B0-B0 Mixing in Local Gauged Baryon and Lepton Numbers

Using the effective Hamiltonian method, we analyze the B⁰-B⁰ mixing in the extension of the standard model (SM) where baryon number and lepton number are local gauge symmetries. The numerical results indicate the correction from the extra particles to the mass difference Δm_B is significant. There is a 60% enhancement compared to the SM prediction for Δm_B at most, which agrees with the current experimental result.     

Parameters of an erosion carbon plasma in the channel of a railgun

The working current dependences of the thermodynamic and electrophysical parameters of a free plasma piston moving with a near-maximal velocity in the channel of an electromagnetic rail launcher with graphite electrodes are obtained. The composition and weight of the plasma depend on the degree of electrode erosion due to discharge current passage (i = 40–80 kA). It is shown that the mean temperature of the plasma piston only slightly depends on the plasma mean pressure and plasma piston weight and increases with current by a near-power law. The measured values of the maximal velocity of the plasma piston front are compared with the calculated value of the sound velocity inside the piston. With the working current and cross-sectional area of the channel fixed, the initial gas density in the channel is found to influence the ratio of the piston maximal velocity to the sound velocity in the plasma. If the initial gas density is low (lower than some critical value), the maximal velocity of the plasma piston front exceeds the sound velocity in the plasma.     

Aerosol Measurement in Low‐Pressure Systems with Standard Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers

The scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) is one of the best known instruments for measuring particle size distributions in the submicron range. The SMPS consists of two parts: an electrostatic aerosol classifier (differential mobility particle analyser, DMA), followed by a counting device, in general a condensation particle counter (CPC). Unfortunately, commercial measurement devices such as the TSI DMA Model 3071 and the TSI CPC Model 3022 (TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), can be used only at nearly atmospheric pressure in the sampling line or in slight overpressure mode, but not in low‐pressure systems. A modification in the sampling line is shown which enhances the operating range of a standard SMPS system to low pressure. Samples taken under standard and low‐pressure conditions show good agreement in the measured particle size distributions and concentration. The behaviour observed in experimental studies agrees well with theoretical predictions.     

Elastic distortions in simple piston-cylinder units at pressures up to 100 MPa

Abstract

The study of elastic distortions in piston-cylinder units of primary standards piston gauges is of importance for the improvement of pressure measurement accuracy. Preliminary work (GF. Molinar et al., 1989) on distortion calculations was carried out on a tungsten carbide (t.c.) piston-cylinder of 0.2 cm² nominal effective area in the 100 MPa pressure range. The same calculations are now applied in the study of a similar piston-cylinder unit of hard steel (h.s.). The distortions on the outer surface of the cylinder are measured with strain gages and with a capacitance sensor. The calculated distortions, which can be also derived with other methods (G. Klingenberg 1989, R. Wisniewski et al. 1989), are compared with the experimental results obtained on the outer surface of the cylinder. The present two piston-cylinder units of h.s. and of t.c. were cross-floated up to 100 MPa and the ratio R = f(P) = Ae_h.s./Ae_t.c. obtained experimentally is compared with the calculated.     

不同气压下激光诱导击穿Cu合金等离子体光谱自吸收现象研究

采用波长532 nm激光（脉宽为8 ns）诱导激发铜合金等离子体光谱,研究了激光能量分别为100,80,60和40 mJ时,常压下谱线（CuⅠ 324.754 nm）自吸收现象;在激光能量为100和40 mJ的条件下,研究了低环境压力对铜合金等离子体元素发射谱线自吸收现象和谱线特性的影响。结果表明：常压下谱线（CuⅠ 324.754 nm）存在严重的自吸收现象,自吸收程度随激光能量减小而降低。适度降低环境压强,谱线的自吸收程度大大降低,谱线的信背比增大,且在一定的低气压条件下,自吸收现象可以基本消除。在5.0×104 Pa气压下,两种能量下谱线的信背比均达到最大值,分别为8.90和8.66,相对于常压分别增大了11.23和12.62倍,此时谱线强度的相对标准偏差分别为2.9%和1.3%;两种能量下等离子体元素发射谱线的线宽随着气压的下降迅速减小,当气压为5.0×104 Pa时,等离子体元素发射谱线的线宽分别为0.08和0.06 nm,是常压下线宽的19%和20%。研究表明：低压环境能明显提高光谱分析的灵敏度和精密度,使得在分析较高含量元素时允许选择灵敏谱线,为采用LIBS技术准确测定高含量元素提供了有效方法。     

Effect of viscosity of the pressure-transmitting fluid on the metrological characterization of the piston gauge up to 1 GPa

A systematic theoretical investigation has been carried out to study the effect of viscosity of the pressure-transmitting fluids on the measurement of pressure up to 1 GPa using piston gauges. The fluid flow equation is modified to determine the fall rate (v) with pressure (P), taking the pressure-dependent viscosityη(P) and clearance between piston and cylinder [H(P)] terms into account. Above 0.4 GPa, the fall rate curve shows the tendency to be pressure independent. The near-constancy ofv withP can be avoided with less viscous fluid or by increasingH(P). Finally. the initial clearance obtained from the experimental data of fall rate, shows a weak dependence of pressure, although theoretically it is assumed to be independent of pressure. This weak pressure dependence is attributed to the effect of viscosity of the pressure transmitting fluid.     

Gold under high pressure

Abstract

First principle predictions for the equation of state of gold using solid and liquid state theories are compared up to combined pressures and temperatures of 600 GPa and 17 000 K with static diamond anvil cell compression, ultrasonic measurements and shock Hugoniot data which include a recent laser driven shock Hugoniot points at 600 GPa. Excellent agreement between theoretical and experimental data is observed. The theoretically estimated 300 K isotherm agrees to within 2 GPa with the isotherm that has been measured to 70 GPa using the diamond anvil cell. The structural energy estimates show that the normal f.c.c. phase remains stable under pressure. The estimate of the shock Hugoniot temperature of gold at 600 GPa based on a liquid state model is consistent with the measurements of laser induced shock luminescence, which in fact provides an experimental determination of the temperature of gold above its Hugoniot melting point. The powerful means provided by theory in the prediction of material properties of gold at ultra high pressures and temperatures is significant because gold is an efficient converter of laser energy into soft X-rays and is a potential candidate as a standard for high pressure, high temperature work.     

低气压下土壤中Pb等离子体光谱特性

用Nd∶YAG激光诱导激发土壤等离子体,研究了环境压力(在1.01×105与1×102 Pa之间)对土壤等离子体辐射特性及元素检出限的影响。结果表明,随着气压的降低,土壤等离子体的谱线强度、信背比先增大后减小,最高均可达常压下的1.69倍;电子密度同样呈现先增大后减小的趋势,在气压8×104 Pa下达到最大值3.56×1016 cm-3,比常压下高出1.5×1015 cm-3;在气压8×104 Pa下诱导激发等离子体发射光谱与常压下相比有较好的稳定性和较高的精密度。20次重复实验得到土壤等离子体分析线信号强度的相对标准偏差为1.1%,明显低于常压下的3.5%,低气压下稳定性显著提高。应用内标法对自制土壤中Pb元素建立定标曲线,计算得到气压8×104 Pa下土壤中Pb元素的检出限为57.27 mg·kg-1,较常压下降低了39.23 mg·kg-1。表明适当的低压环境可以有效提高LIBS的光谱检测灵敏度,改善元素分析的检出限以及增加光谱定量分析的准确度和精密度。     

Experimental Investigation on Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Gas-to-Gas Counterflow Microchannel Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer characteristics of a gas-to-gas counterflow microchannel heat exchanger have been experimentally investigated. Temperatures and pressures at inlets and outlets of the heat exchanger have been measured to obtain heat transfer rates and pressure drops. The heat transfer and the pressure drop characteristics are discussed. Since the partition wall of the heat exchanger is thick compared with the microchannel dimensions, a simple heat exchange model with constant wall temperature is proposed to predict the heat transfer rate. The predicted heat transfer rate using the constant wall temperature model agrees well with the experimental results.     

Equation of state of sodium chloride up to 32 kbar and 500°C2

The length change of a 25mm long single crystal of NaCl has been determined as a function of hydrostatic pressure up to 32 kbar and temperatures up to 500°C using an electrical contact piezometer with tungsten carbide as a standard. The measurements were carried out in an end loaded piston cylinder apparatus. The length change of the tungsten carbide standard is small compared to that of NaCl and therefore reliable data are obtained. Compression data by Bridgman[1] and thermal expansion data by Kennametal Inc. were used for the equation of state of tungsten carbide. We estimated an absolute uncertainty in the length change measurement of NaCl of ±0.7%. The temperature was accurate within 0.3°C. The uncertainty in pressure is ±0.4%. The results are compared with Decker's [2] equation of state which is frequently used when NaCl is taken as a standard in high pressure work. At room temperature we find a smaller compression of NaCl than Decker and find excellent agreement with Bridgman's[3] data. At higher temperatures we find very good agreement between our data and Decker's equation of state.     

General electroweak mixing models and extended gauge theories

General electroweak mixing schemes containing an arbitrary number of weak bosons and agreeing with the predictions of the standard model for neutrino scattering and polarized electron scattering in the low energy approximation are analyzed using the propagator matrix formalism. The mean charged boson mass is bounded while the mean neutral boson mass is unbounded and determined as a function of the mean charged one. Under a special assumption on the electroweak mixing parameters the four fermion interaction agrees with the one of extended gauge theories and the mean boson masses agree with the boson masses of the standard model.     

The electronic structure and superconductivity of tellurium at high pressure

Abstract

The electronic bandstructure of tellurium performed at 33 GPa, the highest pressure up to which experimental structural information is available and also its superconducting behaviour are reported here. The bandstructure calculation is done using the self-consistent Linear Muffin Tin Orbital (LMTO) method. The calculation shows a large d density of states at the Fermi energy even though this is a sp metal. The usual s → d transfer mechanism is found to be responsible for the pressure induced superconductivity. The calculated value of T_c agrees fairly well with the experimental value.     

Application and assessment of laser Doppler velocimetry for underwater acoustic measurements

The majority of traditional methods for making underwater acoustic pressure measurements involve placing all or part of a measurement transducer in the acoustic field. A variety of optical metrology techniques have been developed in an attempt to reduce or remove any perturbing effects. An example of this is the use of laser interferometry which has been developed as the primary method of calibrating hydrophones in the frequency range - at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). This technique involves suspending a thin Mylar pellicle in the acoustic field and recording the displacement of the pellicle surface using a Michelson Interferometer. This study details a comparison of a Laser Doppler Velocimeter (LDV) with the NPL Laser Interferometer, which gives a good correlation where agreement is within approximately 4% and 7% for two different power levels from a plane piston transducer and within 2.5% and 1% for the same power levels from a plane piston transducer. A novel, non-perturbing method of recording temporally resolved acoustic pressure distributions in water using an LDV is also described. The technique is shown to benefit from the consistent frequency response of the LDV detection system, such that the measured output resembles the drive voltage input to the transducer more closely than a similar hydrophone measurement. For the experimental arrangement described, the LDV system is shown to be sensitive to minimum pressure amplitudes of nominally .     

200—350nm合肥同步辐射光谱分布测量

英国国家物理实验室传递标准光源ＭｇＦ２窗口氘灯为标准，测量了２００－３５０ｎｍ合肥同步辐射光谱分布。结果表明，在实验误差范围内，测量结果与依Ｓｃｈｗｉｎｇｅｒ理论计算值具有较好的一致性，２００ｎｍ处偏差为６％，２４０ｎｍ处为１．５％。     

Effective Gauge Theories of Composite W,Z and Massless Fermions

We have attempted to identify the circumstances under which a weakly coupled massive gauge theory such as the standard Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model, can emerge as a low energy effective Lagrangian of an ASF preon gauge theory. This involves many issues including the interplay between global and local symmetries and sum rules connecting long and short distance physics. The article puts together these issues and demonstrates that ASF preon models can be very tight and predictive frameworks. We make a systematic search of a minimal extension of the standard electro-weak theory, which could emerge as a low energy effective Lagrangian of an ASF preon gauge theory, in which the left-right symmetry is spontaneously broken by vacuum condensation.     

Exploiting optical properties of nanopolycrystalline diamond in high pressure experiments

ABSTRACT

We investigated the optical properties (absorption, luminescence and Raman spectra) of nanopolycrystalline diamond (NPD) aiming at exploring its capabilities as a pressure sensor and as a pressure-cell anvil for combined X-ray/neutron and optical studies. Notably, we analysed the Raman peak shift and broadening with pressure using a Moissanite Anvil Cell (MAC). The results are compared with those obtained in a DAC, where Raman signals from NPD chips and diamond anvils strongly overlap. Its pressure behaviour in the hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic regimes were investigated. We showed that the nanopolycrystalline structure induces remarkable differences in the peak shift and broadening between NPD and natural type IIa single-crystal diamond, making NPD suitable as pressure gauge for pressure determination and testing hydrostaticity of pressure transmitting medium.     

High pressure rheology and the impact on process homogeneity

The impact of different viscous substances on homogeneous thermal treatment during high pressure processes is exemplified for a cylinder piston system. Therefore, the relevant equations of thermofluid dynamics have been examined and conditions for homogeneous thermal processing have been set up. Furthermore, the analysis of an n-order inactivation kinetic delivers criteria for insensitivity of reactions to spatial temperature heterogeneities. The findings have been applied to a short time high pressure process and compared with results of numerical simulations. Good agreement could be achieved.     

The kiel/berlin pressure cells for neutron powder diffraction

Abstract

Two piston/cylinder type pressure cells for neutron powder diffraction are presented. They provide a large sample volume and hence allow rapid data collection at moderate flux neutron sources. Structure refinements from the diffraction data are possible. The maximum attainable pressure is above 2 GPa for Ti/Zr zero-scattering pressure cylinders. Both cells may be equipped with a micro-furnace. This allows measurement up to 700 K, simultaneously to the application of pressure. The low temperature setup for the cell-I is presented which will allow experiments down to 1·5K.     

0.1~20Hz低失真度激光活塞发声器的设计与实现

为实现次声频段传声器的准确校准,研制了低失真、低泄漏的激光活塞发声器。激光活塞发声器采用具有空气轴承和位移反馈控制的超低频振动台驱动的活塞-腔体组合获得低失真度的声压信号;采用气浮自对中技术的小间隙缸塞配合以及大体积的腔体设计,获得了低泄漏的活塞发声器。在0.1~20 Hz,声压波形总谐波失真低于0.8%,实现高达50 s的腔体泄漏时间常数,使其适用于更低频段的传声器校准。在0.1~20 Hz频率范围内,激光活塞发声器的测量不确定度不超过0.58 dB (k=2)。与耦合腔互易法、关联传声器法的比较结果表明,激光活塞发声器法获得的传声器灵敏度与其他方法之间具有很好的一致性。      

高压氦气平行极板击穿电压实验研究

为获得高温气冷堆核电站电气设备绝缘设计所需基础数据, 本文设计了一套测量高压氦气绝缘性能的装置. 利用该装置进行了15-20 ℃, 0.1-7 MPa氦气, 间距0.25, 0.35, 0.5 mm平行极板击穿实验. 实验表明: 氦气的绝缘性能远低于空气; 气压越高, 氦气的击穿电压越大, 3.0 MPa氦气的击穿电压与常压空气基本一致; 根据低气压实验数据和巴申定律推导的公式, 在高气压下计算值偏大, 且偏差随着气压和间距乘积的增大不断增大; 提出了可计算0.1-7 MPa氦气击穿电压的简易公式, 同时修正了高气压氦气的巴申公式, 并进行了理论分析.