预静态加载后的混凝土动态受压特性试验

进行了混凝土在应变速率分别为10-5/s、10-4/s、10-3/s的条件下,经历极限抗压强度分别为0、40%、60%、75%和85%的单调荷载作用的动态单轴压缩试验,在此基础上分析了经历不同单调加载历史和应变速率下混凝土的峰值应力、峰值应变和弹性模量的变化规律。试验结果表明,随着应变速率的提高,动态单轴抗压强度明显增加;当单调加载应力水平高于某一应力阈值时,混凝土极限抗压强度明显降低;混凝土弹性模量随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加表现出先增大后减小的趋势;混凝土峰值应变随着应变速率的提高而增加,随着单调加载幅值的增加而减少。     

酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为及本构模型

为了研究酚醛层压材料的冲击力学行为并获得本构模型,利用万能试验机和整形修正的分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)装置,对材料试样进行了应变率范围为10^-3~10³ s^-1的单轴压缩实验,得到了不同加载应变率下的应力应变曲线,对其在准静态、动态载荷下的压缩破坏机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明,酚醛层压材料具有较强的应变率效应,与准静态(1.67×10^-3 s^-1)时相比,在动态载荷(7×10² s^-1)下,峰值应力增加了约10倍;破坏应变减少了约一半;在准静态和动态加载条件下试样力学性能的差异是由于纤维基体界面特性以及不同应变率下破坏模式的不同;采用朱-王-唐本构方程描述了酚醛层压材料力学行为,拟合得到了本构方程的系数,在加载过程中,理论计算值与实验结果吻合较好。

     

不同应变率下煤岩破坏特征及其本构模型

利用直径50 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆,对煤岩展开20～100 s?1动态应变率下的单轴冲击压缩试验,结合高速摄影分析其变形破坏特征,并建立基于Weibull统计分布和Drucker-Prager破坏准则的煤岩动态强度型统计损伤本构模型。试验结果表明:（1）煤岩动态应力-应变曲线存在明显的非线性特征,随应变率升高,动态抗压强度与弹性模量均呈线性增长且增幅显著,破坏形态由低应变率下的轴向劈裂破坏向高应变率下的压碎破坏过渡;（2）在动态应变率20～100 s?1下,煤岩破坏后碎块具有明显的分形特性,破碎块度分维值为1.9～2.2,且随着应变率的升高,煤岩破碎程度增大,碎块块度减小;（3）基于Weibull分布参数F₀、m和应变率的关系,修正煤岩的本构模型,并与试验结果进行对比,验证该模型的合理性。     

应力作用下NiTi形状记忆合金微结构演化的相场模拟及其本征应变率敏感性

基于Ginzburg-Landau动力学控制方程建立了NiTi形状记忆合金非等温相场模型,实现了对NiTi合金内应力诱导马氏体相变的数值模拟。同时将晶界能密度引入系统局部自由能密度,从而考虑多晶系统中晶界的重要作用。数值计算了单晶和多晶NiTi形状记忆合金在单轴机械载荷作用下微结构的动态演化过程和宏观力学行为,并重点研究了晶粒尺寸为60 nm的NiTi纳米多晶在低应变率下（0.000 5～15 s-1）力学行为的本征应变率敏感性。研究结果表明,单晶NiTi合金系统高温拉伸-卸载过程中马氏体相变均匀发生,未形成奥氏体-马氏体界面。而纳米多晶系统在加载阶段出现了马氏体带的形成-扩展现象,在卸载阶段出现了马氏体带的收缩-消失现象。相同外载作用过程中,NiTi单晶系统的宏观应力-应变曲线具有更大的滞回环面积,拥有更优的超弹性变形能力。计算结果显示,在中低应变率下纳米晶NiTi形状记忆合金应力-应变关系表现出较明显的应变率相关性,应变率升高导致材料相变应力提升。这一应变率相关性主要源于相场模型中外加载荷速率与马氏体空间演化速度的相互竞争关系。     

Grain size,strain rate,and temperature dependence of flow stress in ultra-fine grained and nanocrystalline Cu and Al: Synthesis,experiment, and constitutive modeling

For the first time, high quality bulk nanocrystalline (nc) fcc metals, with least amounts of imperfections, exhibiting high strength and ductility at room and different temperatures, under quasi-static and dynamic types of loading, were prepared and a comprehensive study on their post-yield mechanical properties was performed. This investigation included study of the effect of temperature on stress–strain responses of mechanically milled bulk nc Cu and Al. The samples after preparation through mechanical milling and consolidation processes were subjected to uniaxial compressive loading at quasi-static and dynamic strain rates of 10⁻² s⁻¹ and 1840–3105 s⁻¹, respectively, at temperatures ranging from 223 to 523 K. In both materials strong dependency of flow stress to temperature was observed; this dependency was rather more pronounced when the materials were tested at the quasi-static strain rate. Further, a new grain size and temperature dependent viscoplastic phenomenological constitutive equation, Khan–Liang–Farrokh (KLF) model was developed based on the Khan–Huang–Liang (KHL) constitutive equation. The model was featured to correlate different characteristic behaviors of polycrystalline materials in the plastic regime, as the result of grain refinement. In addition, the viscoplastic responses of bulk Cu and Al of different grain sizes (from sub-micron to nanometer range), and those from bulk nc Cu and Al at different strain rates (quasi-static to dynamic), recently published (21 and 22), were simulated using the newly developed equation. The results confirmed reasonable capability of the developed model to correlate a wide spectrum of the viscoplastic responses of these fcc metals.     

微纳米晶金属的应变率敏感性及应变硬化行为分析

基于亚微米、纳米晶粒组织塑性变形过程中多种变形机制(位错机制、扩散机制及晶界滑动机制)共存,建立了理论模型,用于定量研究亚微米、纳米晶粒组织的塑性变形行为.以铜为模型材料,计算分析了晶粒尺度、应变率以及温度对亚微米、纳米晶粒组织塑性变形行为的影响.结果表明:相比粗晶铜,亚微米晶铜表现出明显的应变率敏感性,并且应变率敏感系数随晶粒尺度及变形速率的减小而增大;同时,增大变形速率或降低变形温度都能提高材料的应变硬化能力,延缓颈缩发生,进而提高材料的延性.计算分析结果与实验报道吻合.     

压缩-剪切复合应力下PMMA材料的静态力学特性研究

通过压缩具有一定倾斜角(0°,10°,15°,20°和25°)试件和双剪切模型试件,实现了单轴压缩、压缩-剪切复合应力以及纯剪切三种应力状态,得到PMMA(聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯)在相应应力状态下的应力-应变曲线,同时对不同应力状态下试件的破坏模式进行了分析。结果表明:在不同受力环境中材料的强度和破坏的机理不同;同单轴压缩状态下相比,材料在压缩-剪切复合应力状态下屈服极限、强度极限以及破坏应变均不同程度的增大,呈现明显的"剪切增强"现象。单轴压缩与压缩-剪切应力状态下试件的破坏模式均为在试件短对角面上出现明显的剪切屈服带,由应力分析得出试件剪应力在短对角面上达到最大,引起在此平面上分子链间滑动从而产生应变软化形成剪切屈服带;双剪切试件的破坏模式为与剪切面呈45°的斜面。     

飞机风挡无机玻璃在不同应变率下的力学行为

利用电子万能试验机和改进的分离式Hopkinson压杆测试了飞机风挡无机玻璃在2种准静态应变率(4×10-4、4×10-3 s-1)和2种动态应变率(200、400 s-1)下的单轴压缩力学行为,并利用高速摄像机记录试样破坏过程。实验结果表明:玻璃破坏时表现为典型的脆性材料,随着应变率的提高,材料的压缩强度显著提高。通过观察试样变形过程及变形后的形貌可知,玻璃在压缩载荷下的破坏模式为横向张应力引起的裂纹成核、沿轴向扩展与联结交错导致的失效破坏,并从微裂纹成核扩展和能量耗散的角度对材料的应变率效应做出了合理的解释。     

碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料在高温高应变率下的压缩力学行为

利用高温电子万能试验机和具有高温同步自组装功能的Hopkinson压杆对二维C/SiC复合材料进行了应变率为10-4~103s-1,温度为293~1273K下的单轴压缩力学性能测试。实验结果表明:二维C/SiC复合材料破坏时并未表现出典型的脆性破坏,而是在应力达到压缩强度时出现了显著的应变软化,在经历了较大的变形后才最终破坏,同时材料还表现出良好的高温承载能力及一定的温度和应变率依赖性。随着温度的升高,复合材料的压缩强度呈降低的趋势。与准静态下室温压缩时相比,材料在1273K 时的压缩强度的降低程度不超过30%,但压缩强度对应变率的敏感性随着温度的升高而增大。由于高温下试样氧化,C/SiC复合材料压缩强度对应变率的敏感性在温度为1073K时显著增大。     

PMMA材料的动态压缩力学特性及应变率相关本构模型研究

利用INSTRON万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)对PMMA试件在较宽应变率范围内进行了单轴压缩实验,研究加载应变率对PMMA材料力学性能的影响.利用扫描电子显微镜对回收的试样进行了显微观察,重点分析不同加载应变率下PMMA的微观损伤破坏模式.结果表明:随着应变率的增大,PMMA的流动应力显著地增加,且冲击加载条件下,峰值应力的应变率敏感性明显高于准静态;在准静态加载条件下,PMMA试样呈现明显的延性破坏特征,在动态加载条件下则表现为脆性破坏.最后,对PMMA材料的ZWT粘弹性本构模型参数进行了拟合,拟合结果与实验结果吻合较好,表明该本构模型能够较好地描述较宽应变率范围内PMMA材料的应力应变关系.     

Dynamic behavior of frozen soil under uniaxial strain and stress conditions

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) method is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of the artificial frozen soil under the nearly uniaxial strain and uniaxial stress conditions. The tests are conducted at the temperatures of −3^?C, −8^?C, −13^?C, −17^?C, −23^?C, and −28^?C and with the strain rates from 900 s⁻¹ to 1 500 s⁻¹. The nearly uniaxial stress-strain curves exhibit an elastic-plastic behavior, whereas the uniaxial stress-strain curves show a brittle behavior. The compressive strength of the frozen soil exhibits the positive strain rate and negative temperature sensitivity, and the final strain of the frozen soil shows the positive strain rate sensitivity. The strength of the frozen soil under the nearly uniaxial strain is greater than that under the uniaxial stress. After the negative confinement tests, the specimens are compressed, and the visible cracks are not observed. However, the specimens are catastrophically damaged after the uniaxial SHPB tests. A phenomenological model with the thermal sensitivity is established to describe the dynamic behavior of the confined frozen soil.     

Strain strengthening effects in Witwatersrand quartzite

A series of uniaxial compression specimens were tested over a range of applied ram displacement rates of 8.9 × 10⁻⁴ to 8.9 mm/sec to elucidate the effects of loading rate on the uniaxial compressive fracture stress of Witwatersrand quartzite. It was demonstrated that even within standard loading rate ranges, considerable scatter in the fracture strength (under uniaxial compression) existed in this particular quartzite rock. Nevertheless, a definite trend of increasing fracture resistance with increasing monotonic loading rate was evident inasmuch that increasing the loading rate (strain rate) by four orders of magnitude increase the fracture strength by almost 2.8 times. Prior fatigue loading also produced a significant strain strengthening as the uniaxial compressive fracture stress tended to increase in a sigmoidal fashion with increasing number of fatigue cycles prior to testing. Indeed, the fracture strength of quartzite was almost doubled in value after 10⁻ cycles. Plane strain fracture toughness tests utilising three point bend specimens were conducted and an average of K_lc = 1.7 MPa√m was realized. In both the uniaxial compression tests and the fracture toughness tests, failure occurred by crack extension predominantly by a transgranular flat cleavage-like mode through pure quartzite (silica) regions. However, crack extension was also observed to occur in an intergranular “ductile-like” mode through areas associated with inclusions prevalent in the quartzite.     

Mechanically alloyed nanocrystalline iron and copper mixture: behavior and constitutive modeling over a wide range of strain rates

A comprehensive study on the response of a nanocrystalline iron and copper mixture (80% Fe and 20% Cu) to quasi-static and dynamic loading is performed. The constitutive model developed earlier by Khan, Huang & Liang (KHL) is extended to include the responses of nanocrystalline metallic materials. The strain rate and grain size dependent behaviors of porous nanocrystalline iron-copper mixture were determined experimentally for both static and dynamic loading. A viscoplastic model is formulated by associating the modified KHL model (representing the fully dense matrix behavior), and Gurson's plastic potential which provides the yield criteria for porous material. Simulations of uniaxial compressive deformations of iron-copper mixture with different initial porosity, grain size and at a wide range of strain rate (10⁻⁴ to 10³ s⁻¹) are made. The numerical results correlate well with the experimental observations.     

恒定高应变率拉伸条件下泡沫金属力学性能

为了探究泡沫金属恒定应变率动态拉伸力学行为,基于3D Voronoi模型,采用双向拉伸加载方式和1.55倍等效胞孔直径高度的试件,实现了5000 s⁻¹恒定高应变率动态拉伸条件下泡沫金属力学性能测试数值模拟实验,模拟结果显示：动态拉伸过程满足应力均匀性和变形均匀性要求,且试件破坏位置合理;在恒定应变率（0.5～5000 s⁻¹）动态拉伸时,泡沫金属的破坏应变基本不受应变率的影响;当应变率不超过500 s⁻¹ 时,破坏应力受应变率影响很小,当应变率在 500～5000 s⁻¹ 时,破坏应力随着加载速率的增大而线性增大。

     

Experimental Investigation of Strain Rate Dependence of Nanocrystalline Pt Films

A new microscale uniaxial tension experimental method was developed to investigate the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of freestanding metallic thin films for MEMS. The method allows for highly repeatable mechanical testing of thin films for over eight orders of magnitude of strain rate. Its repeatability stems from the direct and full-field displacement measurements obtained from optical images with at least 25 nm displacement resolution. The method is demonstrated with micron-scale, 400-nm thick, freestanding nanocrystalline Pt specimens, with 25 nm grain size. The experiments were conducted in situ under an optical microscope, equipped with a digital high-speed camera, in the nominal strain rate range 10⁻⁶–10¹ s⁻¹. Full field displacements were computed by digital image correlation using a random speckle pattern generated onto the freestanding specimens. The elastic modulus of Pt, E = 182 ± 8 GPa, derived from uniaxial stress vs. strain curves, was independent of strain rate, while its Poisson’s ratio was v = 0.41 ± 0.01. Although the nanocrystalline Pt films had the elastic properties of bulk Pt, their inelastic property values were much higher than bulk and were rate-sensitive over the range of loading rates. For example, the elastic limit increased by more than 110% with increasing strain rate, and was 2–5 times higher than bulk Pt reaching 1.37 GPa at 10¹ s⁻¹.     

聚酯纤维对透水沥青混凝土冲击压缩性能的影响

为研究聚酯纤维对透水沥青混凝土冲击压缩性能的影响,采用?74 mm钢质分离式霍普金森压杆装置对掺杂不同质量分数的聚酯纤维透水沥青混凝土进行冲击压缩实验。在静态和4个应变率下的实验结果表明,透水聚酯纤维沥青混凝土是应变率敏感性材料,具有较强应变率效应。透水聚酯纤维沥青混凝土具有较好的延展性,动态应力应变曲线分为3个阶段:弹性变形阶段、塑性变形阶段和破坏阶段。当应变率相同时,随着掺杂聚酯纤维质量分数的增大,透水沥青混凝土的冲击抗压强度呈现出先升高后降低的变化规律,掺杂聚酯纤维的质量分数为0.40%时,冲击抗压强度达到最大。冲击抗压强度约为静态抗压强度的8~13倍。     

重组竹顺纹冲击力学性能研究

重组竹是一种新型竹基复合材料,其力学性能优于落叶松等木材。为评价重组竹在动态加载下的顺纹抗冲击力学性能,以密度1.06 g/cm3、含水率8.52%、龄期3～5年的毛竹基重组竹为研究对象,通过准静态单轴压缩和循环加卸载以及动态加载实验,研究了重组竹加载变形过程、各项力学性能指标以及对应变率的敏感性。结果表明:重组竹顺纹压缩过程可以分为弹性变形和弹塑性变形阶段,破坏类型为延性破坏,其各项强度指标随应变率的提高而提高,动态增长因子与应变率之间呈现线性关系,斜率为0.0024;重组竹压缩过程中的应变比能与应变之间呈线性关系,且随应变率的增长而增大,证明其吸能能力随着应变率的增大而提高。实验结果证明,重组竹顺纹具有良好的抗冲击力学性能和显著的应变率效应。     

双基推进剂的高应变率力学特性及其含损伤ZWT本构

为了解双基推进剂在冲击载荷下的力学特性及本构行为,利用材料试验机和分离式霍普金森压杆（SHPB）对双基推进剂进行了单轴压缩实验,并对实验数据的有效性进行了检验。用二波法对实验数据进行处理,得到了双基推进剂的应力应变曲线。实验结果表明：双基推进剂具有明显的应变率相关性,动态下屈服应力与静态下相比明显提高,且屈服应力表现为应变率对数的双线性关系;双基推进剂屈服应变表现为延脆转换特性,在低应变率下表现为延展性,高应变率下表现为冲击脆化特性。利用含损伤朱王唐（ZWT）本构模型对实验结果进行了拟合,得到了模型中的本构参数,并对损伤因子项进行了分析。通过模型预测曲线与实验曲线的对比,发现含损伤ZWT本构能较好地描述双基推进剂在0～0.14应变范围内的力学特性。     

Mechanical response and modeling of fully compacted nanocrystalline iron and copper

A comprehensive study on the response of nanocrystalline iron and copper to quasi-static and dynamic loading is reported. Bulk solid nanocrystalline iron and copper specimens used in static and dynamic loading experiments were made by compaction and hot sintering of the nanocrystalline powders. The powders, with grain size 16–96 nm, were obtained by using high energy ball milling. The stress/strain response of dense nanocrystalline iron is found to be grain size and strain rate dependent. The KHL model is modified by incorporating Hall–Petch relation (i.e. yield stress dependence on grain size) and is used to represent the behavior of fully compacted nanocrystalline material. A good correlation with the experimental results is demonstrated.     

花岗岩的加载速率效应及能量机制研究

加载速率对岩石的力学性质以及变形破坏方式具有重要的影响。基于MTS810电液伺服材料试验系统与PCI-2声发射仪对岩样进行不同加载速率作用下的单轴压缩和声发射试验。研究结果表明：（1）在各级加载速率作用下,岩样单轴压缩应力-应变曲线大致经历了压密、弹性、屈服、破坏四个阶段。岩样峰后曲线在加载速率为0.001~0.01 mm/s时出现台阶型分段跌落状,在加载速率为0.01~0.1 mm/s时呈现光滑、陡峭的连续曲线。（2）岩样峰值强度、弹性模量随加载速率的增加而增大,与加载速率对数均呈现三次多项式拟合关系。峰值应变随加载速率的增加而减小,与加载速率对数呈现线性拟合关系。（3）随着加载速率由0.001mm/s增加至0.1mm/s,岩样吸收的总应变能 具有波动性,可释放的弹性应变能 增幅60.42%,耗散应变能 降幅 66.38%, 增幅43.33%, 降幅66.67%,岩样破裂模式由拉剪破坏逐渐向张拉劈裂破坏过渡,岩样破裂块数增多。（4）加载速率为0.001~0.1 mm/s时,岩样破坏方式有所不同,但破坏为同一类损伤过程。单轴压缩状态下,能量耗散使得岩样损伤致使强度丧失,而能量释放使得岩样宏观破裂面贯通,并向着能量释放的方向张裂或弹射破坏。