Bilayer inverse opal TiO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells via post-treatment

We investigated the formation of bilayer inverse opal TiO(2) (io-TiO(2)) structures via post-treatment with a TiO(2) precursor solution and characterized the photovoltaic performances of the resulting electrodes for use in dye-sensitized solar cells. The post-treatment of TiO(2) inverse opals in a precursor solution grew rutile TiO(2) nanoparticles on anatase crystalline phase io-TiO(2) surfaces, resulting in anatase/rutile bilayer structures. We achieved a maximum photovoltaic conversion efficiency of 4.6% using a 25 μm thick electrode formed with the post-treated io-TiO(2) under simulated AM 1.5 light. This efficiency represents a 183% improvement over the non-post-treated io-TiO(2) electrodes. The shell thickness was controlled by the post-treatment time. The effects of shell thickness on photovoltaic performance were investigated by measuring the morphologies and electrochemical impedance of the post-treated io-TiO(2). We found that post-treatment up to a certain period of time increased the surface area and electron lifetime, but further treatment resulted in decreased area and saturated lifetimes. The optimal post-treatment time was identified, and the optimal io-TiO(2) electrodes were characterized.     

Impact of the post-treatment conditions of parent silica on the silanization of n-octadecyl bonded silica packings in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Native mesoporous silica beads were subjected to a sequence of post-treatment procedure including hydrochloric acid treatment, calcination and subsequent rehydroxylation. The post-treated silica beads were converted into RP-18 silica by silanization with monochloro- and dimethoxy-n-octadecylsilanes, respectively. The influence of post-treatments and silanization conditions on the physico–chemical characteristics and on the chromatographic behaviour of the RP-silicas was studied. Also the changes of the pore structural parameters and the silanol group densities during the post-treatment and silanization were assessed.     

不锈钢过钝化和后处理研究

在载波钝化膜研究中,我们注意到能使钝化膜稳定性显著提高的载波幅值正半周都进入到不锈钢过钝化区中,因而推断在过钝化区生成的过钝化膜在低电位区自然状态下的稳定性也可能会有所提高。本文报道对过钝化膜的进一步研究。     

Effects of hydrothermal post-treatment on microstructures and morphology of titanate nanoribbons

Titanate nanoribbons were prepared via a hydrothermal treatment of rutile-type TiO₂ powders in a 10 M NaOH solution at 200 °C for 48 h. The as-prepared titanate nanoribbons were then hydrothermally post-treated at 150 °C for 12-36 h. The titanate nanoribbons before and after hydrothermal post-treatment were characterized with FESEM, XRD, TEM, UV-VIS and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. The results showed that the hydrothermal post-treatment not only promoted the phase transformation from titanate to anatase TiO₂, but also was beneficial to the removal of Na⁺ ions remained in the titanate nanoribbons. After hydrothermal post-treatment, the TiO₂ samples retained the one-dimensional structure feature of the titanate nanoribbons and showed an obvious increase in the specific surface area and the pore volume.     

载波钝化和钼酸盐后处理对不锈钢钝化膜性能的影响

一般认为交流电对金属的腐蚀过程具有加速作用,但我们发现,在直流电位基础上叠加适当波形、幅值和频率的交流电对不锈钢进行载波钝化,尔后再进行适当后处理可使钝化膜的稳定性提高,我们曾就不经后处理的载波钝化过程进行过探讨,本文着重探讨钼酸盐后处理对载波钝化膜表面状态和化学稳定性改善的作用机理。     

Structure and microporous formation of cellulose/silk fibroin blend membranes: Part II. Effect of post-treatment by alkali

Blend membranes (RCF1) were prepared from mixture solution of cellulose and silk fibroin (SF) in cuoxam by coagulating with acetone–acetic acid (4:1 by volume). The blend membranes were subjected to post-treatment with 10% NaOH aqueous solution, and their structure and properties were characterized by FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, DSC, SEM and DMTA. In previous work, cellulose/SF blend membranes (RCF2) prepared by coagulating with 10% NaOH aqueous solution formed a microporous structure, in which the SF as a pore former was almost completely removed from the membrane. However, when the blend membranes RCF1 were immersed in 10% NaOH aqueous solution for post-treatment, a strong hydrogen bonding between cellulose and SF inhibited the removal of SF. Although alkali is a good solvent for SF, the blend membranes RCF1 such obtained from cellulose and SF were alkali resistant. The crystallinity and the mean pore size of the blend membranes slightly decreased with increasing post-treatment time. This work provided a cellulose/silk blend membrane, which can be used under alkaline medium.     

Stabilization of cobalt oxyhydrate superconductor

Stabilization of cobalt oxyhydrate superconductor was realized by post-treatment of the as-prepared superconductor in concentrated NaOH solution; this finding is expected to promote future experimental research on the intriguing material.     

Direct demonstration of enhanced diffusion in mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite obtained via controlled desilication

A 2 orders of magnitude gas transport improvement in a medium pore ZSM-5 zeolite has been achieved upon introduction of intracrystalline mesoporosity in gradient-free crystals by desilication post-treatment in alkaline medium.     

Observing Defect Passivation of the Grain Boundary with 2-Aminoterephthalic Acid for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), with their exceptional properties, show promise as photoelectric converters. However, defects in the perovskite layer, particularly at the grain boundaries (GBs), seriously restrict the performance and stability of PSCs. Now, a simple post-treatment procedure involves applying 2-aminoterephthalic acid to the perovskite to produce efficient and stable PSCs. By optimizing the post-treatment conditions, we created a device that achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 21.09 % and demonstrated improved stability. This improvement was attributed to the fact that the 2-aminoterephthalic acid acted as a cross-linking agent that inhibited the migration of ions and passivated the trap states at GBs. These findings provide a potential strategy for designing efficient and stable PSCs regarding the aspects of defect passivation and crystal growth.     

Novel preparation of nanocrystalline magnesia-supported caesium-promoted ruthenium catalyst with high activity for ammonia synthesis

A caesium-promoted ruthenium catalyst supported on nanocrystalline magnesia with high activity for ammonia synthesis was conveniently prepared by using hydrated ruthenium trichloride and hexahydrate magnesium nitrate as precursors, whereas dechlorination post-treatment and ready-made magnesia were not necessary.     

Mathematical models of additional purification of sewage (in a form of pulp) on heavy metals using hydrophytes

Mathematical models of the of industrial waste water post-treatment with higher aquatic vegetation in the course of mineral raw materials processing are presented; the method allows the extraction of pollutants to meet the level required by the standard indicators.     

Influence of steaming pressure on steam explosion pretreatment of Lespedeza stalks (Lespedeza crytobotrya): Part 1. Characteristics of degraded cellulose

A two-step process based on steam explosion pretreatment followed by alkaline ethanol solution post-treatment was used to fractionate Lespedeza stalks (Lespedeza cyrtobotrya). Steam explosion pretreatment, under at 15 kg/m² to 25 kg/m² for 4 min, followed by post-treatment with 60% aqueous ethanol containing 1% NaOH yielded 49.6–65.5% (% dry matter) cellulose rich fractions, compared to 68.6% from non-pretreated material. It was found that the content of glucose was gradually increased from 73.7 to 86.9% as the result of elevating steaming pressure, but the solubilisation of lignin maintained the same level (about 10–11%) regardless of the severity. The average degree of polymerization increased first and then decreased, revealing that autohydrolysis reactions were dominant in different regions during the steam explosion. Scanning electron microscopy images of the cellulosic residues show that steam explosion mainly resulted in breakage of the fibres, and extraction post-treatment led to solution of lignin (and hemicelluloses) and significant defibrillation. The increase of onset degradation temperature, together with the higher pyrolysis residues suggest that the thermal stability of cellulose rich fractions was increased by steam explosion and elevated steaming pressure. All the rich-in-cellulose fractions were further characterized by FT-IR, XRD, and CP/MAS ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

Effect of H2SO4 Solution Treatment on Adhesion,Charge Transfer,and Catalytic Performance of Screen-Printed PEDOT:PSS

Post-treatment was performed for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films screen-printed on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates, to improve their charge transfer efficiency. Different H₂SO₄ solutions, including concentrated H₂SO₄ and H₂SO₄ diluted with H₂O or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were adopted during the post-treatment. The adhesion of the as-treated films was evaluated by adhesive tape peeling tests, the surface morphology and vertical charge transfer from the films to the substrates were investigated by current-sensing atomic force microscopy, and the catalytic activities toward I₃⁻ reduction of PEDOT:PSS films were characterized by electrochemical measurements. It is discovered that selecting proper H₂SO₄ solutions is crucial to improve the charge transfer efficiency and catalytic performance while maintaining reliable adhesion of the film on the substrates, with H₂SO₄/DMSO performing best as the solution for post-treatment. A mechanistic explanationis proposed based on different interactions among solution, PEDOT:PSS, and the substrate for various post-treatment solutions.     

Tailoring Porosity and Titanium Species of TS-1 Zeolites via Organic Base-assisted Sequential Post-treatment

The exploration of high-efficient catalysts based on hierarchical Ti-containing zeolites with optimized active titanium species distribution is of great value in enhancing the epoxidation of bulky olefins. Herein, hierarchical TS-1(MFI) zeolite with an extra-large external surface area(210 m²/g) and highly active octahedral- coordinated Ti species was prepared via organic base-assisted sequential post-treatment. Such a catalyst afforded a high turnover number value(TON, 114) in 1-octene epoxidation reaction, which was over twice than that(53) of the untreated conventional microporous TS-1 parent. According to the detailed characterization results, we revealed the hierarchical porosity construction effect of tetrapropylamonium hydroxide(TPAOH) treatment(first step) and the octahedral-coordinated Ti species fabrication effect of ethylamine(EA) treatment(second step) under hydrothermal condition. Such a facile post-treatment strategy reported in this work may provide guidance for the rational synthesis of TS-1 zeolite with enhanced catalytic activity.     

Achieving 16.68% efficiency ternary as-cast organic solar cells

State-of-the-art organic solar cells(OSCs)often require the use of high-boiling point additive or post-treatment such as temperature annealing and solvent vapor annealing to achieve the best efficiency.However,additives are not desirable in largescale industrial printing process,while post-treatment also increases the production cost.In this article,we report highly efficient ternary OSCs based on PM6:BTP-Cl Br1:BTP-2O-4Cl-C12(weight ratio=1:1:0.2),with 16.68%power conversion efficiency(PCE)for as-cast device,relatively close to its annealed counterpart(17.19%).Apart from obvious energy tuning effect and complementary absorption spectra,the improved PCE of ternary device is mainly attributed to improved morphological properties including the more favorable materials miscibility,crystallinity,domain size and vertical phase separation,which endorse suppressed recombination.The result of this work provides understanding and guidance for high-performance as-cast OSCs through the ternary strategy.     

Exponentially growing layer-by-layer assembly to fabricate pH-responsive hierarchical nanoporous polymeric film and its superior controlled release performance

A hierarchical nanoporous polymer film was fabricated through exponentially growing layer-by-layer assembly of weak polyelectrolytes without any template and post-treatment to greatly enhance loading capacity, release time and linear release range with pH-dependence for small molecules over the reported weak polyelectrolyte films, providing great potentials in controlled drug release applications.     

A Model for Simultaneous Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation in the Case of Slow Reaction Rate

(Gd(x)Y(1-x))(2)O(3):Eu [x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0] phosphor particles with 6 at.% Eu dopant of total concentration were prepared using spray pyrolysis. The effects of composition on the morphology, crystallinity, and photoluminescence characteristics of composite particles were investigated. The morphological control of (Gd(x)Y(1-x))(2)O(3):Eu particles in spray pyrolysis was also attempted by using colloidal and aqueous solutions. The particles prepared from colloidal solutions containing small amounts of Gd or Y hydroxy carbonate sol as seed material had spherical and filled morphology after the post-treatment at high temperature. On the other hand, the (Gd(x)Y(1-x))(2)O(3):Eu particles prepared from aqueous solutions were hollow and porous after post-treatment in all compositions. Particles prepared from colloidal solutions had photoluminescence emission intensities higher than those of particles prepared from aqueous solutions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

无溶剂熔融辅助法合成SAPO-11及其在长链烷烃加氢异构反应的应用（英文）

长链正构烷烃加氢异构化是润滑油基础油生产的有效方法,可有效改善润滑油的低温物理化学性质.在具有酸位点的载体上负载具有加氢脱氢功能的贵金属制备双功能催化剂得到了广泛研究.SAPO-11分子筛具有一维的孔结构和适宜的酸度,在加氢异构反应中扮演着重要角色.根据加氢异构反应的孔口机理和锁钥机理,位于分子筛晶体外层附近的Bronsted酸位点,对正链烷烃碳骨架的异构化起主要作用.因此,优化分子筛载体的物理化学性质是提高加氢异构性能的关键.近年来,以酸或碱作为蚀刻剂的后处理方法已被广泛用于改变分子筛的物理化学性质.然而,目前的后处理方法主要涉及酸性或碱性水溶液,产生大量废水.此外,蚀刻溶液的使用也导致分子筛的低产率.鉴于此,我们提出了采用无溶剂熔融辅助合成法来处理SAPO-11分子筛,并将其应用于加氢异构反应.该方法以固体草酸作为蚀刻剂,通过与分子筛原粉机械搅拌混合均匀后,直接在水热反应釜中反应,处理过程不会有废水产生.本文以不同量的固体草酸处理原粉,处理得到的样品负载0.5 wt%Pt金属制备一系列贵金属/分子筛双功能催化剂,以正十二烷作为模型反应物,研究制备的催化剂在不同实验条件下的加氢异构化...     

Plasma deposition of silicon-containing layers on polymer substrates

Plasma-polymerized coatings have been deposited on polymer substrates using mixtures of silicon-containing monomers with O₂ and/or CF₄. With ternary gas mixtures, novel silicon oxyfluoride coatings were obtained. By oxygen plasma post-treatment, improvements in barrier properties of polymer substrates to gases were observed.     

Thiosteroids in sewage sludge and its post-treatment products

Different sulphur compound derivatives from steroids were detected and quantified in the analysis of the lipidic fraction of sewage sludge and its post-treatment products, including thermally dried sludge and compost. Some steroid thiols: 5α-cholestane-3β-thiol, 24-methyl-5α-cholestane-3β-thiol and 24-ethyl-5α-cholestane-3β-thiol were detected in the gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) analysis. These three compounds, related to the thiostanol family, have only been encountered in previous studies in sea sediments. Gas chromatography with sulphur-selective flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) was used with the objective of detecting other related compounds in sludge. It allowed the detection of other compounds, whose mass spectra could correspond with the one of the steroid enethiols. The research focused on detecting the formation point of these sulphur compounds in the sludge treatment process, as well as their biodegradation resistance in the post-treatment processes. The amount of these products in the sludge was quantified using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The result of this study confirms that the identified compounds are not easily biodegradable.