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1.
We present and discuss experiments on bubble rise velocities performed in various solutions of surface-active molecules; we
particularly focus our study on the role of bulk-surface exchanges. For proteins, the vanishing desorption limit (irreversible
adsorption) can be achieved experimentally and measurements are found in quantitative agreement with the stagnant cap model.
The opposite limit of fast exchange rates is obtained by using short alcohols that turn out to slightly influence bubble velocities;
a surface remobilization at high concentrations has been evidenced with isopropyl alcohol.
Received 16 November 1999 and Received in final form 24 March 2000 相似文献
2.
Multiplicity of Phase Transitions and Mean-Field Criticality on Highly Non-Amenable Graphs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Roberto H. Schonmann 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2001,219(2):271-322
We consider independent percolation, Ising and Potts models, and the contact process, on infinite, locally finite, connected
graphs.
It is shown that on graphs with edge-isoperimetric Cheeger constant sufficiently large, in terms of the degrees of the vertices
of the graph, each of the models exhibits more than one critical point, separating qualitatively distinct regimes. For unimodular
transitive graphs of this type, the critical behaviour in independent percolation, the Ising model and the contact process
are shown to be mean-field type.
For Potts models on unimodular transitive graphs, we prove the monotonicity in the temperature of the property that the free
Gibbs measure is extremal in the set of automorphism invariant Gibbs measures, and show that the corresponding critical temperature
is positive if and only if the threshold for uniqueness of the infinite cluster in independent bond percolation on the graph
is less than 1.
We establish conditions which imply the finite-island property for independent percolation at large densities, and use those
to show that for a large class of graphs the q-state Potts model has a low temperature regime in which the free Gibbs measure decomposes as the uniform mixture of the q ordered phases.
In the case of non-amenable transitive planar graphs with one end, we show that the q-state Potts model has a critical point separating a regime of high temperatures in which the free Gibbs measure is extremal
in the set of automorphism-invariant Gibbs measures from a regime of low temperatures in which the free Gibbs measure decomposes
as the uniform mixture of the q ordered phases.
Received: 27 March 2000 / Accepted: 7 December 2000 相似文献
3.
Harvey-Thompson AJ Lebedev SV Patankar S Bland SN Burdiak G Chittenden JP Colaitis A De Grouchy P Doyle HW Hall GN Khoory E Hohenberger M Pickworth L Suzuki-Vidal F Smith RA Skidmore J Suttle L Swadling GF 《Physical review letters》2012,108(14):145002
A Thomson scattering diagnostic has been used to measure the parameters of cylindrical wire array Z pinch plasmas during the ablation phase. The scattering operates in the collective regime (α>1) allowing spatially localized measurements of the ion or electron plasma temperatures and of the plasma bulk velocity. The ablation flow is found to accelerate towards the axis reaching peak velocities of 1.2-1.3×10(7) cm/s in aluminium and ~1×10(7) cm/s in tungsten arrays. Precursor ion temperature measurements made shortly after formation are found to correspond to the kinetic energy of the converging ablation flow. 相似文献
4.
G. Chaboussant M.-H. Julien Y. Fagot-Revurat M. Hanson L.P. Lévy C. Berthier M. Horvatic O. Piovesana 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,6(2):167-181
In a magnetic field, spin-ladders undergo two zero-temperature phase transitions at the critical fields Hc1 and Hc2. An experimental review of static and dynamical properties of spin-ladders close to these critical points is presented. The
scaling functions, universal to all quantum critical points in one-dimension, are extracted from (a) the thermodynamic quantities
(magnetization) and (b) the dynamical functions (NMR relaxation). A simple mapping of strongly coupled spin ladders in a magnetic
field on the exactly solvable XXZ model enables to make detailed fits and gives an overall understanding of a broad class of quantum magnets in their gapless
phase (between Hc1 and Hc2). In this phase, the low temperature divergence of the NMR relaxation demonstrates its Luttinger liquid nature as well as
the novel quantum critical regime at higher temperature. The general behavior close these quantum critical points can be tied
to known models of quantum magnetism.
Received: 13 March 1998 / Received in final form and Accepted: 21 July 1998 相似文献
5.
2 . Major peaks were assigned to direct fragments and recombination products ejected from the PS surface. The arrival profiles
of these ablation products varied from product to product and were fitted by using a shifted Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
with a center-of-mass flight velocity [(1.4-5.6) ×105 cm/s] and a Knudsen layer temperature (350–3810 K). Two types of ablation products, whose velocities and temperatures showed
different dependences on laser fluence, were found to exist. Dynamical aspects in the decomposition of the polymer chain,
the ejection of various fragments, and their expansion are discussed on the basis of a photothermal ablation model, where
a heated surface layer with a temperature gradient along its depth plays an important role.
Received: 11 August 1998/Accepted: 12 August 1998 相似文献
6.
Scaling approach of the convective drying of a porous medium 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Coussot 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2000,15(3):557-566
We propose a simplified, theoretical approach of the evolution of liquid distribution during the convective drying of a granular
packing. In the absence of gravity effects three regimes are distinguished according to the relative importance of surface
evaporation, capillarity or evaporation from the interior of the sample. The evolution of the drying rate as a function of
the saturation can be inferred from the characteristic velocities associated to each of these effects. We also carried out
drying experiments of bead packings saturated with ethanol, at four different velocities of the boundary convection current,
and with bead size ranging from 4.5 to 100 μm. The drying curves exhibit different regimes with a scaling as a function of
particle radius and current velocity as predicted by the theory.
Received 7 June 1999 and Received in final form 25 October 1999 相似文献
7.
In this paper we study tricritical wetting behaviour in three dimensions. In particular we concentrate on systems with short-ranged
forces and apply linear functional renormalization group techniques to elucidate the effect of fluctuations upon tricriticality.
In comparison with studies of critical wetting we identify an additional fluctuation regime which is relevant for values of
the capillary parameter between 2/9 and 1/2. We demonstrate that this regime essentially provides a crossover from mean-field
like behaviour, in which tricritical exponents are always distinct from their critical counterparts, from intermediate- and
strong-fluctuation behaviour where the critical exponents for tricritical and critical wetting are found to always coincide.
We conclude by discussing briefly the possible relevance of these results for experimental studies of wetting.
Received 4 January 2001 and Received in final form 11 May 2001 相似文献
8.
M. Brando N. Büttgen V. Fritsch J. Hemberger H. Kaps H.-A. Krug von Nidda M. Nicklas K. Pucher W. Trinkl A. Loidl E.W. Scheidt M. Klemm S. Horn 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2002,25(3):289-298
We present susceptibility, microwave resistivity, NMR and heat-capacity results for Li1-xZnx(V1-yTiy)2O4 with 0 ?
x
? 0.3 and 0 ?
y
? 0.3. For all doping levels the susceptibility curves can be fitted with a Curie-Weiss law. The paramagnetic Curie-Weiss temperatures
remain negative with an average value close to that of the pure compound Θ≈ - 36 K. Spin-glass anomalies are observed in the susceptibility, heat-capacity and NMR measurements for both type of dopants.
From the temperature dependence of the spin-lattice relaxation rate we found critical-dynamic behavior in the Zn doped compounds
at the freezing temperatures. For the Ti-doped samples two successive freezing transitions into disordered low-temperature
states can be detected. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity for Zn-doped compounds does not resemble that of canonical
spin glasses and only a small fraction of the total vanadium entropy is frozen at the spin-glass transitions. For pure LiV2O4 the spin-glass transition is completely suppressed. The temperature dependence of the heat capacity for LiV2O4 can be described using a nuclear Schottky contribution and the non-Fermi liquid model, appropriate for a system close to
a spin-glass quantum critical point. Finally an (
x
/
y
,
T
)-phase diagram for the low-doping regime is presented.
Received 16 March 2001 and Received in final form 30 October 2001 相似文献
9.
M.C.P. van Eijk M.A. Cohen Stuart S. Rovillard J. De Coninck 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,1(2):233-244
Nonequilibrium processes play a key role in the adsorption kinetics of macromolecules. It is expected that the competition
between transport of polymer towards an interface and its subsequent spreading has a significant influence on the adsorbed
amount. An increase of the transport rate can lead to an increase of the adsorbed amount, especially when the polymer has
too little time to spread at the interface. In this study we present both molecular dynamics simulations and analytical calculations
to describe some aspects of the adsorption kinetics. From MD simulations on a poly(ethylene oxide) chain in vacuum near a
graphite surface, we conclude that the spreading process can, in first approximation, be described by either a simple exponential
function or by first-order reaction kinetics. Combining these spreading models with the transport equations for two different
geometries (stagnation-point flow and overflowing cylinder) we are able to derive analytical equations for the adsorption
kinetics of polymers at solid-liquid and at liquid-fluid interfaces.
Received: 18 July 1997 / Received in final form: 27 October 1997 / Accepted: 6 November 1997 相似文献
10.
Y.J. Kim M. Greven U.-J. Wiese R.J. Birgeneau 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1998,4(3):291-297
Antiferromagnetic Heisenberg spin chains with various spin values (S=1/2,1,3/2,2,5/2) are studied numerically with the quantum Monte-Carlo method. Effective spin S chains are realized by ferromagnetically coupling n=2S antiferromagnetic spin chains with S=1/2. The temperature dependence of the uniform susceptibility, the staggered susceptibility, and the static structure factor
peak intensity are computed down to very low temperatures, . The correlation length at each temperature is deduced from numerical measurements of the instantaneous spin-spin correlation
function. At high temperatures, very good agreement with exact results for the classical spin chain is obtained independent
of the value of S. For the S=2 chain which has a gap , the correlation length and the uniform susceptibility in the temperature range are well predicted by the semi-classical theory of Damle and Sachdev.
Received: 23 December 1997 / Revised and Accepted: 11 March 1998 相似文献
11.
G. Reiter G. Castelein P. Hoerner G. Riess J.-U. Sommer G. Floudas 《The European physical journal. E, Soft matter》2000,2(4):319-334
Spin-coated thin films of about 100nm of low-molecular-weight hydrogenated poly(butadiene-b- ethyleneoxide) (PBh-PEO) diblock copolymers have been crystallized at various constant temperatures. Crystallization has been observed in real
time by light microscopy. Detailed structural information was obtained by atomic force microscopy, mainly enabled by the large
viscoelastic contrast between amorphous and crystalline regions. The behavior in thin films is compared to the bulk properties
of the polymer. Crystallization started from an annealed microphase separated melt where optical microscopy indicated a lamellar
orientation parallel to the substrate. A small difference in the length of the crystallizable block produced significantly
different crystallization behavior, both in the bulk and in thin films. For thin films of the shortest diblock copolymer (45%
PEO content) and for an undercooling larger than about 10 degrees, crystallization created vertically oriented lamellae. These
vertical lamellae could be preferentially aligned over several micrometers when crystallization occurred close to a three-phase
contact line. Annealing at temperatures closer to the melting point or keeping the sample at room temperature for several
months allowed the formation of a lamellar structure parallel to the substrate. A tentative interpretation based on kinetically
caused chain folding and relaxation within the crystalline state, with implications on general aspects of polymer crystallization,
is presented.
Received 19 March 1999 and Received in final form 14 December 1999 相似文献
12.
C. Bennemann J. Baschnagel W. Paul 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》1999,10(2):323-334
We present simulation results for a model polymer melt, consisting of short, nonentangled chains, in the supercooled state.
The analysis focuses on the monomer dynamics, which is monitored by the incoherent intermediate scattering function. The scattering
function is recorded over six decades in time and for many different wave-vectors which range from the size of a chain to
about three times the maximum position of the static structure factor. The lowest temperatures studied are slightly above
, the critical temperature of mode-coupling theory (MCT), where was determined from a quantitative analysis of the - and -relaxations. We find evidence for the space-time factorization theorem in the -relaxation regime, and for the time-temperature superposition principle in the -regime, if the temperature is not too close to . The wave-vector (q-) dependence of the nonergodicity parameter, of the critical amplitude, and the -relaxation time are in qualitative agreement with calculations for hard spheres. For q larger than the maximum of the structure factor the -relaxation time already agrees fairly well with the asymptotic MCT-prediction . The behavior of the relaxation time at small q can be rationalized by the validity of the Gaussian approximation and the value of the Kohlrausch stretching exponent, as
suggested in neutron-scattering experiments.
Received 30 October 1998 相似文献
13.
This paper introduces a new approach for streamer advance mechanism in dielectric liquid. The existing of bush-like streamer shape early and then a tree structure shape after that has been given an over view and definition by devising a breakdown index for dielectric liquid which reach a value of 25. The deviation of streamer velocity from low values of tens of meter per second, until several kilometer per second from bush-like shape, until complete breakdown has been discussed too. These different stages have been studied on an energy balance concepts. In this paper using energy balance analysis, different critical applied fields have been obtained. These values reach 2.18 MV/cm for one branch channel in bush-like streamer shape and 21.5 MV/cm, for tree streamer. After that, the initial streamer velocities concerning these stages have been introduced. From these analysis the dissociation of dielectric liquids starts when the streamer velocity reach the sound speed in air, 331 m/s. In addition, the dissociation field depends mainly on the physical values of the dielectric medium, such as density, and permittivity have been introduced. In this paper the dissociation starts at an electric field value of 21.5 MV/cm for nearly all dielectric liquids, This result is equal to tree streamer inception value, which can be considered as a new introduced finding. A new energy equation relating injected energy electric field, velocity and new deduced breakdown index in dielectric liquid has been devised. The streamer may stop or continue its advance until complete breakdown. According to many published data for streamer, there is no clear explanation for streamer stopping and continuing it advance. In this paper, the streamer must advance ahead of the bush zone in the gap toward the opposite electrode when the prospective electric field at 66% of the gap achieves a breakdown index of 25. This result can be considered as a new criterion for streamer growth until crossing the gap. These new equations and findings have been applied to several experimental works and achieve good results. 相似文献
14.
C. Ern W. Donner A. Rühm H. Dosch B.P. Toperverg R.L. Johnson 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》1997,64(4):383-390
3 Au(001) surface using Synchrotron radiation and show that the intensity distribution along the specular rod exhibits the same
features as in the case of liquid metals which has been discussed in recent literature. The results are discussed within the
framework of the distorted wave Born approximation which allows a straightforward easy-to-apply scheme to analyze such reflectivity
data in the entire -range including the total external reflection regime. The data analysis gives a direct evidence for an oscillating average
density profile which is analoguous to the socalled surface layering at liquid surfaces. The experimental values for the thermal
roughness indicate that surface roughness is suppressed in the ordered phase and allowed to softly grow with temperature above
the bulk order-disorder phase transition. The presented experimental and theoretical study of X-ray reflectivity from binary
alloys demonstrates the potential of this technique for the study of surface roughening, surface layering and surface segregation
phenomena at solid and liquid surfaces.
Received: 14 August 1996/Accepted: 7 October
1996 相似文献
15.
A.S. Al-Shahrany D. Bradley M. Lawes R. Woolley 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2005,30(1):225-232
A new technique is reported for measuring burning velocities at high pressures in the final stages of two inwardly propagating flame kernels in an explosion bomb. The flames were initiated at diametrically opposite spark electrodes, close to the wall, in quiescent mixtures. Measurements of pressure and flame kernel propagation speeds by high-speed photography showed the burning velocities to be elevated above the corresponding laminar burning velocities as a result of the developing flame instabilities. The enhancement increased with increase in pressure and decreased with increase in Markstein number. When the Markstein number was negative, instabilities could be appreciable, as could the enhancement. For the iso-octane–air mixtures investigated, where the mixtures had well-characterised Markstein numbers or critical Peclet numbers at the relevant pressures and temperatures, it was possible to explain the enhancement quantitatively by the spherical explosion flame instability theory of Bechtold and Matalon, provided the critical Peclet number was that observed experimentally, and allowance was made for the changing pressure. With this theoretical procedure, it was possible to derive values of laminar burning velocity from the measured values of burning velocity over a wide range of equivalence ratios, pressures, and temperatures. The values became less reliable at the higher temperatures and pressures as the data on Markstein and critical Peclet numbers became less certain. It was found that with iso-octane as the fuel the laminar burning velocity decreased during isentropic compression. 相似文献
16.
M.A. Continentino 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2000,13(1):31-35
Recently we have shown that a one-parameter scaling, , describes the physical behavior of several heavy fermions in a region of their phase diagram. In this paper we fully characterize
this region, obtaining the uniform susceptibility, the resistivity and the specific heat in terms of the coherence temperature
. This allows for an explicit evaluation of the Wilson and the Kadowaki-Woods ratios in this regime. These quantities turn
out to be independent of the distance to the quantum critical point (QCP). The theory of the one-parameter scaling corresponds to a local interacting model. Although
spatial correlations are irrelevant in this case, time fluctuations are critically correlated as a consequence of the quantum
character of the transition.
Received 23 December 1998 and Received in final form 10 June 1999 相似文献
17.
We calculate the maximal Lyapunov exponent, the generalized entropies, the asymptotic distance between nearby trajectories
and the fractal dimensions for a finite two-dimensional system at different initial excitation energies. We show that these
quantities have a maximum at about the same excitation energy. The presence of this maximum indicates the transition from
a chaotic regime to a more regular one. In the chaotic regime the system is composed mainly of a liquid drop while the regular
one corresponds to almost freely flowing particles and small clusters. At the transitional excitation energy the fractal dimensions
are similar to those estimated from the Fisher model for a liquid-gas phase transition at the critical point.
Received: 16 March 2001 / Accepted: 12 July 2001 相似文献
18.
The flow of liquid helium through a single nanohole with radius smaller than 25 nm was studied. Mass flow was induced by applying a pressure difference of up to 1.4 bar across a 50 nm thick Si(3)N(4) membrane and was measured directly by means of mass spectrometry. In liquid He I, we experimentally show that the fluid is not clamped by the short pipe with diameter-to-length ratio D/L?1, despite the small diameter of the nanohole. This viscous flow is quantitatively understood by making use of a model of flow in short pipes. In liquid He II, a two-fluid model for mass flow is used to extract the superfluid velocity in the nanohole for different pressure heads at temperatures close to the superfluid transition. These velocities compare well to existing data for the critical superflow of liquid helium in other confined systems. 相似文献
19.
R. Mélin S. Peysson 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2000,14(1):169-176
A Bethe-Peierls treatment to dilution in frustrated magnets and spin liquids is given. A spin glass phase is present at low
temperatures and close to the percolation point as soon as frustration takes a finite value in the dilute magnet model; the
spin glass phase is reentrant inside the ferromagnetic phase. An extension of the model is given, in which the spin glass/ferromagnet
phase boundary is shown not to reenter inside the ferromagnetic phase asymptotically close to the tricritical point whereas
it has a turning point at lower temperatures. We conjecture similar phase diagrams to exist in finite dimensional models not
constraint by a Nishimori's line. We increase frustration to study the effect of dilution in a spin liquid state. This provides
a “minimal” ordering by disorder from an Ising paramagnet to an Ising spin glass.
Received 9 April 1999 and Received in final form 27 September 1999 相似文献
20.
R.A. Ritchie H.G. Miller F.C. Khanna 《The European Physical Journal A - Hadrons and Nuclei》2001,10(1):97-100
Based on recent studies of the temperature dependence of the energy and specific heat of liquid nuclear matter, a phase transition
is suggested at a temperature ∼ 0.85 MeV. We apply the Landau-Ginzburg theory to this transition and determine the behaviour
of the energy and specific heat close to the critical temperature in the condensed phase.
Received: 29 July 2000 / Accepted: 20 October 2000 相似文献