A DFG-based cavity ring-down spectrometer for trace gas sensing in the mid-infrared

Continuing studies into an all-diode laser-based 3.3 μm difference frequency generation cavity ring-down spectroscopy system are presented. Light from a 1,560 nm diode laser, amplified by an erbium-doped fibre amplifier, was mixed with 1,064 nm diode laser radiation in a bulk periodically poled lithium niobate crystal to generate 16 μW of mid-IR light at 3,346 nm with a conversion efficiency of $0.05\,\%\,{\text{W}}^{-1}\,{\text{cm}}^{-1}$ . This radiation was coupled into a 77 cm long linear cavity with average mirror reflectivities of 0.9996, and a measured baseline ring-down time of $6.07\pm 0.03\,\upmu{\rm s}$ . The potential of such a spectrometer was illustrated by investigating the $P(3)$ transition in the fundamental $\nu_{3}(F_{2})$ band of ${\text{CH}}_4$ both in a 7.5 ppmv calibrated mixture of ${\text{CH}}_4$ in air and in breath samples from methane and non-methane producers under conditions where the minimum detectable absorption coefficient ( $\alpha_{\rm min}$ ) was $2.8 \times 10^{-8}\,{\rm cm}^{-1}$ over 6 s using a ring-down time acquisition rate of 20 Hz. Allan variance measurements indicated an optimum $\alpha_{\rm min}$ of $2.9\times 10^{-9}\,{\rm cm}^{-1}$ over 44 s.     

Investigation on an ultra-compact 1\times 2 polymer electro-optic switch using cross-coupling 2N+1 vertical-turning serial-coupled microrings

Generic model and thorough investigation are proposed for a novel $1\times 2$ 1 × 2 polymer electro-optic (EO) switch based on one-group $2N+1$ 2 N + 1 vertical-turning serial-coupled microrings. For realizing boxlike flat spectrum as well as low crosstalk and insertion loss, resonance order and coupling gaps are optimized. The MRR switches with $N \ge 1$ N ≥ 1 reveal favorable boxlike spectrum as when compared with the simple device with only one microring ( $N = 0$ N = 0 ). For obtaining $<-30\,\text{ dB }$ < - 30 dB crosstalk under through-state, the dependency of switching voltage on $N$ N is determined as $7.19 \times \text{ exp }(-N/0.72) + 1.72\,(\text{ V })$ 7.19 × exp ( - N / 0.72 ) + 1.72 ( V ) . Under the operation voltages of 0 V (drop state) and the predicted switching voltages (through state), the device performances are analyzed, and $1 \le N \le 10$ 1 ≤ N ≤ 10 is required for dropping the insertion loss (drop state) below 10 dB. The crosstalk of the ten devices ( $N = 1-10$ N = 1 - 10 ) are $< -19.5\,\text{ dB }$ < - 19.5 dB under drop state and $< -28.7\,\text{ dB }$ < - 28.7 dB under through state, and the insertion losses of the devices ( $N = 1-10$ N = 1 - 10 ) are $< 9.715\,\text{ dB }$ < 9.715 dB under drop state and $< 1.573\,\text{ dB }$ < 1.573 dB under through state. The device also has ultra-compact footprint size of only 0.33–1.06 mm, which is only 1/10–1/3 of those of our previously reported polymer EO switches based on directional coupler or Mach–Zehnder interferometer structures. Therefore, the proposed device is capable of highly integration onto optical networks-on-chip.     

Quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones inhibit the growth of multiple human tumor cell lines

Quinazoline-2,4( $1H,3H$ )-diones exhibit a wealth of biological activities including antitumor proliferation. We established an improved method for the synthesis of quinazoline-2,4( $1H,3H$ )-dione derivatives with three points of molecular diversity. Data indicate that compounds 60 (average $\text{ logGI}_{50} \!=\! -6.1$ ), 65 (average $\text{ logGI}_{50} \!=\! -6.13$ ), 69 (average $\text{ logGI}_{50} \!=\! -6.44$ ), 72 (average $\text{ logGI}_{50} \!=\! -6.39$ ), and 86 (average $\text{ logGI}_{50} = -6.45$ ) significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of 60 human tumor cell lines tested. Structure–activity relationship analyses indicate that chlorophenethylureido is the necessary substituent at the $\text{ D}_{3}$ diversity point (7-position of quinazoline-2,4( $1H,3H$ )-dione), in particular, $o$ -chlorophenethylurea (69) achieved optimal activity. $o$ - or $m$ -Chlorophenethyl substitutions (69 and 72) at the $\text{ D}_{2}$ diversity point (3-position of quinazo line-2,4( $1H,3H$ )-dione) gave the most potent compounds. Methoxyl and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substitution at the $\text{ D}_{1}$ diversity point (6-position of quinazoline-2,4( $1H,3H$ )-dione skeleton) may yield better activity than other groups. The quinazoline-2,4( $1H,3H$ )-dione scaffold can be effectively replaced by 2 $H$ -benzo[b][1,4]thiazin-3(4 $H$ )-one.     

Identification of \mathrm{\ensuremath J^{\pi} = 19/2^+} and \mathrm{\ensuremath 23/2^+} isomeric states in 127Sb

The nucleus $\ensuremath {\rm ^{127}Sb}$ , which is on the neutron-rich periphery of the $\ensuremath \beta$ -stability region, has been populated in complex nuclear reactions involving deep-inelastic and fusion-fission processes with $\ensuremath {\rm {}^{136}Xe}$ beams incident on thick targets. The previously known isomer at 2325 keV in $\ensuremath {\rm {}^{127}Sb}$ has been assigned spin and parity $\ensuremath 23/2^+$ , based on the measured $\ensuremath \gamma$ - $\ensuremath \gamma$ angular correlations and total internal conversion coefficients. The half-life has been determined to be 234(12) ns, somewhat longer than the value reported previously. The 2194 keV state has been assigned $\ensuremath J^{\pi} = 19/2^+$ and identified as an isomer with $\ensuremath T_{1/2} = 14(1) {\rm ns}$ , decaying by two $\ensuremath E2$ branches. The observed level energies and transition strengths are compared with the predictions of a shell model calculation. Two $\ensuremath 15/2^+$ states have been identified close in energy, and their properties are discussed in terms of mixing between vibrational and three-quasiparticle configurations.     

Analysis of the {3\over 2}^{+} heavy and doubly heavy baryon states with QCD sum rules

In this article, we study the ${3\over 2}^{+}$ heavy and doubly heavy baryon states $\varXi^{*}_{cc}$ , $\varOmega^{*}_{cc}$ , $\varXi^{*}_{bb}$ , $\varOmega^{*}_{bb}$ , $\varSigma_{c}^{*}$ , $\varXi_{c}^{*}$ , $\varOmega_{c}^{*}$ , $\varSigma_{b}^{*}$ , $\varXi_{b}^{*}$ and $\varOmega_{b}^{*}$ by subtracting the contributions from the corresponding ${3\over 2}^{-}$ heavy and doubly heavy baryon states with the QCD sum rules, and we make reasonable predictions for their masses.     

Quasi solid state dye-sensitized solar cells based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrolytes containing \mathbf{I}^{\mathbf{-}}/\mathbf{I}_{\mathbf{3}}^{\mathbf{-}} redox couple

Quasi solid state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been fabricated with electrolytes containing $\text{ I }^{-}/\text{ I }_{3}^{-}$ redox couple using 80 % hydrolyzed polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) doped with potassium iodide (KI) and a mixture of potassium iodide and tetrapropyl ammonium iodide ( $\text{ Pr }_{4}\text{ NI }$ ) salts. The quasi solid state gel polymer electrolytes were prepared using 1:1 ethylene carbonate (EC):propylene carbonate (PC) mixture. The solar cells have the structure of ITO/ $\text{ TiO }_{2}$ /N3-Dye/electrolyte/Pt/ITO. The conductivity of the electrolytes has been calculated from the bulk resistance value determined using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The performance of the DSSCs has been studied by varying the concentration of the doping salts in the electrolyte and incident light intensity. The DSSC fabricated with the KI salt electrolyte containing 9.9 wt% PVA, 39.6 wt% EC, 39.6 wt% PC, 10.9 wt% KI $(+\text{ I }_{2})$ exhibited the best power conversion efficiency of 1.97 %. However, the DSSC with a double-salt electrolyte containing 9.9 wt% PVA: 39.6 wt% EC: 39.6 wt% PC: (6.5 wt% KI: 4.4 wt% $\text{ Pr }_{4}\text{ NI }$ ) ( $+\text{ I }_{2}$ ) exhibited a higher efficiency of 3.27% under $100 \text{ mW/cm }^{2}$ light intensity. The efficiency of this cell increased to 4.59 % under dimmer light of intensity of $54 \text{ mW/cm }^{2}$ .     

Influence of temperature on the electric,dielectric and AC conductivity properties of nano-crystalline zinc substituted cobalt ferrite synthesized by solution combustion technique

Cobalt–zinc nanoferrites with formulae Co $_{1-x}$ Zn $_{x}$ Fe $_{2}$ O $_{4}$ , where x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, have been synthesized by solution combustion technique. The variation of DC resistivity with temperature shows the semiconducting behavior of all nanoferrites. The dielectric properties such as dielectric constant ( $\varepsilon $ ’) and dielectric loss tangent (tan $\delta )$ are investigated as a function of temperature and frequency. Dielectric constant and loss tangent are found to be increasing with an increase in temperature while with an increase in frequency both, $\varepsilon $ ’ and tan $\delta $ , are found to be decreasing. The dielectric properties have been explained on the basis of space charge polarization according to Maxwell–Wagner’s two-layer model and the hopping of charge between Fe $^{2+}$ and Fe $^{3+}$ . Further, a very high value of dielectric constant and a low value of tan $\delta $ are the prime achievements of the present work. The AC electrical conductivity ( $\sigma _\mathrm{AC})$ is studied as a function of temperature as well as frequency and $\sigma _\mathrm{AC}$ is observed to be increasing with the increase in temperature and frequency.     

Structure of neutron-rich nuclei around the N = 126 closed shell; the yrast structure of 205Au126 up to spin-parity I^{\pi} = (19/2+)

Heavy neutron-rich nuclei have been populated through the relativistic fragmentation of a $\ensuremath ^{208}_{\ 82}{\rm Pb}$ beam at $\ensuremath E/A = 1$ GeV on a $\ensuremath 2.5 {\rm g/cm^2}$ thick Be target. The synthesised nuclei were selected and identified in-flight using the fragment separator at GSI. Approximately 300 ns after production, the selected nuclei were implanted in an $\ensuremath \sim 8$ mm thick perspex stopper, positioned at the centre of the RISING $\ensuremath \gamma$ -ray detector spectrometer array. A previously unreported isomer with a half-life $\ensuremath T_{1/2} = 163(5)$ ns has been observed in the N = 126 closed-shell nucleus $\ensuremath ^{205}_{\ 79}{\rm Au}$ . Through $ \gamma$ -ray singles and $ \gamma$ - $ \gamma$ coincidence analysis a level scheme was established. The comparison with a shell model calculation tentatively identifies the spin-parity of the excited states, including the isomer itself, which is found to be $\ensuremath I^{\pi} = (19/2^+)$ .     

Large N approach to Kaon decays and mixing 28 years later: \Delta I=1/2 rule, \hat{B}_K,and \Delta M_K

We review and update our results for $K\rightarrow \pi \pi $ decays and $K^0$ – $\bar{K}^0$ mixing obtained by us in the 1980s within an analytic approximate approach based on the dual representation of QCD as a theory of weakly interacting mesons for large $N$ , where $N$ is the number of colors. In our analytic approach the Standard Model dynamics behind the enhancement of $\hbox {Re}A_0$ and suppression of $\hbox {Re}A_2$ , the so-called $\Delta I=1/2$ rule for $K\rightarrow \pi \pi $ decays, has a simple structure: the usual octet enhancement through the long but slow quark–gluon renormalization group evolution down to the scales $\mathcal{O}(1\, {\hbox { GeV}})$ is continued as a short but fast meson evolution down to zero momentum scales at which the factorization of hadronic matrix elements is at work. The inclusion of lowest-lying vector meson contributions in addition to the pseudoscalar ones and of Wilson coefficients in a momentum scheme improves significantly the matching between quark–gluon and meson evolutions. In particular, the anomalous dimension matrix governing the meson evolution exhibits the structure of the known anomalous dimension matrix in the quark–gluon evolution. While this physical picture did not yet emerge from lattice simulations, the recent results on $\hbox {Re}A_2$ and $\hbox {Re}A_0$ from the RBC-UKQCD collaboration give support for its correctness. In particular, the signs of the two main contractions found numerically by these authors follow uniquely from our analytic approach. Though the current–current operators dominate the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule, working with matching scales $\mathcal{O}(1 \, {\hbox { GeV}})$ we find that the presence of QCD-penguin operator $Q_6$ is required to obtain satisfactory result for $\hbox {Re}A_0$ . At NLO in $1/N$ we obtain $R=\hbox {Re}A_0/\hbox {Re}A_2= 16.0\pm 1.5$ which amounts to an order of magnitude enhancement over the strict large $N$ limit value $\sqrt{2}$ . We also update our results for the parameter $\hat{B}_K$ , finding $\hat{B}_K=0.73\pm 0.02$ . The smallness of $1/N$ corrections to the large $N$ value $\hat{B}_K=3/4$ results within our approach from an approximate cancelation between pseudoscalar and vector meson one-loop contributions. We also summarize the status of $\Delta M_K$ in this approach.     

Magnetotransport properties in \text{ Ni }_{81}\text{ Fe }_{19}\text{/Zr } multi-layers

In this work, we present a study of the magneto transport properties in magnetic multilayered structure $\text{ Ni }_{81}\text{ Fe }_{19}\text{/Zr }$ Ni 81 Fe 19 /Zr . The magnetic $(\text{ Ni }_{81}\text{ Fe }_{19})$ ( Ni 81 Fe 19 ) and non magnetic (Zr) layer thickness $(\mathbf{t}_\mathbf{NiFe}, \mathbf{t}_\mathbf{zr})$ ( t NiFe , t zr ) effects on the magneto resistance (MR) are discussed theoretically in the framework of the Johnson–Camley semi classical approach based on the Boltzmann transport equation. A comparison between calculated and measured MR is obtained. The observed MR ratio oscillates for Zr layer thickness with an average period of 7Å. A generally weak $\text{ MR }(\text{ t }_{\mathrm{NiFe}})$ MR ( t NiFe ) ratio for fixed $\mathbf{t}_\mathbf{zr}$ t zr is obtained and it shows a maxima peak of the MR with a value of 1.8 % located at $\mathbf{t}_\mathbf{NiFe}= 80$ t NiFe = 80 Å.     

A realistic pattern of lepton mixing and masses from $$S_4$$ and CP

We calculate the combined angular-distribution functions of the polarized photons ( $\gamma _1$ and $\gamma _2$ ) and electron ( $e^-$ ) produced in the cascade process $\bar{p}p\rightarrow {^3{D_3}}\rightarrow {^3{P_2}}+\gamma _1 \rightarrow (\psi +\gamma _2)+\gamma _1\rightarrow (e^++e^-)+\gamma _1+\gamma _2$ , when the colliding $\bar{p}$ and $p$ are unpolarized. Our results are independent of any dynamical models and are expressed in terms of the spherical harmonics whose coefficients are functions of the angular-momentum helicity amplitudes of the individual processes. Once the joint angular distribution of ( $\gamma _1$ , $\gamma _2$ ) and that of ( $\gamma _2$ , $e^-$ ) with the polarization of either one of the two particles are measured, our results will enable one to determine the relative magnitudes as well as the relative phases of all the angular-momentum helicity amplitudes in the radiative decay processes ${^3{D_3}}\rightarrow {^3{P_2}}+\gamma _1$ and ${^3{P_2}}\rightarrow \psi +\gamma _2$ .     

Study of the ion exchange equilibrium of Cl−, NO_3^{ - } , and SO_4^{{2 - }} ions on the AMX membrane

Equilibrium between the ion exchange membrane and solutions of anions at various valences has been the subject of this investigation. Competitive ion exchange reactions were studied on a strong base anion exchange membrane AMX manufactured by Tokuyama, commercialized by Eurodia, involving Cl^?, $ {\text NO}_3^{ - } $ and $ {\text SO}_4^{{2 - }} $ ions. Solution concentrations studied were 0.05 and 0.1 M for all the systems reported. Experiments were performed with sodium as the counter ion, and the temperature was kept constant (T?=?298 K). Ionic exchange isotherms for the binary systems— $ {{\text Cl}^{ - }}/{\text NO}_3^{ - } $ , $ {{\text Cl}^{ - }}/{\text SO}_4^{{2 - }} $ , and $ {\text NO}_3^{ - }/{\text SO}_4^{{2 - }} $ —were established. The obtained results show that the sulfate was the most strongly sorbed, and the selectivity order is $ {\text SO}_4^{{2 - }} > {\text NO}_3^{ - } > {{\text Cl}^{ - }} $ at 0.05 M and $ {\text NO}_3^{ - } > {\text SO}_4^{{2 - }} > {{\text Cl}^{ - }} $ at 0.1 M under the experimental conditions. Selectivity coefficients $ K_{{{{{\text Cl} }^{ - }}}}^{{{\text NO}_3^{ - }}} $ , $ K_{{2{{{\text Cl} }^{ - }}}}^{{{\text SO}_4^{{2 - }}}} $ , and $ K_{{2{\text NO}_3^{ - }}}^{{{\text SO}_4^{{2 - }}}} $ for the three binary systems were determined. All the results given by this membrane were compared with those obtained, in the same conditions, with the RPA membrane (produced by RHONE POULENC). Ternary equilibrium data were taken for $ {{\text Cl}^{ - }}/{\text NO}_3^{ - }/{\text SO}_4^{{2 - }} $ . The prediction of the ternary system based only on the binary data was consistent with the experimental data obtained for this system. The good agreement between the experimental and the predicted data showed that the proposed framework can be considered as an effective method to predict many ternary systems from binary systems.     

Analysis of the \frac{1} {2}^ - and \frac{3} {2}^ - heavy and doubly heavy baryon states with QCD sum rules

In this article, we study the $\frac{1} {2}^ -$ and $\frac{3} {2}^ -$ heavy and doubly heavy baryon states $\Sigma _Q \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi '_Q \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Omega _Q \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi _{QQ} \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Omega _{QQ} \left( {\frac{1} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Sigma _Q^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi _Q^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Omega _Q^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ , $\Xi _{QQ}^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ and $\Omega _{QQ}^* \left( {\frac{3} {2}^ - } \right)$ by subtracting the contributions from the corresponding $\frac{1} {2}^ +$ and $\frac{3} {2}^ +$ heavy and doubly heavy baryon states with the QCD sum rules in a systematic way, and make reasonable predictions for their masses.     

Finite W-Superalgebras and Truncated Super Yangians

Let ${Y_{m|n}^{\ell}}$ be the super Yangian of general linear Lie superalgebra for ${\mathfrak{gl}_{m|n}}$ . Let ${e \in \mathfrak{gl}_{m\ell|n\ell}}$ be a “rectangular” nilpotent element and ${\mathcal{W}_e}$ be the finite W-superalgebra associated to e. We show that ${Y_{m|n}^{\ell}}$ is isomorphic to ${\mathcal{W}_e}$ .     

Low-threshold, high SMSR tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser around 4.7\,\upmu \hbox {m}

Room-temperature pulsed and continuous-wave (cw) operation of a tunable external cavity (EC) quantum cascade laser (QCL) at an emitting wavelength of $4.7\,\upmu \hbox {m}$ 4.7 μ m was presented. The effect of different external cavity lengths and grating angles of the EC–QCL system were analyzed numerically. A wide tuning range greater than $131\,\hbox {cm}^{-1}$ 131 cm - 1 was obtained in pulsed mode at room temperature. Without the anti-reflection coating procedure, single-mode cw operation with a side-mode suppression ratio (SMSR) above 20 dB and a wide tuning range greater than $116\, \hbox {cm}^{-1}$ 116 cm - 1 were achieved. Near the center region, SMSR about 30 dB was also realized through designing the external cavity length. Strain-compensation combined with two-phonon resonance in an active region design and the high-reflection coating promised low threshold current density. A record low threshold current density of $0.901\,\hbox {kA/cm}^{2}$ 0.901 kA/cm 2 for an EC–QCL operated in cw mode was realized.     

Selectivity of anion exchange membrane modified with polyethyleneimine

Previous works have been made on the improvement of selectivity of ion exchange membranes using adsorption of polyelectrolyte on the surface of the materials. The modification of the surface material in the case of an anion exchange membrane concerns the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance properties and its relationship with the hydration state. Starting from this goal, the AMX membrane has been modified, in this work, by adsorption of polyethyleneimine on its surface. Many conditions of modification of the AMX membrane surface were studied. A factorial experimental design was used for determining the influent parameters on the AMX membrane modification. The results obtained have shown that the initial concentration of polyethyleneimine and the pH of solution were the main influent parameters on the adsorption of polyethyleneimine on the membrane surface. Competitive ion exchange reactions were studied for the modified and the unmodified membrane involving $ {\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^{ - }} $ , $ {\text{NO}}_3^{ - } $ and $ {\text{SO}}_4^{{2 - }} $ ions. All experiments were carried out at constant concentration of 0.3?mol?L^?1 and at 25?°C. Ion exchange isotherms for the binary systems $ \left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^{ - }}/{\text{NO}}_3^{ - }} \right) $ , $ \left( {{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^{ - }}/{\text{SO}}_4^{{2 - }}} \right) $ and $ \left( {{\text{NO}}_3^{ - }/{\text{SO}}_4^{{2 - }}} \right) $ were studied. The obtained results show that chloride was the most sorbed and the selectivity order both for the modified membrane and the unmodified one is: $ {\text{Cl}} > {\text{NO}}_3^{ - } > {\text{SO}}_4^{{2 - }} $ , under the experimental conditions. Selectivity coefficients $ {\text{K}}_{{{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^{ - }}}}^{{{\text{NO}}_3^{ - }}} $ , $ {\text{K}}_{{2{\text{C}}{{\text{l}}^{ - }}}}^{{{\text{SO}}_4^{{2 - }}}} $ and $ {\text{K}}_{{2{\text{NO}}_3^{ - }}}^{{{\text{SO}}_4^{{2 - }}}} $ for the three binary systems and for the two membranes were determined. It was also observed that for the modified membrane the selectivity towards sulfate ion decrease and the modified membrane became more selective towards monovalent anions.     

Allowable irreducible representations of the point groups with five-fold rotational axes

Allowable irreducible representations of the point groups with five-fold rotations – that represent the symmetry of the quasicrystals in two and three dimensions – are derived by employing the little group technique in conjunction with the solvability property. The point groups D $_{5h} ({\overline {10} {\text{{\emph m}}}2})$ and ${\text{{\emph I}}}_h (\frac{2}{\text{{\emph m}}}\overline 3 \,\overline 5)$ are taken to illustrate the method.     

Spectroscopic properties of Ho 3 + -doped K–Sr–Al phosphate glasses

Trivalent holmium-doped K–Sr–Al phosphate glasses ( $\mathrm{P}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{5}$ – $\mathrm{K}_{2}\mathrm{O}$ –SrO– $\mathrm{Al}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ – $\mathrm{Ho}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ ) were prepared, and their spectroscopic properties have been evaluated using absorption, emission, and excitation measurements. The Judd–Ofelt theory has been used to derive spectral intensities of various absorption bands from measured absorption spectrum of 1.0 mol% $\mathrm{Ho}_{2}\mathrm{O}_{3}$ -doped K–Sr–Al phosphate glass. The Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters ( $\varOmega_{\lambda}$ , $\times10^{-20}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}$ ) have been determined of the order of $\varOmega_{2} = 11.39$ , $\varOmega_{4} = 3.59$ , and $\varOmega_{6} = 2.92$ , which in turn used to derive radiative properties such as radiative transition probability, radiative lifetime, branching ratios, etc. for excited states of $\mathrm{Ho}^{3+}$ ions. The radiative lifetimes for the ${}^{5}F_{4}$ , ${}^{5}S_{2}$ , and ${}^{5}F_{5}$ levels of $\mathrm{Ho}^{3+}$ ions are found to be 169, 296, and 317 μs, respectively. The stimulated emission cross-section for 2.05-μm emission was calculated by the McCumber theory and found to be $9.3\times10^{-2 1}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}$ . The wavelength-dependent gain coefficient with population inversion rate has been evaluated. The results obtained in the titled glasses are discussed systematically and compared with other $\mathrm{Ho}^{3+}$ -doped systems to assess the possibility for visible and infrared device applications.     

Analysis of the vertexes \Xi_{Q}^{*}′QV , \Sigma_{Q}^{*} \Sigma_{Q}^{}V and radiative decays \Xi_{Q}^{*} \rightarrow ′Q \gamma , \Sigma_{Q}^{*} \rightarrow \Sigma_{Q}^{} \gamma

In this article, we study the vertexes $ \Xi_{Q}^{*}$ ′_Q V and $ \Sigma_{Q}^{*}$ $ \Sigma_{Q}^{}$ V with the light-cone QCD sum rules, then assume the vector meson dominance of the intermediate $ \phi$ (1020) , $ \rho$ (770) and $ \omega$ (782) , and calculate the radiative decays $ \Xi_{Q}^{*}$ $ \rightarrow$ ′_Q $ \gamma$ and $ \Sigma_{Q}^{*}$ $ \rightarrow$ $ \Sigma_{Q}^{}$ $ \gamma$ .     

Analytic Binding Energies for Two-Baryon Bound States in 2 + 1 Strongly Coupled Lattice QCD With Two-Flavors

We consider a lattice SU(3) QCD model in 2 + 1 dimensions, with two flavors and 2 × 2 spin matrices. An imaginary time functional integral formulation with Wilson’s action is used in the strong coupling regime, i.e. small hopping parameter ${0 < \kappa \ll 1}$ , and much smaller plaquette coupling ${\beta, 0 < \beta \ll \kappa}$ . In this regime, it is known that the low-lying energy-momentum spectrum contains isolated dispersion curves identified with baryons and mesons with asymptotic masses ${m\approx-3\ln\kappa}$ and ${m_m\approx-2\ln\kappa}$ , respectively. We prove the existence of two (labelled by ±) two-baryon bound states for each of the total isospin sectors I = 0,1 and we obtain, in each case, the exact binding energies ${\epsilon_{I\,\pm} }$ (of order ${\kappa^2}$ ) which extend to jointly analytic function in ${\kappa}$ and β. We also prove that these points are the only mass spectrum up to slightly above the bound state masses. Precisely, we show, for ${\alpha_0=\frac 14, \alpha_1=\frac 1{12}, \alpha_2=\frac12, \alpha_3=\frac 34}$ and small ${\delta >0 }$ , that the bound state masses ${2m-\epsilon_{I\,\pm}}$ are the only points in the mass spectrum in ${(0,2m-\epsilon_{I\,\pm}+\delta \alpha_I\kappa^2)}$ , for I = 0,1, and in ${(0,2m-(1+\delta)\alpha_I\kappa^2)}$ , for I = 2,3. These results are exact and validate our previous results obtained in a ladder approximation. The method employs suitable two- and four-point correlations with spectral representations and a lattice Bethe-Salpeter equation. For I = 0,1, a quark, antiquark space-range one potential of order ${\kappa^2}$ is found to be the dominant contribution to the two-baryon interaction and the interaction of the individual quark isospins of one baryon with those of the other is described by permanents. A novel spectral free decomposition (but spectral representation motivated, for real κ and β) of the two-point correlation, after performing a complex extension, is a key ingredient in showing the joint analyticity of the binding energy.