BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ膜反应器还原侧表面反应机理

研究了BaCo0.7Fe0.2Nb0.1O3-δ(BCFN)透氧膜反应器还原侧表面反应机理, 分析了表面催化微粒及催化床对膜反应器的作用. 提出了“催化解离机制”是构成甲烷重整BCFN膜反应器透氧量上升的主要原因; CH4, H2及CO在BCFN膜表面的反应活性依次为H2>CO>CH4; 当CH4气氛中加入H2或CO时, BCFN膜表面的主要发生由CH4直接氧化转变H2或CO的氧化反应, 同时极大提升了BCFN膜反应器的透氧量; BCFN膜表面氧化反应为“晶格氧”氧化反应模式主导.     

Ce0.67Zr0.33O2对CH4燃烧催化剂Fe2O3/Al2O3的改性作用

固定n(Ce)/n(Zr)比为0.67/0.33,用共沉淀法制得一系列CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3固溶体.采用这些固溶体作载体,以Fe2O3为活性组分,用浸渍法制备了一系列催化剂.BET结果显示,将适量Ce0.67Zr0.33O2引入到Al2O3载体中有助于催化剂保持较高的比表面积.TPR结果显示,载体中引入适量的Ce0.67Zr0.33O2可以改善催化剂的氧化还原性能.XRD结果表明,Fe2O3在CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3载体上呈现出良好的分散状况,老化前后催化剂的晶相结构基本无明显变化.特别是当载体中m(Ce0.67Zr0.33O2)∶m(Al2O3)的值为1∶2时,Fe2O3/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷催化燃烧中显示出最佳的催化性能和抗高温老化性能.     

掺杂铁酸盐的制备、结构及其催化分解CO2成C的性能

采用混合离子共沉淀法制备掺杂铁酸盐,采用XRD,TGA和H2-TPR等手段对其结构进行了表征,并考察了其直接催化分解CO2成C的性能.研究结果表明,用混合离子共沉淀法能够制备出纳米级晶粒、且为单一尖晶石结构的Cr3+掺杂的NiFe2O4.所掺杂的Cr3+进入NiFe2O4的晶格B位,极大地促进了NiFe2O4在还原氧化过程中结构的稳定性,分解CO2反应后,NiFe2O4的结构易恢复,从而明显地提高了其分解CO2成C反应的循环寿命(35次以上)和积炭量(25.3%).     

预处理条件对Pt/Al2O3催化还原NO的活性影响

用溶胶-凝胶法制备Al2O3载体,浸渍法制备质量分数为0.5%的Pt/Al2O3催化剂.研究焙烧气氛和温度对选择性催化还原NO反应活性和Pt价态的影响.结果表明,H2焙烧的活性温度区间最宽,随着焙烧温度的升高,温度区间变化很小,523K下O2焙烧的催化剂活性最好,且活性区间向高温方向移动.活性现象用程序升温脱附实验(NO-TPD,NO-O2-TPD)进行了解释.XPS研究表明,523K下O2用焙烧Pt的主要价态是Pt2+,而523K下H2和N2焙烧Pt的主要价态为Pt0.     

CuO/TiO2/γ-Al2O3催化剂表征及对NO+CO反应性能研究

采用色谱-微反流动法反应装置考察了w%CuO/15%TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对NO+CO的反应活性;催化剂经空气氛或氢气氛预处理后,NO转化率达100%的反应温度分别是325和275 ℃;XRD仅能检测到γ-Al₂O₃晶相,负载15%CuO后可以检测到微弱的CuO晶相;H₂-TPR能检测到2个CuO的还原峰(α和β峰),将其归属于高度分散的CuO分别在裸露的γ-Al₂O₃和TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃载体上的还原;原位红外分析结果表明催化剂经空气氛或氢气氛预处理后,吸附NO+CO反应气后,反应的中间产物N₂O出现的温度分别为200和150 ℃。     

富锂掺杂Li1.06Co0.05Cr0.1Mn1.85O4的合成及电化学性能研究

锂离子电池具有比能量高、功率大、使用寿命长、无记忆效应、性能价格比高等优点,从而成为可充式电源的主要选择对象.锰由于资源丰富、价廉、环境友好等优点,使锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)成为最有希望取代钴酸锂的正极材料.但锰酸锂的放电容量相对较低,结构欠稳定,容量衰减严重,作为正极材料还无法与钴酸锂相比,近年来做了大量的研究工作以改善它的电化学性能[1～6].最近Youngjoon Shin等研究发现[7]用少量的Li与Ni共同替代LiMn2O4中的Mn得到的LiMn2-2yLiyNiyO4的电化学性能要优于单元素替代的LiMn2-xMxO4(M=Li,Cr,Fe,Co,Ni)的电化学性能.     

La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8的电化学性质及其在SOFC中的应用

采用凝胶浇注法制备具有较高氧离子电导率的固体电解质La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O2.8粉料.X射线衍射结果表明,于1400℃焙烧后即形成了钙钛矿结构,无杂相存在.探讨了粉料压制坯体的致密化和导电性能在1450℃下与烧结时间的关系,发现烧结时间为18h时其相对密度达98.3%,而在24h的情况下,样品具有最佳的氧离子导电性.采用Ni-Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9作为阳极,La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.6Ni0.4O2.7作为阴极,组装了平板型固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC).阳极和阴极分别通入含3%H2O的氢气和空气,750℃时的开路电压为1.04V,最大输出功率密度(P)达252mW/cm2(U=0.48V,J=525mA/cm2).     

富氧条件下Cu/Al2O3催化剂上C3H6选择性还原NO的研究

以Cu/Al2O3为催化剂,对富氧条件下C3H6为还原剂选择性催化还原NO反应进行了研究.活性评价结果表明,与高活性的Ag/Al2O3催化剂相比,Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性还原NO的活性较低,NO的最高转化率仅为40%.在所考察的温度范围(473～723K)内,红外谱图中不存在有机含氮化合物(R—ONO和R—NO2)的特征振动吸收峰.作为反应中间体—NCO的前驱体,有机含氮化合物在Cu/Al2O3催化剂表面难以生成是造成催化剂选择性还原NO活性低的直接原因.在Cu/Al2O3催化剂上,NO2吸附能够优先发生,并以NO3-物种的形式覆盖在大部分催化剂表面.动态原位红外光谱实验发现,这种NO3-表面物种与C3H6的反应性较差,使生成有机含氮化合物的关键反应难以发生,但此时的催化剂表面有利于C3H6和O2的完全氧化反应,这是导致Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性较低的根本原因.     

Ga2O3催化剂上CO2气氛中丙烷脱氢反应的研究

考察了Ga2O3对于丙烷脱氢和CO2气氛脱氢反应的催化性能.结果表明,Ga2O3具有较高的催化活性,其性能优于传统的Cr2O3脱氢催化剂.催化反应可能经过了一个丙烷异裂的过程,其中CO2是通过逆水煤气反应和Boudouard反应来促进催化剂性能的,在高于823K时该促进作用更为明显.催化剂的催化活性和其表面酸密度密切相关,在Ga2O3结构中,四配位Ga3+是其酸位的来源,并通过质子与氧化物的共同作用促进反应进行.催化剂的失活是由于表面的积碳和活性氧的消耗共同造成的.同时还对Ga2O3作为丙烷脱氢反应的催化剂的催化反应机理进行了初步探讨.     

表面活性剂辅助合成CdWO4纳米棒和纳米线

以Na₂WO₄•2H₂O和CdCl₂ 为主要原料, 分别在十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)和十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)表面活性剂中, 在180 ℃反应16 h, 水热制备了CdWO₄纳米棒和纳米线. 利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)等手段对产物进行了表征, 并对其在室温下的发光特性进行了测定. 实验结果表明: 产物均为具有单斜结构的单相CdWO₄. 其中CdWO₄纳米棒具有单晶属性, 平均粒径约为63 nm, 长度近1 µm; 而CdWO₄纳米线具有多晶特性, 平均粒径约为12 nm, 长度达十几微米. 当激发波长为253 nm时均有460 nm强的发射峰, 其中CdWO₄单晶纳米棒的发光强度大于CdWO₄多晶纳米线. 分别对CdWO₄纳米棒和纳米线形成的可能机理进行了初步分析.     

X射线荧光光谱分析不锈钢时的数学校正方法

本文探讨了用XRF法分析不锈钢时，用个别交叉项系数校正Cr、Fe、Ni之间的交叉效应，从而有效地修正了它们之间的吸收一增强效应，使分析结果得到改善，最大误差不超过0．5％。与C－Q方程相比，该法计算简便，具灵活性和实用性，可推广使用。     

Determination of Fe and Al contamination by NAA at preparation of traditional Mexican food

A study was carried out using NAA to measure the concentration of Al and Fe leached from kitchen ware into some popular Mexican sauces and juices. These elements were measured in red and green hot sauces cooked in Fe, Al and clay pans compared to a stainless steel pan. Similarly Al was measured in organe and grapefruit juices obtained using an Al extractor compared to a plastic one.     

Large-scale synthesis and microstructure of SnO2 nanowires coated with quantum-sized ZnO nanocrystals on a mesh substrate

Large-quantity single-crystal SnO(2) nanowires coated with quantum-sized ZnO nanocrystals (nc-ZnO/SnO(2) nanowires) were directly synthesized by thermal evaporation of SnO powder and a mixture of basic ZnCO(3) and graphite powders. A common stainless steel mesh was used to collect the products. The microstructure and possible growth mechanism of the nc-ZnO/SnO(2) nanowires were investigated. Results showed that tetragonal structured SnO(2) nanowires were obtained, whose surfaces were coated with single-layer ZnO nanocrystals with an average diameter of less than 5 nm. The nanowires had cross-rectangle section with width-to-thickness aspect ratio ranging from 2:1 to 5:1. The lengths of the nanowires were several tens of micrometers. ZnO nanocrystals were single crystalline wurtzite structures, which coated the whole nanowires and distributed uniformly. The possible growth mechanism of the composite nanowires may be enucleated that Zn atoms in the source vapor will replace the Sn atoms on the surface of the formed SnO(2) nanowires due to the higher reducibility of Zn than Sn. Two strong Raman scattering peaks at 626 and 656 cm(-1) appeared in the micro-Raman spectrum of nc-ZnO/SnO(2) nanowires. The origins of the peaks were discussed. Most importantly, the method can be extended to other composite oxide nanowires that are synthesized by oxidizing two kinds of metals, such as high reducibility elements Mg, Al, Zn, and Ti, and low reducibility elements In, Ge, Ga, etc.     

不锈钢的 X射线荧光光谱分析

用高性能飞利浦PW2400X射线荧光光谱仪,测定不锈钢中Al、Si、P、S、Ti、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Mo、Sn、W、Fe15个元素。给出了各元素的干扰校正系数和基体效应校正系数。方法准确、灵敏、稳定性好、速度快。     

不同炊具铁、铝或镍、铬溶出量的测定

常用炊具铁、铝和不锈钢锅分别以水、水加醋煮沸10min后，用原子吸收分光光度法测定3种锅加水对应无奈的溶出量（mg／L）分别为铁11．60、铝21．41、镍0.06和铬0．07，而水加醋则其溶出量均明显增加，为加水的2．0－4．5倍。     

稀土对铬锰氮不锈钢在稀硫酸介质中腐蚀磨损性能的影响

研究了稀土对铬锰氮不锈钢的腐蚀性能及腐蚀磨损性能的影响，稀土使各锰氮不锈钢的腐蚀电位正移、维钝电流降低、热力学稳定性提高，故其耐蚀性提高，抗磨性改善，铬锰氮不钢的最佳稀土含量为０．０２－０．０６％，为生产提供了必要的工艺参数。     

Influence du pH sur les proprietes chimiques et structurales des films d'oxyde formes sur l'acier 316L et les alliages 600 et 690 dans les milieux aqueux a haute temperature

Influence of pH on the chemical and structural properties of the oxide films formed on 316L stainless steel, alloy 600 and alloy 690 in high temperature aqueous environments. The oxide films formed on 316L stainless steel, alloy 600 and alloy 690 at 320°C in high temperature aqueous environments of different pH have been examined by glow discharge optical spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and capacitance measurements. The analytical study reveals that the films formed at pH 5 are mainly composed of chromium oxides. When the pH increases the chromium concentration decreases and those of the other two elements (Ni and Fe) tend to increase. The films formed at pH 5 on 316L stainless steel and alloy 600 are thick and powder-like. The film formed at the same pH on alloy 690 is thin and is composed of a compact protective inner layer and a less-compact outer layer formed by crystals of mixed iron-nickel-chromium oxides. The morphological appearance of the thick films and that of the thin films is very different. However, equivalent morphologies can be observed for the relatively thin duplex films formed at pH8 and pH9.5 on the 316L stainless steel and nickel-base alloys. The evolution of the chemical composition of the films is accompanied by important changes from the point of view of their semiconductivity.     

Effect of Cu pre‐deposition on the interface structure between the C‐SiC coatings and stainless steel

The copper dispersion‐strengthened matrix composites (Cu/C? SiC) were fabricated on the stainless steel by using magnetron sputtering and ion‐beam mixing. The pre‐deposition of Cu element is used to modify the interface structure, and hence, to develop the compatibility between Fe substrate and C‐SiC coating. The results show that the copper layer can effectively broaden the transition layer, where the elements of the coating could be completely mixed with the elements of the substrate. The following heat treatment on it can further broaden the transition layer, i.e. heat treatment can provide more compatibility between C‐SiC coating and Fe substrate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fabrication of CuO-ZnO nanowires on a stainless steel mesh for highly efficient photocatalytic applications

We report the photocatalytic activity of flower-like CuO-ZnO heterostructured nanowires (NWs) fabricated on a stainless steel mesh. The mesh provided an extensive surface area and facilitated efficient mass transfer. The composed NWs exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and showed additional enhanced properties due to multilayered, dual light source effects during the photodecomposition of a non-biodegradable azo dye.     

Growth of large-area aligned molybdenum nanowires by high temperature chemical vapor deposition: synthesis, growth mechanism, and device application

Large-area aligned Mo nanowires have been grown on stainless steel substrates by high-temperature chemical vapor deposition with the use of Mo metal. The detailed physical and chemical growth processes regarding the formation of the nanowires have been investigated using mass spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, as well as structure analysis by electron microscopy. In reference to Gibbs energy calculation, our study reveals that the growth relies on the decomposition of MoO2 vapors through condensation of its vapor at high substrate temperatures. The aligned growth is a result of competing growth with the nanowires normal to the substrate surface reaching the final growth front. The field emission measurement and the vacuum luminescent tube study show that the Mo nanowires have potential application as electron emitters.