Quantum chemical study on enantioselective reduction of keto oxime ether with borane catalyzed by oxazaborolidine. Part 2. Structures of catalyst‐alkoxyborane adduct with a four‐membered ring and succeeding reaction intermediates

Quantum chemical ab initio computations of the structures and properties of oxazaborolidine‐alkoxyborane adduct with a B? N? B? O four‐membered ring and succeeding reaction intermediates are carried out in the current work by means of the Hartree–Fock (HF) and the density functional methods. All the structures are optimized completely at the HF/6‐31G(d) and Becke's three‐parameter exchange functional and the gradient‐corrected functional of Lee, Yang, and Paar (B3LYP)/6‐31G(d) levels. As shown in the obtained results, the oxazaborolidine‐alkoxyborane adduct with a B? N? B? O four‐membered ring may be formed during the reduction of the carbonyl bond of the catalyst‐borane‐keto oxime ether adduct. The breakdown of the B? N? B? O four‐membered ring results in the formation of the adduct with a B? N? B? O? C? C? N seven‐membered ring and an oxime bond. The reduction of the oxime bond leads to the adduct with a chiral oxime carbon. The B(2)? N_{C? N} bond in the B? N? B? O? C? C? N seven‐membered ring of the adduct with a reduced oxime bond is weaker comparatively and thus may be more easily broken down. All the adducts have four stable structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 93: 294–306, 2003     

手性含硫恶唑硼烷催化芳酮不对称还原反应的量子化学研究

用HF方法在6-31G^*基组下,对手性含硫恶唑硼烷催化苯乙酮不对称还原反应进行了量子化学从头算研究。还原反应经历了催化剂-硼烷加合物、催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物、催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物的生成以及催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物的离解过程。催化剂-硼烷加合物、催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物和催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物的生成分别为放热、吸热、放热过程;催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物离解成催化剂烷氧基硼烷为吸热过程。催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物和催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物都存在四种稳定的结构。最有利于氢转移的催化剂-硼烷-酮加合物结构是次低能量结构,并且具有扭曲的船形结构。催化剂-烷氧基硼烷加合物含有一个B-O-B-N四元环,尽管四元环有较大的张力,但加合物仍有较高的稳定性。     

Ab inito Study on Enantioselective Reduction of Ketones Catalyzed by Thiazolidino[3,4—c]oxazaborolidines

The ab initio molecular orbital method is employed to study the enantioselective reduction of acetophenone with borane catalyzed by thiszolidino[3,4-c]oxazaborolidine.Computation result shows that the controlling step for the reduction is the decomposition of the catalyst-alkoxyborane adduct and the reduction leads to S-alcohols.The transition atate of the hydride transfer from the borane moiety to the carbonyl carbon of acetophenone is a twisted chair structure with a B(2)-N(3)-BBH3-HBH3-CCo-OCO6-membered ring.     

Quantum chemical study on enantioselective reduction of keto oxime ether with borane catalyzed by oxazaborolidine. Part 3. Properties of intermediates during hydride transfer

In the current article, the structures and properties of intermediates during the hydride transfer for the prior coordination of the carbonyl oxygen of keto oxime ether at B(2) of oxazaborolidine are discussed. All the structures are optimized completely by means of the Hartree–Fock (HF) and the density functional methods at the HF/6‐31G(d) and Becke's three‐parameter exchange functional and the gradient‐corrected functional of Lee, Yang, and Paar (B3LYP)/6‐31G(d) levels. The hydride transfer from BH₃ to the carbonyl carbon in oxazaborolidine‐borane‐keto oxime ether adduct results in the formation of the adduct 4a* with a seven‐membered ring. This adduct has four stable structures. Another hydride of BH₂ transfers to the oxime carbon in 4a* , leading to the adduct 5a* , which has also four stable structures. Among all the structures of 5a* , the most stable structure can generate (1S, 2R)‐cis amino alcohol, which is in agreement with that obtained in the experiment. This enantioselective reduction may go through the process in which oxazaborolidine‐borane‐keto oxime ether adduct is directly transformed into the adduct 4a* with a seven‐membered ring. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 93: 307–316, 2003     

Quantum chemical study on enantioselective reduction of aromatic ketones catalyzed by chiral cyclic sulfur‐containing oxazaborolidines. Part 1. Structures and properties of catalysts

The ab initio molecular orbital method is employed to study the structures and properties of chiral cyclic sulfur‐containing oxazaborolidine, as a catalyst, and its borane adducts. All the structures are optimized completely by means of the Hartree–Fock method at 6‐31g* basis sets. The catalyst is a twisted chair structure and reacts with borane to form four plausible catalyst–borane adducts. Borane–sulfur adducts may be formed, but they barely react with aromatic ketone to form catalyst–borane–ketone adducts, because they are repulsed greatly by the atoms arising from the chair rear of the catalyst with a twisted chair structure. Borane–N adduct has the largest formation energy and is predicted to react easily with aromatic ketone to form catalyst–borane–ketone adducts. The formation of the catalyst–borane adducts causes the B_BH3 H_BH3 bond lengths of the BH₃ moiety to be increased and thus enhances the activity of the enantioselective catalytic reduction. The borane–N adduct is of great advantage to hydride transfer. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 78: 245–251, 2000     

DFT and MP2 molecular orbital determination of OH–toluene–O2 isomeric structures in the atmospheric oxidation of toluene

We have performed an exhaustive theoretical study, using a density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio techniques, of the possible isomers of the OH–toluene–O₂ radical. DFT calculations of the all electron type using the hybrid B3LYP approach and 6‐31G* orbital basis set were employed. In addition to the well‐established ortho position, addition of OH at C₁ on the benzene ring of toluene was also considered for the initial methylhydroxycyclohexadienyl adduct. In all, 28 different intermediate structures of the OH–toluene–O₂ system, consisting of peroxyl radicals, bicyclic structures, and epoxides, have been explored through fully optimized electronic structure calculations. Starting from the 1,3‐O₂‐methylorthohydroxycyclohexadienyl radical, or ortho‐OH adduct, several peroxyl radicals are found to have low‐lying structures contained within a small energy range (about 1 kcal/mol). Only two bicyclic structures are stable with respect to the methylhydroxycyclohexadienyl radical plus O₂, one of them being clearly favored. The four possible epoxy structures are all found to lie more than 15 kcal/mol lower than any of their peroxyl and bicyclic isomers. The preference, first noted by Bartolotti and Edney, for structures in which the OH group lies on the same side of the ring as the O₂ group, is obeyed in all cases. If the 1‐CH₃, 1‐OH cyclohexadienyl radical (or C₁–OH adduct) is used as the initial adduct, three peroxyl radicals are expected to be formed, while two bicyclic structure and three epoxides need to be considered. These structures are found to be, in general, less stable than the ones arising from the ortho adduct. However, the 4‐O, 2,3‐epoxy, 1,1‐methylhydroxycyclohexadienyl radical is found to be the most stable of all the isomers considered, and this, by more than 3 kcal/mol. In this work, most structures were also calculated with the MP2 method with a 6‐31G* basis set. The geometries obtained with the two methods are similar. Contrary to the B3LYP method, MP2 always yields an extra stability to structures in which the C₁ carbon atom has sp³ hybridization. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 21: 716–730, 2000     

Room Temperature Ring Expansion of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes and BB Bond Cleavage of Diboron(4) Compounds

We report the isolation and detailed structural characterization, by solid‐state and solution NMR spectroscopy, of the neutral mono‐ and bis‐NHC adducts of bis(catecholato)diboron (B₂cat₂). The bis‐NHC adduct undergoes thermally induced rearrangement, forming a six‐membered ‐B?C?N?C?C‐N‐heterocyclic ring via C?N bond cleavage and ring expansion of the NHC, whereas the mono‐NHC adduct is stable. Bis(neopentylglycolato)diboron (B₂neop₂) is much more reactive than B₂cat₂ giving a ring expanded product at room temperature, demonstrating that ring expansion of NHCs can be a very facile process with significant implications for their use in catalysis.     

Di­cyano{[(1S)‐(1‐phenyl­ethyl)­aziridin‐2‐yl]­methano­lato‐κ2N,O}boron

In the title compound, C₁₃H₁₄BN₃O, the aziridine ring is an almost equilateral triangle, the C—C distance being slightly shorter than the C—N distances, probably because of the dative B—N bond. The five‐membered ring, composed of two C atoms and N, B and O atoms, is fused with the aziridine ring to form a six‐membered ring with a chair conformation.     

1,4,4‐Tri­methyl‐9‐phenyl‐8‐oxa‐9‐aza­bi­cyclo­[3.2.2]­non‐6‐en‐2‐one

The structure of the adduct of eucarvone with nitro­so­benzene, C₁₆H₁₉NO₂, is reported. The [3.2.2] bicyclic system corresponds to two seven‐membered rings in boat and distorted chair conformations and a six‐membered ring that adopts a distorted boat conformation. No conjugation is observed between the phenyl group and the N—O system. The packing is directed mainly by a C?O hydrogen bond, C—H?O‐(1 ? x, ?y, z) and by intermolecular C—H?π interactions.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Medium‐Ring Carbocycles and Lactones through Modular Assembly and Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Sulfoximine‐Substituted Trienes and Dienynes

An asymmetric synthesis of densely functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocycles and 9–11‐membered lactones has been developed. Its key steps are a modular assembly of sulfoximine‐substituted C‐ and O‐tethered trienes and C‐tethered dienynes and their Ru‐catalyzed ring‐closing diene and enyne metathesis (RCDEM and RCEYM). The synthesis of the C‐tethered trienes and dienynes includes the following steps: 1) hydroxyalkylation of enantiomerically pure titanated allylic sulfoximines with unsaturated aldehydes, 2) α‐lithiation of alkenylsulfoximines, 3) alkylation, hydroxy‐alkylation, formylation, and acylation of α‐lithioalkenylsulfoximines, and 4) addition of Grignard reagents to α‐formyl(acyl)alkenylsulfoximines. The sulfoximine group provided for high asymmetric induction in steps 1) and 4). RCDEM of the sulfoximine‐substituted trienes with the second‐generation Ru catalyst stereoselectively afforded the corresponding functionalized 7–11‐membered carbocyles. RCDEM of diastereomeric silyloxy‐substituted 1,6,12‐trienes revealed an interesting difference in reactivity. While the (R)‐diastereomer gave the 11‐membered carbocyle, the (S)‐diastereomer delivered in a cascade of cross metathesis and RCDEM 22‐membered macrocycles. RCDEM of cyclic trienes furnished bicyclic carbocycles with a bicyclo[7.4.0]tridecane and bicyclo[9.4.0]pentadecane skeleton. Selective transformations of the sulfoximine‐ and bissilyloxy‐substituted carbocycles were performed including deprotection, cross‐coupling reaction and reduction of the sulfoximine moiety. Esterification of a sulfoximine‐substituted homoallylic alcohol with unsaturated carboxylic acids gave the O‐tethered trienes, RCDEM of which yielded the sulfoximine‐substituted 9–11‐membered lactones. RCEYM of a sulfoximine‐substituted 1,7‐dien‐10‐yne showed an unprecedented dichotomy in ring formation depending on the Ru catalyst. While the second‐generation Ru catalyst gave the 9‐membered exo 1,3‐dienyl carbocycle, the first‐generation Ru catalyst furnished a truncated 9‐membered 1,3‐dieny carbocycle having one CH₂ unit less than the dienyne.     

Quantum chemical study on enantioselective reduction of keto oxime ether with borane catalyzed by oxazaborolidine. Part 1. Structures of catalyst–borane–keto oxime ether adducts

In the present work, quantum chemical computations of the enantioselective reduction of keto oxime ether with borane catalyzed by chiral oxazaborolidine are performed by means of the Hartree–Fock and the density functional methods. The structures of oxazaborolidine, oxazaborolidine–borane adduct, and oxazaborolidine–borane–keto oxime ether adducts are optimized completely at the HF/6‐31g* and B3LYP/6‐31g* levels and their properties studied in detail. The oxazaborolidine catalyst is a twisted chair structure and reacts with borane at the nitrogen site of the catalyst to form the catalyst–borane adduct whose formation reaction is exothermic. The catalyst–borane adduct reacts easily with keto oxime ether to form catalyst–borane–keto oxime ether adducts that have eight stable structures. The coordination of the carbonyl oxygen in keto oxime ether at the boron site of the catalyst is of more advantage to the enantioselective reduction of keto oxime ether than the coordination of the oxime nitrogen in the keto oxime ether at the boron site is. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 81: 291–304, 2001     

GIAO,DFT, AIM and NBO analysis of the N?H···O intramolecular hydrogen‐bond influence on the 1J(N,H) coupling constant in push–pull diaminoenones

In the series of diaminoenones, large high‐frequency shifts of the ¹H NMR of the N? H group in the cis‐position relative to the carbonyl group suggests strong N? H···O intramolecular hydrogen bonding comprising a six‐membered chelate ring. The N? H···O hydrogen bond causes an increase of the ¹J(N,H) coupling constant by 2–4 Hz and high‐frequency shift of the ¹⁵N signal by 9–10 ppm despite of the lengthening of the relevant N? H bond. These experimental trends are substantiated by gauge‐independent atomic orbital and density functional theory calculations of the shielding and coupling constants in the 3,3‐bis(isopropylamino)‐1‐(aryl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐one (12) for conformations with the Z‐ and E‐orientations of the carbonyl group relative to the N? H group. The effects of the N? H···O hydrogen‐bond on the NMR parameters are analyzed with the atoms‐in‐molecules (AIM) and natural bond orbital (NBO) methods. The AIM method indicates a weakening of the N? H···O hydrogen bond as compared with that of 1,1‐di(pyrrol‐2‐yl)‐2‐formylethene (13) where N? H···O hydrogen bridge establishes a seven‐membered chelate ring, and the corresponding ¹J(N,H) coupling constant decreases. The NBO method reveals that the LP(O) →σ*_{N? H} hyperconjugative interaction is weakened on going from the six‐membered chelate ring to the seven‐membered one due to a more bent hydrogen bond in the former case. A dominating effect of the N? H bond rehybridization, owing to an electrostatic term in the hydrogen bonding, seems to provide an increase of the ¹J(N,H) value as a consequence of the N? H···O hydrogen bonding in the studied diaminoenones. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Possible mechanism of BN fullerene formation from a boron cluster: Density‐functional tight‐binding molecular dynamics simulations

We simulate the formation of a BN fullerene from an amorphous B cluster at 2000 K by quantum mechanical molecular dynamics based on the density‐functional tight‐binding method. We run 30 trajectories 200 ps in length, where N atoms are supplied around the target cluster, which is initially an amorphous B₃₆ cluster. Most of the incident N atoms are promptly incorporated into the target cluster to form B‐N‐B bridges or NB₃ pyramidal local substructures. BN fullerene formation is initiated by alternating BN ring condensation. Spontaneous atomic rearrangement and N₂ dissociation lead to the construction of an sp² single‐shelled structure, during which the BN cluster undergoes a transition from a liquid‐like to a solid‐like state. Continual atomic rearrangement and sporadic N₂ dissociation decrease the number of defective rings in the BN cluster and increase the number of six‐membered rings, forming a more regular shell structure. The number of four‐membered rings tends to remain constant, and contributes to more ordered isolated‐tetragon‐rule ring placement. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Density functional computations of alkynylation of ethanimine catalyzed by chiral zinc(II)‐complexes

The alkynylation of ethanimine catalyzed by chiral zinc(II)‐complexes was studied by means of the density functional theory (DFT). All the intermediates and transition states were optimized completely at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p) level. Calculation results confirm that the alkynylation of ethanimine is exothermic and the total released energy is about ?13 kJ/mol. The formation of the catalyst–alkynyl complexes M4 is the rate‐determining step for this alkynylation, and the formation of the catalyst–amine complexes M5 is the chirality‐limiting step for this alkynylation. The transition states for the chirality‐limiting step have a H? O? Zn? C? C? N six‐membered ring. The dominant products predicted theoretically for this alkynylation are, respectively, S‐amine for ethanimine anti and R‐amine for ethanimine syn . © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008     

4,4,6,6‐Tetra­chloro‐2,2‐(ethyl­ene­di­oxy­di‐o‐phenyl­enedi­imino)‐2λ5,4λ5,6λ5‐cyclo­triphosphazene

The title ligand, C₁₄H₁₄Cl₄N₅O₂P₃, is a cyclo­phosphazene lariat (PNP pivot) ether with a spiro‐cyclic 11‐membered macrocyclic ring containing two ether O and two N atoms; the phosphazene ring is nearly planar. The macrocyclic ring contains a four‐centred (trifurcate) N—H⋯O/N—H⋯N hydrogen bond, and the relative inner‐hole size of the macrocycle is ∼1.14 Å in radius. The mol­ecules are linked about inversion centres by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds into centrosymmetric dimers.     

Theoretical studies on the structures and isomerization of methylene lithium‐chlorosilylenoid H2CSiLiCl

The methylene lithium‐chlorosilylenoid H₂C?SiLiCl was studied with ab initio calculations at the G2(MP2) level. Its four equilibrium structures, p‐complex, three‐membered ring, σ complex and silene, and three isomerization transition states were located. The calculations show that the nonplanar p‐complex structure is the lowest in energy among four equilibrium structures of H₂C?SiLiCl and should be experimentally detectable. The silene and σ complex structures with high energies are unstable and easy to isomerize to the most stable p‐complex structure via three‐membered ring one. Also, the geometric characteristics and bonding properties of various structures were analyzed and discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2002     

4,4,6,6‐Tetra­chloro‐2,2‐(propyl­ene­dioxy­di‐o‐phenyl­enedi­imino)‐2λ5,4λ5,6λ5‐cyclotriphosphazene

The title compound, C₁₅H₁₆Cl₄N₅O₂P₃, is a cyclo­phosphazenic lariat (PNP‐pivot) ether with a spiro‐cyclic 12‐membered macrocyclic ligand containing two ether O and two N atoms; the phosphazene ring is nearly planar. In the macrocyclic ring, there is a four‐center (trifurcate) N—H⋯O/N—H⋯N hydrogen bond. The relative inner‐hole size of the macrocycle is estimated as approximately 0.95 Å.     

An Alternative Method for the Preparation of Diphenylboron Chelates. The Crystal and Molecular Structures of (Pyridine‐2‐acetyloximato)diphenylboron and (1‐Phenylazo‐2‐naphtholato)diphenylboron

A convenient method for the preparation of diphenylboron chelates from ammonium tetraphenylborate is described. A variety of five‐ or six‐membered O,O‐, N,O‐ and N,N‐chelates were obtained in yields from 60 to 90 %. The isolated compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C, and ¹¹B). The crystal and molecular structures of (pyridine‐2‐acetyloximato)diphenylboron and (1‐phenylazo‐2‐naphtholato)diphenylboron were determined by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals.     

Insight into Oxide‐Bridged Heterobimetallic Al/Zr Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

Reaction of (TBBP)AlMe ? THF with [Cp*₂Zr(Me)OH] gave [(TBBP)Al(THF)?O?Zr(Me)Cp*₂] (TBBP=3,3’,5,5’‐tetra‐tBu‐2,2'‐biphenolato). Reaction of [DIPPnacnacAl(Me)?O?Zr(Me)Cp₂] with [PhMe₂NH]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]^? gave a cationic Al/Zr complex that could be structurally characterized as its THF adduct [(DIPPnacnac)Al(Me)?O?Zr(THF)Cp₂]⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]^? (DIPPnacnac=HC[(Me)C=N(2,6‐iPr₂?C₆H₃)]₂). The first complex polymerizes ethene in the presence of an alkylaluminum scavenger but in the absence of methylalumoxane (MAO). The adduct cation is inactive under these conditions. Theoretical calculations show very high energy barriers (ΔG=40–47 kcal mol^?1) for ethene insertion with a bridged AlOZr catalyst. This is due to an unfavorable six‐membered‐ring transition state, in which the methyl group bridges the metal and ethene with an obtuse metal‐Me‐C angle that prevents synchronized bond‐breaking and making. A more‐likely pathway is dissociation of the Al‐O‐Zr complex into an aluminate and the active polymerization catalyst [Cp*₂ZrMe]⁺.     

(2‐Amino­ethoxy)­bis(2‐thienyl)­boron

In the five‐membered ring in the title compound, (2‐amino­ethoxy)­bis(2‐thienyl)­boron, C₁₀H₁₂BNOS_2, the B atom is four‐coordinate with dimensions N—B 1.654 (3), O—B 1.479 (3), and C—B 1.606 (3) and 1.609 (3) Å. An intermolecular hydrogen bond between an amino H atom and the ethoxy O atom links the mol­ecules into infinite chains along the a axis. Only one of the two amino H atoms is involved in hydrogen bonding because there is only the one acceptor atom, the ethoxy O atom, and the molecular geometry precludes formation of a second hydrogen bond by the second amino H atom.