三维漫射光谱法检测猪肉嫩度的初步研究

猪肉是光的强散射物质,嫩度是评价猪肉品质优劣的重要标准之一,提出一种基于三维漫射光谱法的猪肉嫩度检测方式。将猪肉样本更多的散射信息引入光谱分析中。利用实验室搭建的数据采集系统,通过采集距光源入射点不同距离处的样本漫反射光信号构建了64个猪肉样本的三维漫射光谱。经过小波消噪处理后,利用多维偏最小二乘法(NPLS)建立了三维漫射光谱与猪肉嫩度之间的分析模型,模型的校正决定系数R2_Cal是0.883 1,校正标准差RMSEC是3.685 0N,预测决定系数R2_Pred是0.874 7,预测标准差RMSEP是3.9756N。实验结果表明, 与常规的漫反射光谱法相比,三维漫射光谱法所建立的猪肉嫩度NPLS模型具有更高的校正精度和预测稳健性,有望为猪肉嫩度及其他品质的快速检测提供一种新的途径。     

生物组织光传播的时域特征分析

采用蒙特卡罗方法对脉冲光在组织中传播的时域特征作了研究，并把计算结果与漫射理论的解析解作了比较，文中详细分析了组织光学特性参数与组织表面时间分辨的漫反射光分布之间的关系。结果表明：散射系影响着漫反射光强到达峰值的时间，吸收系数影响着漫反射光强在峰值之后随时间下降的速度，而ｇ因子对响应曲线的前沿影响较大，在后沿阶段基本上没有影响。     

基于多光谱漫反射的牛肉品质参数检测方法研究

为了满足生鲜肉品质参数无损检测领域,对轻便式、低成本设备的开发需求,提出一种基于多光谱漫反射技术的生鲜肉品质检测方法。首先根据漫反射近似理论,结合牛肉样品散射系数、吸收系数及折射率等参数,在无线细垂直光束的蒙特卡洛仿真的基础上,对具有一定发散角度LED光源进行了初始化的校正,分别从光源照射位置概率分布、不同角度的照射概率分布、仰角、方向角的概率分布、不同角度光线入射样品时反射引起能量损失及对光子权重的影响,得到在LED光源发散角情况下,不同源探距下的漫反射率与检测深度,确定了光源与检测器之间的最佳距离为15 mm,然后根据此距离,搭建了多光谱漫反射检测平台,检测平台由8组中心波长为470,535,575,610,650,720,780和960 nm的LED光源组成,与所要检测的生鲜牛肉品质参数相对应。同时利用LED光源的发散角,确定了光源到样品表面的垂直距离与每个光源的安装位置,保证光源照射到样品的区域是均匀的。样品的漫射光强经由信号采集与放大电路的处理后传至上位机,并在上位机完成建模与分析。最后为验证该检测系统的性能,以生鲜牛肉新鲜度参数中的颜色(L*,a*,b*)与pH值为指标,利用60个样品进行了试验,分别得到8个光源下的原始光强值与校正后的反射率值,然后将牛肉样品按照3∶1比例分为校正集与预测集,针对原始光强值与反射率值,分别利用多元线性回归(multiple linear regression, MLR),偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression, PLSR)与偏最小二乘支持向量机回归(partial least-squares support vector machine, LS-SVM)三种方法,建立各个参数在原始光强与反射率数据两种情况下的预测模型,并得到最佳模型结果。结果表明,利用反射率数据建模结果均好于光强数据结果,其中参数L*,a*,b*的MLR建模结果优于PLSR与LS-SVR,其预测集相关系数分别为0.983 2,0.907 2及0.935 9,预测集误差分别为1.00,2.14及0.67。参数pH值的LS-SVR建模结果优于PLSR与MLR,其预测集相关系数为0.942 0,误差为0.19。最后利用未参与试验的20块牛肉样品对模型进行了验证,颜色L*,a*,b*及pH参数的预测值与实测值的相关系数均大于0.85,结果证明,利用多光谱漫反射技术以及所搭建的多光谱漫反射检测系统对生鲜牛肉品质参数检测是可行的,该方法能够为设计便携式或微型化生鲜牛肉品质的无损检测仪器提供参考与依据。     

Determination of optical parameters of pulp suspensions by time-resolved detection of photoacoustic signals and total diffuse reflectance measurements

Time-resolved photoacoustics were used to measure the optical parameters of pulp suspensions for the first time. Reconstructing stress distribution along the direction of the incident laser light allows the effective attenuation coefficient of these suspensions to be determined. Simultaneously, the total diffuse reflectance of the suspensions was measured by the same laser source. Based on the effective attenuation coefficient and total diffuse reflectance, the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of pulp suspensions can be calculated. In this study, three kinds of pulp suspensions with different kappa number (2, 13, and 16), a measure of lignin content in pulp fibers, were diluted with water to make samples with a consistency range from 1% to 5%, and studied at 355 nm wavelength. The results showed that the optical coefficients were approximately proportional to pulp consistency; on the other hand, the absorption coefficient was linearly correlated with kappa number, but the reduced scattering coefficient was not. Therefore, by determining its optical parameters, it is possible to extract the consistency and kappa number of an unknown pulp suspension.     

内混合气溶胶粒子体系有效吸收系数的计算

分析了以黑碳和水组成的内混合强吸收气溶胶粒子体系有效吸收系数随时间变化的规律,并讨论了不同波长、不同半径比等对有效吸收系数的影响。结果表明：波长越短,内混合气溶胶粒子体系有效吸收系数越大,在1~100 s内随时间增大的速度也越快,1~100 s内的增幅比100~1000 s内的大,最大增幅达到132.65%;不同的内外半径比对内混合气溶胶粒子体系的有效吸收系数有较大影响,内外半径比越大,有效吸收系数越大,在1~100 s有效吸收系数增加速度越快,1~100 s内增幅较大,最大增幅达到138.66%。     

Features of radiation-induced changes in the diffuse reflectance spectra of modified titanium-dioxide powders

Changes in the diffuse reflectance spectra of titanium-dioxide micropowders (initial, modified by nanoparticles, treated with oxidants such as potassium peroxoborate and sodium peroxide, or ultraviolet irradiated in an oxygen atmosphere) in the range 0.3–2.1 μm after irradiation with ultraviolet light, electrons, or protons are analyzed. The general and distinctive features of changes in the spectra in the visible and near infrared regions are revealed and an explanation of the obtained data is proposed.     

用双点源δ-P1近似光学模型反演生物组织的光学参量

根据空间分辨漫反射的双点源δ-P₁近似理论模型,采用非线性最小二乘法,从反射率的测量数据中反演得到了生物组织的吸收系数μ_a、有效散射系数μ' _s和二阶参量γ.研究表明,在光源与探测器之间距离大于一个输运平均自由程的情况下,双点源δ-P₁近似能较好地描述光源附近的光辐射分布,而且能够根据参量γ与μ' _s的关系得到组织的各向异性因子g.这些研究对于生物组织的光学性质测量以及漫反射光谱技术的应用具有重要意义. 关键词： 组织光学 P₁近似')" href="#">δ-P₁近似 光学参量 双点源     

椎弓根钉植入针道上骨组织光谱特性研究

运用光谱技术研究了椎骨组织不同位置的特征识别因子.光谱采集系统由双光纤手钻一体式探头(光纤芯径200μm,中心距离0.5mm)、卤素光源(波长360～2 000nm)、光纤光谱仪(检测波长为200～1 100nm)和计算机组成,可以同时获得生物组织的漫反射光谱和约化散射系数.以猪椎骨为实验对象,测量椎弓根螺钉植入针道上不同骨组织的漫反射光谱和约化散射系数,并对光谱进行特定波长的峰值、面积、斜率分析,获得特性识别因子.研究发现,椎弓根钉植入针道上不同骨组织的光谱表现出不同的变化特性.其中峰值的变化比约化散射系数的变化高1.88倍,面积的变化比约化散射系数的变化高2.05倍.在495～505nm处,骨密质和骨疏质的光谱斜率都为正值;在520～535nm处,骨密质光谱的斜率为正值,而骨疏质光谱的斜率为负值.结果表明,通过光谱特性分析获得的峰值、面积和斜率因子能够有效地区分针道上骨密质与骨疏质的差异.     

Study of the relationship between particle sizes of polymer powders and their radiative properties

The reflectance of a surface considered as smooth relative to the wavelength mainly consists of a specular component while for a rough surface, the reflectance is composed of both specular and diffuse (or volume) components, their relative importance depending on the nature of the reflecting material. The present samples consist of polypropylene powders and the influence of particle size on total and diffuse reflectance is discussed over two wavelength ranges: 0.25–2.5 and 2.5–15.5 μm. The results of this study indicate firstly, that in the first wavelength range, the areas of the absorbance peaks increase while they decrease for the other wavelength range with particle size and secondly, that the reflectance values calculated for the wavelength range 0.25–2.5 μm, with respect to a blackbody at 5800 K, vary with particle size.     

Light absorption by ordered planar structure of crystalline silicon particles: Simulation as applied to enhancement of the solar cell performance

Light absorption by a single spherical crystalline silicon (c-Si) particle and by monolayers of submicron c-Si particles arranged in triangular lattice is examined within the wavelength range from 0.28 to 1.12 μm. Data for spectral and integrated (over the terrestrial solar spectral irradiance “Global tilt” ASTM G173-03) absorption coefficients of monolayer demonstrating the possibility to enhance light absorption by a particulate active layer of crystalline silicon are presented. They are calculated in the quasicrystalline approximation of the theory of multiple scattering of waves. It is shown that in the narrow wavelength intervals (up to 10 nm) the spectral absorption coefficient of monolayer can be more than 100 times larger than the one of the plane-parallel plate of equal volume of material. Some results on the transmittance and reflectance of partially ordered monolayer are presented as well. The potentialities of light absorption enhancement in a single monolayer and three-monolayer system are considered.     

基于漫反射光谱的组织光学参数测量系统与方法研究

在体组织光学参数测量是生物医学光子学研究重点,不仅为人体成分无创检测、光学成像、光动力疗法等研究提供基础,并且可以快速获取人体光学参数变化,为临床诊断提供依据。研究了利用单一源探距离漫反射光谱在体测量光学参数的测量系统与反构方法。漫反射光谱测量系统由宽谱光源、高分辨光纤光谱仪及光纤探头组成,结构简单,测量方便,可准确快速测量样品漫反射光谱。在光纤探头几何形状基础上,研究了光纤收集及系统传递函数,在此基础上对反构算法进行了校正。光学参数反构算法中正向模型基于Monte Carlo以及神经网络方法,适用光学参数范围大,计算速度快;逆向算法采用主成分分析与非线性建模拟合相结合的方法,可抑制测量噪声影响。在测量系统及反构算法基础上,进行了组织仿体光学参数测量实验,结果表明,利用单一源探距离下漫反射谱,可以较为准确获取吸收系数以及约化散射系数,均方根误差分别达到4.58%以及7.92%。为保证系统测量准确性,测量波长范围应覆盖样品中所含吸收物质吸收峰范围。所研究的在体组织光学参数测量方法为人体成分无创检测及测量条件变化获取提供了基础。     

Determination of the coefficient of diffuse scattering for a medium of variable reflection coefficient

The single-scattering approximation is applied to give the coefficient of diffuse scattering for a set of plane-parallel layers of variable reflection coefficient.     

The composition and optical absorption coefficient of atmospheric particulate matter

The optical absorption spectra of atmospheric dust as determined by transmission and diffuse reflectance spectroscopic methods is discussed in the 0.4 to 40 um wavelength range. Quantitative measurements are presented which show the imaginary refractive index to be about 0.007i, with little wavelength dependence, in the 0.4 to 1.3 μm spectral interval. The absorption coefficients of individual materials found in atmospheric dust are also given. This work suggests that atmospheric dust may be composed mainly of weakly absorbing particles contaminated with small amounts of very strongly absorbing materials such as free carbon. The implications of this are discussed from the point of view of laser beam attenuation and lidar return signals. Mie theory computations for ruby lidar wavelengths are shown which suggest that for some models of atmospheric dust, the concept of an average imaginary refractive index may be misleading. Thus, it may be necessary to consider the individual complex refractive indices and size distributions of more than one constituent material present in the dust. This implies that anthropogenic contributions to the atmospheric aerosol, such as free carbon and other strong absorbers, may be of greater optical significance than their relative concentrations might indicate.     

基于多波段漫反射光谱古陶瓷窑口无损鉴定

古陶瓷是历史的遗存, 具有不可再生性，因而理想的古陶瓷分析技术应该是无损的。为客观、有效地对古陶瓷窑口进行无损鉴定，提出了一种基于紫外、可见光和近红外的多波段漫反射光谱无损鉴定方法。针对传统单一波段古陶瓷窑口鉴定对目标特征描述不足的问题，即在可见光波段区域，漫反射光谱数据可反映古陶瓷的颜色特征，但在同一窑口烧制的陶瓷也会有不同的颜色属性，仅仅根据可见光波段的漫反射反射率来鉴定窑口来源是不合理的，在紫外与近红外波段，古陶瓷内部分子与此波段光发生作用后的漫反射光谱数据，可反映古陶瓷携带的丰富样品结构和物质属性信息，结合紫外与近红外光谱漫反射光谱数据可有效提高特征的表达，因此提出利用紫外、可见光和近红外的多波段特征提取方法。在实验过程中，基于多波段线性特征融合窑口平均鉴定准确率为92.9%，相比于单波段的窑口鉴定平均准确率91.1%提高了1.8%，实验结果验证了所提多波段方法相对单波段方法的有效性；在特征提取过程中，常用小波变换对光谱信号进行处理，但由于古陶瓷漫反射光谱波信号在紫外、可见光与近红外波段形波动大，频率变化大，因此，在小波基的选取上存在很大困难，提出利用自适应时频分析特征提取方法，其特点是可自适应分配不同频率子波本征模态函数，通过选择合适的本征模态函数来提取古陶瓷不同波段的光谱特征，但在分解过程中存在过分解现象，即虚假的本征模态函数，将所有样本与分解的本征模态函数的平均相关系数和平均方差贡献率作为选择本征模态函数的标准，实验结果表明，随着分解阶次的递增平均相关系数和平均方差贡献率递减，当分解阶次为4时，相关系数和方差贡献率都为0.30，但当分解阶次为5时，相关系数和方差贡献率仅为0.15和0.18，因此选择4阶分解，用于不同波段的特征提取；所提取的特征给与分类器进行分类时，不同波段的特征对分类的准确率贡献不同，因此在此基础上，计算不同光谱特征的散布矩阵，利用类内与类间散布矩阵的迹，计算特征融合时不同波段特征的权重，自适应分配权重并进行非线性特征融合，权重越大，表明该类特征对鉴别的贡献越大，非线性特征融合时，平均鉴定准确率为94.5%，相比于线性特征融合鉴定平均准确率92.9%提高了1.6%；其中分类器采用k最近邻分类器对来自不同窑口的古陶瓷进行无损分类识别。通过客观定量地将该方法与同类方法进行对比，朱旭峰等利用非线性特征融合方法，窑口平均鉴定准确率为86.97%，该方法比其高7.53%。刘峰等采用基于协方差阵进行特征级融合多波段方法，窑口平均鉴定准确率为89.63%，该方法比其高4.87%。实验结果表明所提方法有效、可行，可作为古陶瓷窑口鉴定的有效辅助鉴定方法。     

Comment on "Resolving the wave vector and the refractive index from the coefficient of reflectance"

In a recent Letter, the reflectance coefficient was used to resolve the sign choice of the wave vector and refractive index in active media. We argue that such a coefficient loses its physical meaning for active media (at real frequencies) when the field amplification is limited only by gain saturation. In this case, the amplitude reflectance coefficient leads to fictitious noncausal reflected fields when the backward Fourier transform is used.     

Brewster’s angle method for absorption coefficient measurement of high-resistivity silicon based on CW THz laser

A simple method for measuring the absorption coefficient of low absorbing materials using CW THz laser was put forward. The method was based on transmittance measurements at the Brewster’s angle for p-polarized light, where the reflectance would be minimal, so interference caused by multiple reflections in the sample would be eliminated. Numerical simulations were carried out to evaluate errors in the proposed method. An experiment was also made to measure the absorption coefficient of high-resistivity Czochralski silicon at 118.83 μm by the method. Based on CW THz laser, the method offers a convenient way to measure the material absorption coefficient and has a low cost, so it shows promising application prospects.     

Method for measuring the diffusion coefficient of homogeneous and layered media

A method for measuring the diffusion coefficient of homogeneous and layered media, based on multidistance measurements of time-resolved reflectance, is proposed. The diffusion coefficient is retrieved from the logarithm between two measurements of reflectance at two different distances. The proposed procedure is simpler than others usually employed and also provides a reliable criterion for retrieval of information on the layered structure of a diffusive medium.     

Bi-directional reflectance study on particulate layers: Effects of pore liquid absorption coefficient

We have made bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurements on particulate layers wetted by absorbing liquids. The measurement results indicate that the BRDF tends to become more Lambertian as the interstitial pore liquid becomes more absorbing. The directional hemispherical reflectance, or albedo, of such a layer decreases nonlinearly with a wetting liquid's absorption coefficient. This behavior may be fit by two empirical relationships which independently treat the reflectance from the front surface and reflectance from the bulk material.     

Maximum coefficient of light extinction in a nonabsorbing dispersive medium

The maximum value of the light extinction coefficient μ, which can be observed in a dispersive medium with a relative refractive index n of the scattering particles, is studied within the framework of a quasi-crystalline approximation for nonabsorbing dispersive media consisting of monodisperse spherical scatterers. A change in the diffraction parameter x of the scattering particles and their volume concentration c _v is accompanied by nonmonotonic variations of the extinction coefficient, and the function μ(x, c _v ) exhibits several maxima. The dimensions and concentrations of particles are determined, for which the extinction coefficient reaches the absolute maximum μ^max. The μ^max value exhibits a monotonic growth with increasing relative refractive index n of the scattering particles. The conditions of validity of the Ioffe-Regel criterion of radiation localization have been studied. It is established that the localization in nonabsorbing dispersive media can be observed only for n ? 2.7. The intervals of x and c _v in which the criterion of radiation localization is satisfied in dispersive media consisting of particles with n = 3.0 and 3.5 are determined.     

A simple method for determination of the reflection coefficient at the internal surfaces of turbid slabs

The total reflectance of a slab turbid material is measured with an integrating sphere. Each slab was measured with a glossy and diffusing (etched) rear surface, both with and without a fully reflecting pill placed behind it. Formulae derived show that the results, together with the refractive index, permit calculation of the reflectance of the parity diffuse radiation at the internal rear surface. The method is applied to human dental enamel.