Generation and reactivity of ketyl radicals with lignin related structures. On the importance of the ketyl pathway in the photoyellowing of lignin containing pulps and papers

[reaction: see text] Ketyl radicals with lignin related structures have been generated by means of radiation chemical and photochemical techniques. In the former studies ketyl radicals are produced by reaction of alpha-carbonyl-beta-aryl ether lignin models with the solvated electron produced by pulse radiolysis of an aqueous solution at pH 6.0. The UV-vis spectra of ketyl radicals are characterized by three main absorption bands. The shape and position of these bands slightly change when the spectra are recorded in alkaline solution (pH 11.0) being now assigned to the ketyl radical anions and a pKa = 9.5 is determined for the 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenoxyethanol-1-yl radical. Decay rates of ketyl radicals are found to be dose dependent and, at low doses, lie in the range (1.7-2.7) x 10(3) s(-1). In the presence of oxygen a fast decay of the ketyl radicals is observed (k2 = 1.8-2.7 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1)) that is accompanied by the formation of stable products, i.e., the starting ketones. In the photochemical studies ketyl radicals have been produced by charge-transfer (CT) photoactivation of the electron donor-acceptor salts of methyl viologen (MV2+) with alpha-hydroxy-alpha-phenoxymethyl-aryl acetates. This process leads to the instantaneous formation of the reduced acceptor (methyl viologen radical cation, MV+*), as is clearly shown in a laser flash photolysis experiment by the two absorption bands centered at 390 and 605 nm, and an acyloxyl radical [ArC(CO2*))(OH)CH2(OC6H5)], which undergoes a very fast decarboxylation with formation of the ketyl radicals. Steady-state photoirradiation of the CT ion pairs indicates that 1-aryl-2-phenoxyethanones are formed as primary photoproducts by oxidation of ketyl radicals by MV2+ (under argon) or by molecular oxygen. Small amounts of acetophenones are formed by further photolysis of 1-aryl-2-phenoxyethanones and not by beta-fragmentation of the ketyl radicals. The high reactivity of ketyl radicals with oxygen coupled with the low rates of beta-fragmentation of the same species have an important bearing in the context of the photoyellowing of lignin containing pulps and papers.     

木质素模化物键离解能的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3P86方法,在6-31G(d,p)基组水平上,对木质素结构中的6种连接方式(β-O-4、α-O-4、4-O-5、β-1、α-1、5-5)的63个木质素模化物的醚键(C-O)和C-C键的键离解能E_B进行了理论计算研究。分析了不同取代基对键离解能的影响以及键长与键离解能的相关性。计算结果表明,C-O键的键离解能通常比C-C键的小,在各种醚键中C_α-O键的平均键离解能最小,为182.7 kJ/mol;其次是β-O-4连接中的C_β-O键,苯环和烷烃基上的取代基对醚键的键离解能有较强的弱化作用,C-O键的键长和键离解能的相关性较差。与C-O键相比,C-C键的键离解能受苯环上取代基的影响很小,而烷烃基上的取代基对C-C键的键离解能有较大的影响,C-C键的键离解能和键长之间存在较强的线性关系,C-C键的键长越长,其键离解能越小。     

An ESR study of radical reactions of C60 and C70

The results of ESR spectroscopic studies of radical reactions of fullerenes are presented. Reactivities of radicals of various chemical natures with respect to C₆₀ and C₇₀, delocalization of the unpaired electron in monofullerenyl radicals, and their reactivity are considered. The examples of dynamic effects in the ESR spectra of fullerenyl radicals, associated with the hindered rotation of the attached radicals, are presented. Characteristic features of the structures of the spin adducts resulting from polyaddition of free radicals to fullerenes and of fullerenyl radicals containing ²-bonded metaIloco mplexes are discussed.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2396–2406, October, 1996.     

The radical cation of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene: An ESR study

Two distinct radical cations have been observed by ESR in a γ-irradiated solid solution of hexafluoro-1,3-butadiene in freon. INDO calculations of ES     

Lignin peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of nonphenolic trimeric lignin model compounds: fragmentation reactions in the intermediate radical cations

The H(2)O(2)-promoted oxidations of the two nonphenolic beta-O-aryl lignin model trimers 1 and 2, catalyzed by lignin peroxidase (LiP) at pH = 3.5, have been studied. The results have been compared with those obtained in the oxidation of 1 and 2 with the genuine one-electron oxidant potassium 12-tungstocobalt(III)ate. These models present a different substitution pattern of the three aromatic rings, and by one-electron oxidation, they form radical cations with the positive charge, which is localized in the dialkoxylated ring as also evidenced by a pulse radiolysis study. Both the oxidations with the enzymatic and with the chemical systems lead to the formation of products deriving from the cleavage of C-C and C-H bonds in a beta position with respect to the radical cation with the charge residing in the dialkoxylated ring (3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (5) and a trimeric ketone 6 in the oxidation of 1 and a dimeric aldehyde 8 and a trimeric ketone 9 in the oxidation of 2). These products are accompanied by a dimeric aldehyde 7 in the oxidation of 1 and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (10) in the oxidation of 2. The unexpected formation of these two products has been explained by suggesting that 1.+ and 2.+ can also undergo an intramolecular electron transfer leading to the radical cations 1a.+ and 2a.+ with the charge residing in a monoalkoxylated ring. The fast cleavage of a C-C bond beta to this ring, leading to 7 from 1.+ and to 10 from 2.+, is the driving force of the endoergonic electron transfer. A kinetic steady-state investigation of the LiP-catalyzed oxidation of the trimer 2, the dimeric model 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-phenoxy-1-ethanol (4), and 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol (3) has indicated that the turnover number (k(cat)) and the affinity for the enzyme decrease significantly by increasing the size of the model compound. In contrast, the three substrates exhibited a very similar reactivity toward a chemical oxidant [Co(III)W]. This suggests a size-dependent interaction of the enzyme with the substrate which may influence the efficiency of the electron transfer.     

An ESR study of some group IVB free radical adducts of diethylketomalonate

The formation of the compound RSnX(acac)₂ (acac = 2,4-pentanedionato) by reaction of bis(2,4-pentanedionato)tin(II) on a halide RX with R = CH₃, C₂H₅, C₄H₉, C₆H₅, CH₂I, (C₆H₅)₃SnCH₂, (C₂H₅)₃SnCH₂ and X = I, Br has been studied by polarography. At 25°C, it is in fact an equilibrium whose constant has been measured. The intermediate formation of the ion-pair [RSn(acac)₂⁺X^?] has allowed us to explain the experimental results.     

Revelation of bimolecular tautomerization induced by the concerted and radical interactions in lignin pyrolysis

Bimolecular interactions play crucial roles in lignin pyrolysis.The tautomerization of key intermediates has a significant impact on the formation of stable products,whereas bimolecular tautomerization has been rarely clarified.In the present work,the bimolecular tautomerization mechanism induced by both concerted and radical interactions was proposed and carefully confirmed.A characteristic β-O-4 lignin dimer,2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol(α-OH-PPE),was used as the model compound to reveal two repre...     

Polymerization of lignin model compounds with formaldehyde in acidic aqueous medium

The reaction of formaldehyde with lignin model compounds in acidic medium was shown to give fast crosslinking of alkyl-substituted phenolic and etherified phenolic lignin model compounds at positions meta to the aromatic hydroxy groups. This reaction differs from the reaction of formaldehyde with phenolic lignin model compounds in alkaline conditions, where the reaction with formaldehyde always occurs at positions ortho/para to the aromatic hydroxy group., The reaction of formaldehyde with lignin in acidic medium have considerable potential for the crosslinking of lignin, particularly heavily condensed alkali lignin, for use in polymeric products.     

Thermophysical properties of model compounds of the lignin structural unit

Russian Chemical Bulletin - Sixteen lignin related aromatic compounds formed by the thermal degradation of lignin and being potentially valuable products of the processing of renewable raw...     

Pressure dependence of free radical decay in polyamide VI: An ESR study

The ESR spectrum of polyamide VI has been analysed and the rate constant of free radical decay was determined over a wide range of pressure (1–16,000 atm) and temperature (80–120°). It appeared that the rate constant of decay decreased with increasing pressure. The ESR spectrum consisted of three component spectra, the proportions of which determined the shape of the overall spectrum for various conditions.     

木质素及其模型化合物的加氢脱氧反应研究进展

随着化石能源的不断枯竭,以及所产生的环境问题-温室效应及其高硫含量引起的酸雨,迫使人类寻找新型替代能源.在众多可再生能源中,生物质因其碳中性,易获取,作为唯一可转化为液体燃料的可再生资源,正日益受到重视.全球每年生物质产出高达1.7×1011t,其中,含75%的碳水化合物如纤维素、甲壳素和淀粉,20%木质素,其他占     

An ESR study of the ·SiCl4 radical anion

Exposure of a dilute solution of SiCl₄ in adamantane to ⁶⁰Co γ-rays at 77 K gave anisotropic ESR features which are shown to be characteristic of SiCl⁻₄ anions with a trigonal bipyramidal structure.     

Photo- and radiation chemical induced degradation of lignin model compounds

The basic mechanistic aspects of the photo- and radiation chemistry of lignin model compounds (LMCs) are discussed with respect to important processes related to lignin degradation. Several reactions occur after direct irradiation, photosensitized or radiation chemically induced oxidation of LMCs. Direct irradiation studies on LMCs have provided supportive evidence for the involvement of hydrogen abstraction reactions from phenols, beta-cleavage of substituted alpha-aryloxyacetophenones and cleavage of ketyl radicals (formed by photoreduction of aromatic ketones or hydrogen abstraction from arylglycerol beta-aryl ethers) in the photoyellowing of lignin rich pulps. Photosensitized and radiation chemically induced generation of reactive oxygen species and their reaction with LMCs are reviewed. The side-chain reactivity of LMC radical cations, generated by radiation chemical means, is also discussed in relation with the enzymatic degradation of lignin.