Applications of Ionic Liquids in Whole-Cell and Isolated Enzyme Biocatalysis

Ionic liquids have unique chemical properties that have fascinated scientists in many fields. The effects of adding ionic liquids to biocatalysts are many and varied. The uses of ionic liquids in biocatalysis include improved separations and phase behaviour, reduction in toxicity, and stabilization of protein structures. As the ionic liquid state of the art has progressed, concepts of what can be achieved in biocatalysis using ionic liquids have evolved and more beneficial effects have been discovered. In this review ionic liquids for whole-cell and isolated enzyme biocatalysis will be discussed with an emphasis on the latest developments, and a look to the future.     

超临界CO2/离子液体体系

超临界CO2和离子液体是两种具有优异性能的绿色化学试剂,本文介绍了将两者结合反应,分离体系的物化性质和多种绿色化学过程。利用超临界CO2可以广泛地萃取离子液体中的不挥发性化合物而不导致离子液体及其中催化剂的流失,在加氢、醛化、甲酰化等反应,分离过程中的应用表明,过程具有很好的反应分离特性和环境友好性,应用前景广阔。     

手性离子液体的合成及其应用

近年来对离子液体的研究已取得了显著进展,并已在许多领域得到了广泛应用。手性离子液体(CILs)作为离子液体家族新成员,引起越来越多的兴趣。本文综述了手性离子液体的合成以及应用,并对以后的研究方向作了展望。     

咪唑类离子液体中的有机氧化反应

简要概括了离子液体的种类和特点,重点介绍了咪唑类离子液体中的Baeyer-Villiger、Corey-Chayk-ovsky、醇、芳香烃、烷烃及含硫化合物的氧化反应.指出作为新型绿色溶剂的离子液体具有许多独特的物理化学性质,在多个领域具有重要的应用价值.     

A novel family of green ionic liquids with surface activities

Ionic liquids have many unique properties as a new and remarkable class of environmental benign solvents,which promises widespread applications in industry and other areas. However,the ionic liq-uids with surface activity are rarely reported. In this work,a series of novel ionic liquids was synthe-sized by using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and alkyl bromide. The physical properties of this family of ionic liquids have been characterized,which shows that these compounds have ionic liquids characteristics,surface activity and biocompatibility.     

Ionic liquids in confined geometries

Over recent years the Surface Force Apparatus (SFA) has been used to carry out model experiments revealing structural and dynamic properties of ionic liquids confined to thin films. Understanding characteristics such as confinement induced ion layering and lubrication is of primary importance to many applications of ionic liquids, from energy devices to nanoparticle dispersion. This Perspective surveys and compares SFA results from several laboratories as well as simulations and other model experiments. A coherent picture is beginning to emerge of ionic liquids as nano-structured in pores and thin films, and possessing complex dynamic properties. The article covers structure, dynamics, and colloidal forces in confined ionic liquids; ionic liquids are revealed as a class of liquids with unique and useful confinement properties and pertinent future directions of research are highlighted.     

Task‐Specific Ionic Liquids

In recent years, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of many chemists as a result of their unique properties as solvents for chemical transformations. The focus of this Minireview is on applications of so‐called “task‐specific” ionic liquids, whereby the role of the ionic liquid goes beyond that of a solvent. Such ionic liquids find application in a wide range of areas, including catalysis, synthesis, gas absorption, and analysis.     

离子液体在生物工程方面的进展

离子液体具有不挥发性、非易燃性、离子电导率高、物化性能稳定、电化学窗口宽、结构多样性与可设计性等诸多优良特性,近年来已在电化学、生物、绿色化学等领域发挥着至关重要的作用。本文综述了离子液体在生物方面的一些应用：作为理想的载体将目标基因或者药物运送到靶细胞中达到治疗的目的;探究离子液体的毒性对生物体的影响从而达到杀灭癌细胞等特殊细胞或绿色降解的目的;利用其电催化活性好、灵敏度高等特性制成生物传感器用于电化学检测;将离子液体作为核酸分离的载体,使得核酸的分离的过程简化、效率提高。     

Recent progress in studies on polarity of ionic liquids

Although many ionic liquids have been reported, their polarity is not completely understood. Different empirical polarity scales for molecular solvents always lead to different polarity orders when they are applied on ionic liquids. Based on a literature survey, this review summarizes the recent polarity scales of ionic liquids according to the following 4 classes: (1) equilibrium and kinetic rate constants of chemical reactions; (2) empirical polar parameters of ionic liquids; (3) spectral properties of probe molecules; (4) multiparameter approaches. In addition, their interrelations are presented. A systematic understanding of the relationship between different polarity parameters of ionic liquids is of great importance for finding a universal set of parameters that can be used to predict the polarities of ionic liquids quantitatively. The potential utilization of the electron paramagnetic resonance in this field is also addressed.     

A comparative study of solvation dynamics in room-temperature ionic liquids

The solvation dynamics of ionic liquids have been the subject of many experimental and theoretical studies but remain poorly understood. We analyze these dynamics by modeling the time-resolved fluorescence response of coumarin 153 in two room-temperature ionic liquids: 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Our results demonstrate that phenomena such as electrostatic screening operate significantly differently in the two liquids, and the relative importance of translational and rovibrational components of the ionic response depends significantly on the character of the ions involved. However, collective motion dominates the response of both ionic liquids, and the qualitative features of this collective behavior are strikingly similar in both cases.     

Electrodeposition of Metals and Semiconductors in Air‐ and Water‐Stable Ionic Liquids

In addition to their stability, the advantages of air‐ and water‐stable ionic liquids over chloroaluminate ionic liquids, which were intensively investigated in the past, are that they are easy to dry, purify, and handle. Moreover, some of these ionic liquids have an extremely large electrochemical window of more than 5 V, and hence they give access to the electrodeposition of many metals and semiconductors, such as Ta, Ti, Si, and Ge. The results to date for the electrodeposition of metals and semiconductors in the most popular air‐ and water‐stable ionic liquids are presented.     

固定化离子液体在有机合成中的应用

固定化离子液体是将离子液体通过物理吸附或化学键合等方法与固载材料结合而成,不仅保持了离子液体稳定性好、挥发性低、结构可优化等特点,还提高了离子液体的催化活性和重复利用性。固定化离子液体广泛应用于缩合、偶联及不对称合成等反应中。本文介绍了固定化离子液体的制备、固载材料的分类、结合方式及固定化离子液体在有机合成中的应用进展。     

Methyltrioxorhenium-catalysed oxidation of secondary amines to nitrones in ionic liquids

Nitrones serve as starting materials for the synthesis of many heterocycles. Oxidation of secondary amines using hydrogen peroxide and the catalytic amount of methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids is a useful method for the preparation of nitrones. Ultrasonic irradiation and ionic liquids have a positive influence on the reaction. The nitrones required were isolated in good yields. Corresponding hydroxylamines, which can be easily oxidised to nitrones, often accompanied the main products. Methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids was re-used in several reaction cycles without any deteriorating effect on the course of the reaction.     

Reactivity of ionic liquids

Ionic liquids are becoming widely used in synthetic organic chemistry and yet relatively little attention has been paid to the intrinsic reactivity of these low temperature molten salts. Clues to the non-innocent nature of many ionic liquids are contained in the reports of altered reactivity of dissolved substrates, unexpected catalytic activity and unforeseen by-product formation. In this review, we focus on the reactivity of ionic liquids, as opposed to reactivity in ionic liquids (although discussion of the latter is often included where it aids understanding of the former).     

室温离子液体在聚合反应中的应用

室温离子液体作为一种环境友好的“绿色溶剂”,具有很多独特的物理化学性能,可以应用于自由基聚合、阳离子聚合、配位聚合、电化学聚合等反应体系。本文介绍了室温离子液体在上述反应中的应用。     

Surface chemistry of room-temperature ionic liquids

In many applications of room-temperature ionic liquids, it has been recognized that the interface is a vital component. In electrochemistry, for instance, the electron transfer is significant to the efficiency of the solar cell and is very much dependent on the behavior of a given interface. This review presents the current state of knowledge of room-temperature ionic liquids in contact with solids, liquids, and gas phases. Experimental and molecular modeling studies have been conducted to investigate the surface structure and composition of ions in pure ionic liquids. However, surface studies on these liquids are still in its infancy and as the range of the available surface techniques and systematic investigations are increased, our understanding will improve which will lead to advances on this field.     

离子液体在萃取分离中的应用研究进展

室温离子液体作为一种新型绿色溶剂,具有液程宽、几乎不挥发、溶解能力强及结构可调等独特的物理化学性质,近年来逐渐被人们认识了解,它在各个领域的应用也得到了初步的发展.本文重点概述了离子液体在萃取分离金属离子方面的研究进展,并对离子液体萃取分离有机物和生物分子的研究作了简要介绍.引用文献54篇.     

离子液体在分离领域的研究进展

室温离子液体,又称离子液体,是一种在室温及接近室温的环境中完全以离子状态存在的液态物质.由于其具有不可燃、蒸汽压极低、黏度大、导电性和溶解能力好、高温稳定等特点,已被广泛应用于有机合成、催化、电化学、分析化学等领域.本文侧重介绍离子液体在样品预处理、毛细管电泳、高效液相色谱、气相色谱、质谱等分离领域的最新研究进展,并对其发展方向进行了展望.     

一类新型二价离子液体的合成及其结构和性质关系的初步研究

设计合成了一类新型的二价离子液体, 并对其结构和性质之间的关系进行探讨.     

Ionic liquids as additives in high performance liquid chromatography: Analysis of amines and the interaction mechanism of ionic liquids

As novel solvents, ionic liquids have many applications in synthesis, catalysis and analytical separation, i.e. extraction and chromatography separation. In this paper, some amines including benzidine, benzylamine, N-ethylaniline and N,N′-dimethylaniline are separated using ionic liquids as additives for the mobile phase in high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The effects of the length of alkyl chain or counterions on different ionic liquids and their concentrations on the separation of these analytes are performed. The differences between ionic liquids and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBA) on the separation of o-, m-, p-phthalic acids are compared and the results show that ionic liquids are ion-pair reagents in essence, although their hydrophobicity and hydrogen bonding also play important roles.