验系统,并给出了详细的校准步骤。     

南京北郊气溶胶质量浓度空间垂直分布反演

使用拉曼 米激光雷达在南京北郊进行常规性检测,通过分析激光雷达回波信号,借助气溶胶质量浓度的线性模型和指数模型进行气溶胶质量浓度空间垂直分布反演。为提高反演的精确度,对米散射信号进行近场修正,消除重叠因子的影响,拉曼散射信号进行小波分析等去噪方法处理。处理过的米散射信号用来反演0~3 km大气的气溶胶质量浓度,拉曼散射信号用来反演3 km~10 km大气的气溶胶质量浓度,然后通过2个信号拼接反演中低层气溶胶质量浓度。实验结果:2种模型反演的气溶胶质量浓度在不同时刻的相关性系数为0.991和0.973 6,具有一定的可信度。     

一种无需定标的地基激光雷达气溶胶消光系数精确反演方法

如何对低云下雾霾的激光雷达探测数据进行准确定标,一直是米散射激光雷达数据反演中一个有待解决的问题.对于低云和雾霾同时出现的天气,激光很难穿透云层,不能利用大气清洁层对激光雷达信号定标.而对于探测高度小于6 km的便携式米散射激光雷达,由于探测高度较低,也很难利用大气清洁层对激光雷达数据进行定标.本文根据Fernald前向积分方程的特点,提出了一种气溶胶消光系数迭代算法.通过对反演过程进行特定设置,每经过一次迭代,利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法得到的气溶胶消光系数反演值与其真实值之间的差值就会相应减小.经过几次迭代后,气溶胶消光系数反演值与真实值之间的差值就会小到可以忽略不计.初步反演结果表明:利用气溶胶消光系数迭代算法,无需对激光雷达探测数据定标就能精确反演出气溶胶消光系数廓线.     

Low tropospheric wind measurement with Mie Doppler Lidar

A double edge Mie Doppler lidar at 1064 nm was developed in Hefei, China in 2005 for low tropospheric wind measurement. Intercomparison experiments with a wind profiler and a wiresonde were held. Intercomparisons of concurrent lidar and other instrument observations show good agreement with expected measurement accuracy. The examples of validated lidar wind profiles obtained during these experiments as well as an example of continuous wind observations are presented. The instrument has demonstrated the capability of atmospheric wind field measurement from 0.2 to 5 km altitude, achieving below 2 m/s accuracy with 1 min averaging and 21.2 m vertical resolution.     

Measurements for profiles of aerosol extinction coefficient,backscatter coefficient,and lidar ratio over Wuhan in China with Raman/Mie lidar

<正>The profiles of aerosol extinction,backscatter coefficient,and lidar ratio in the lower troposphere over Wuhan are measured by a multi-channel Raman/Mie lidar.Using the lidar ratio retrieved by Raman scattering principle,the profiles of aerosol extinction and backscatter coefficients are also retrieved by Mie scattering signals,without a prior assumption about their relation in the traditional pure Mie signals data analyses.The observations by both Raman and Mie are in good agreement with each other.The high coherence shows that the system is reliable,and the Mie and Raman channels are in good adjustment and have the same field of view.     

探测大气气溶胶消光系数的便携式米散射激光雷达

 介绍了一种新型的便携式米散射激光雷达的总体结构及其各部分的功能，分析讨论了该激光雷达在夜晚与白天探测大气气溶胶消光系数垂直廓线的性能。其夜晚的探测高度达到15km左右，白天的探测高度达到10km左右。还可对卷云进行探测，获得卷云的厚度及其峰值消光系数。该激光雷达具有结构紧凑、体积小、重量轻、自动化程度高、探测速度快等优点。     

基于扫描F-P标准具的高光谱分辨低平流层温度探测

报道了一种基于扫描F-P标准具的高光谱分辨低平流层大气温度探测技术。通过扫描F-P标准具,获得大气分子瑞利后向散射的透过率分布。对该透过率进行非线性拟合,由拟合得到的谱宽计算大气温度分布。为了减小频率不稳定引起的系统误差,采用静态的F-P标准具实时监测激光出射频率,并在数据处理中进行补偿。由时间分辨率2000s的激光雷达原始信号的信噪比,根据最大似然估计误差分析,该方法在30km以下的探测误差小于1.9K,50km以下的探测误差小于9.8K。在对比实验中,在18~36km高光谱分辨激光雷达与探空气球探测的温度廓线最大偏差4.7K;在27~34km,高光谱分辨激光雷达与瑞利积分激光雷达探测的温度最大偏差2.7K。在15~27km,由于气溶胶的污染,瑞利积分激光雷达的温度明显偏离其他两种探测结果,最大偏差达22.8K。     

双Fabry-Perot标准具在直接测风激光雷达系统中的应用与分析

 简叙了双Fabry-Perot标准具在自行研制的测风激光雷达中检测多普勒频移的原理，给出了测风激光雷达系统的参数,对入射光束的入射角和发散角对标准具频谱曲线的影响进行了分析和稳定性实验，结果显示在短期内不稳定性带来的风速测量误差仅为0.016 m/s。测定了双标准具的频谱曲线，通过对标准具频谱曲线的分析显示:测量误差在测量的动态范围内随着速度的增大而增大，随着测量脉冲次数的增加而减少，同时速度的测量误差随着高度的增加而加大，在5 km时最大测量速度误差为0.6 m/s。     

Differential Discrimination Technique for Incoherent Doppler Lidar to Measure Atmospheric Wind and Backscatter Ratio

A new incoherent Doppler lidar scheme is proposed using a high resolution Mach-Zehnder interferometer discriminator with sinusoidal transmission functions. A two-channel differential discrimination technique is developed which provides high sensitive velocity measurement. The aerosol and molecular backscatter signals can be separately measured and the backscatter ratio obtained. Principle of the measurement is described and the characteristics of this technique are analyzed and compared. Numerical calculation for a moderate size 1.064 μ lidar shows that an accuracy better than 1 m/s for the velocity measurement and 18% for the backscatter ratio measurement can be obtained up to a height of 10 km by a 500 shot average.     

不同风速下侧向散射激光雷达的回波信号分析

对不同风速条件下,CCD侧向散射激光雷达的回波信号进行了分析.根据Mie散射原理及侧向散射激光雷达工作原理,确定了大气气溶胶浓度与激光雷达侧向散射光强的相关性;进一步考虑气溶胶浓度与风速的关联,利用实验装置获取了激光雷达侧向散射光强与风速的关系,分析了不同风速条件下侧向散射激光雷达的回波信号.在轴流风机以及自然风两种条件下进行对比实验发现,当风速范围在1~4.5 m/s时,侧向散射光强随风速的增加而增加;当风速范围在4.5~6.0 m/s时,光强随风速的增加较少.对实验结果归一化处理,得到风速范围在1~4.5 m/s时,风速每增加1 m/s,侧向散射光强在轴流风机及自然风的实验条件下分别增加了3.7%和3.9%;风速范围在4.5~6.0 m/s时,风速每增加1 m/s,侧向散射光强分别减少了3.1%和3.8%,在自然风况的各个风向上都基本符合这一变化趋势.