HPLC/MS在研究肝病患者肠黏膜通透性变化中的应用

早在20世纪70年代,Caridis等率先提出了创伤及感染可引起肠通透性的变化,肠通透性的改变可准确反映肠黏膜的损害,是检测肠源性感染的重要方法.甘露醇和乳果糖受肠腔内渗透压的影响较小,在体内不代谢,以原型存在,而且回收率高,因此临床上主要以乳果糖和甘露醇作为一对理想的糖分子探针,通过研究两者在尿液中排泄率的比值(L/M)来判断肠黏膜通透性的变化.目前,糖类的测定方法主要有酶法、比色法、薄层色谱法、气相色谱法和液相色谱法.液相色谱法与其他方法相比具有快速、准确、稳定等优点得到了广泛应用.目前的研究多集中在对正常人、术后禁食者、烧伤患者、HIV感染者的尿液中L/M比值进行了测定,对肝病患者的L/M比值的测定和肠道通透性的研究则少有报道.     

离子色谱法测定大肠癌患者尿液中的甘露醇和乳果糖

建立了大肠癌患者尿液中甘露醇和乳果糖的高效阴离子交换分离-脉冲积分安培(HPAEC-PAD)检测方法.样品经稀释、净化、过滤后进行色谱分析,采用Carbopac PA1(250 mm×4mm)阴离子交换柱分离,以NaOH-乙酸钠梯度淋洗液为流动相,流速1.0 mL/min,脉冲积分安培检测器(PAD)检测,外标法定量.结果表明,甘露醇和乳果糖的的线性范围为0.2～20 mg/L,相关系数分别为0.9995和0.9998,回收率为91.7％～102.6％,相对标准偏差均小于2.1％,检出限为0.05和0.06 mg/L(S/N=3).本方法前处理简便、灵敏度高、重现性好,可用于大肠癌患者尿液中的甘露醇和乳果糖的测定.     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培法检测小鼠尿液中的甘露醇、单糖和乳果糖

采用高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法(HPAEC-PAD)建立了小鼠尿液中甘露醇、单糖(包括半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖和果糖)和乳果糖的分析方法。样品经离心沉淀除去蛋白并过分子膜,以CarboPacTM PA1阴离子交换柱为分离柱,采用NaOH梯度淋洗,脉冲安培四电位检测。结果表明,甘露醇、半乳糖、葡萄糖、甘露糖、果糖和乳果糖在0.1～5.0 mg/L内线性良好,线性相关系数r2为0.988～0.999,样品加标回收率为95.5%～104.2%,检出限为0.0013～0.0048 mg/L。此法准确、快速、简便,能同时对6种糖类化合物进行分析,可以跟踪检测整个糖类代谢过程中甘露醇、单糖和乳果糖之间的代谢关系。     

高效液相色谱－蒸发光散射法测定液态乳中乳果糖含量

液态乳中乳糖和乳果糖是同分异构体,因保留特性相似,成为色谱法分离检测乳果糖的难点。目前,虽有多种液相色谱检测乳果糖的报道,但方法在前处理的简便性、色谱柱的适用性及分离效果的稳定性等方面存在不足。该研究建立了高效液相色谱－蒸发光散射（HPLC－ELSD）检测液态乳中乳果糖的方法。采用0.4 mol/L醋酸铵（pH 3.8）沉降蛋白,氨基色谱柱分离,蒸发光散射检测器检测。液态乳中乳果糖与乳糖得到了良好的分离,在1.0～100 mg/L范围内线性关系良好（r2 = 0.998 0）,检出限为15 mg/L,定量下限为50 mg/L,回收率为85.1%～110%,相对标准偏差（RSD）不大于7.5%。该方法操作简单,可在8 min内完成检测,结果重复性好、准确度高,满足液态乳中乳果糖的日常检测要求。     

小鼠2-细胞胚胎电融合的研究

本试验对影响小鼠2-细胞胚胎电融合诸因素进行了研究。胚胎细胞融合面与两电极相平行或相垂直;胚胎细胞在0.3 mol/L甘露醇液、0.25mol/L蔗糖液和杜氏磷酸缓冲液(PBS)中;当电脉冲的持续时间为80μs,电场强度为0,800,1000,1200,1400和1600V/cm时以及当电脉冲的电场强度为1200V/cm,持续时间为10,20,40,80,160和320μs时,胚胎细胞融合效果的比较结果表明:融合面与两电极相平行,以0.3mol/L甘露醇液为融合液,电脉冲在1000—1200V/cm,20—160μs范围内的条件下,可获得满意的胚胎细胞融合率(88.6—94.5％),平均为92.2％。     

高效液相色谱法测定高纯度苯肼

建立了高纯度苯肼的高效液相色谱测定方法。在流动相中加入抗氧剂和色谱改性剂(M),很好解决了苯肼色谱峰拖尾问题,可准确测定高纯苯肼中杂质含量。优化条件是:Agilent hc-C18色谱柱(150×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-水(体积比40∶60)其中所含抗氧剂、色谱改性剂(M)、K2HPO4-KH2PO4浓度均为0.02mol/L;流速1.0mL/min;进样量20μL;检测波长272nm。高纯苯肼中所含杂质苯胺、苯酚以及联苯胺,在5~120μg/mL范围内均具有良好的线性关系,相关系数r>0.9993。     

基于纳米孔单分子技术的抗结核药物异烟肼的检测新方法

基于纳米孔单分子检测技术,利用α溶血素突变蛋白(M113R)_7和6-氨基-6-脱氧-β-环糊精(am_7βCD)适配体构建了一种新型传感器((M113R)_7-am_7βCD),建立了快速、高灵敏度的抗结核药物异烟肼(Isoniazid,INH)的单分子检测新方法。优化了通道蛋白、缓冲液p H值、电压等条件。相比于野生型蛋白和(M113N)7突变蛋白,(M113R)_7突变蛋白更利于检测;在中性缓冲溶液和高电压条件下,从cis端加入异烟肼,可获得更高的检测灵敏度。在高于异烟肼浓度40倍的条件下,此传感器对一些常见药物赋形剂(葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉)、溶液中可能共存的金属离子以及异烟肼的合成中间体异烟酸均无响应,表明其对异烟肼有良好的选择性。在最佳测试条件下,异烟肼浓度在0.5~30μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为2 nmol/L。本方法直接应用于药片中异烟肼含量的测定,加标回收率为92.9%~108.2%。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定螺旋藻多糖的单糖组成

建立了同时测定螺旋藻多糖水解产物中鼠李糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、果糖、甘露糖、葡萄糖、半乳糖、甘露醇、核糖、岩藻糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸12种糖类化合物的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法。螺旋藻样品经超声波辅助提取,用三氟乙酸水解,经Waters Acquity BEH Amide色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,以10mmol/L甲酸铵和10 mmol/L甲酸铵-乙腈为流动相,在电喷雾电离源负离子(ESI-)模式下,用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测。结果表明,12种糖类化合物的定量限为0.005~0.15 mg/kg,线性范围为0.05~5 mg/L。按照样品中每种糖本底含量的50%、100%、150%进行添加,回收率为80.21%~121.6%。应用该方法对螺旋藻样品进行分析,结果发现:大部分样品都能检测到岩藻糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖、核糖,含量在0.3~889.4 mg/g之间。此外,测定的15个样品中岩藻糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、果糖、木糖、核糖是共有组分,含量差异较大,但在所有样品中均未检测到甘露醇和甘露糖。该方法的建立可为阐明螺旋藻多糖的结构组成及其活性提供技术支撑及基础数据。     

毛细管电泳-电致化学发光联用技术检测烟草中尼古丁含量

建立了毛细管电泳-电致化学发光联用技术(CE-ECL)检测烟草浸出液中尼古丁含量的方法。考察了检测电位、检测池中Ru(bpy)32+浓度和缓冲液pH值、CE运行缓冲液浓度和pH值、进样时间和电压,以及CE分离电压等实验条件对尼古丁测定的影响。在优化的条件下,尼古丁检测的线性范围为低浓度段:1～100μg/L(r>0.999)、高浓度段:100～1500μg/L(r>0.996),检出限为0.5μg/L(S/N=3)。将本方法用于3种品牌的烟草浸出液中尼古丁含量的测量,测定值均与烟盒上尼古丁的标注值相吻合,样品的加标回收率为95%～106%。     

酶联免疫法测定人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子脂质体的包封率

建立了一种灵敏的定量检测人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(hbFGF)脂质体中hbFGF含量的酶联免疫(ELISA)方法,应用于测定hbFGF脂质体的包封率。通过用hbFGF标准品溶液包被酶标板,加入特异性的鼠抗人hbFGF抗体(一抗)和山羊抗鼠IgG(二抗),采用多因素棋盘滴定方法确定最佳实验条件为:一抗浓度200μg/L,二抗浓度50μg/L。本方法的检出限为0.86μg/L,工作浓度范围1.0~10μg/L,批内RSD为3.95%~4.27%,批间RSD为4.19%~7.21%,不同操作者批内和批间的RSD分别为6.21%和9.12%,可重复性良好。本方法测定hbFGF脂质体超滤液和氯仿提取液中hbFGF含量分别为(3.325±0.193)μg/L和(18.454±1.063)μg/L,组内RSD分别为4.69%和4.52%。hbFGF脂质体包封率为82.06%。本方法特异性高、重复性好、快速、简便,可用于hbFGF脂质体包封率及其它含hbFGF制剂的含量测定。     

亲水作用色谱-串联质谱测定尿液中尼古丁和可替宁

建立了测定人尿液中尼古丁和可替宁含量的亲水作用色谱-串联质谱(HILIC-MS/MS)方法。尿样加入尼古丁-d4和可替宁-d3同位素内标后,用水稀释10倍,经过滤后的滤液由超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)进行分离分析。采用ACQUITY UPLC~BEH HILIC色谱柱(50 mm×3.0 mm,1.7μm),以甲醇和体积分数为0.1%的氨水为流动相,流速为0.2 mL/min,在电喷雾电离源正离子模式下测定尿液中尼古丁和可替宁的含量,用标准曲线法定量。尼古丁和可替宁在1.0~1 000μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数分别为0.994 9和0.995 8;检出限分别为0.082μg/L和0.077μg/L;定量限分别为0.27μg/L和0.26μg/L;加标回收率分别为90.4%~103.5%和93.0%~104.6%;相对标准偏差分别为4.80%~6.21%和4.22%~7.15%。应用所建立的方法测定了200份尿样,结果表明,吸烟人群尿中尼古丁含量为26.68~854.30μg/L,可替宁含量为36.66~1 191.18μg/L(n=86,M_(nicotine)=76.00μg/L,M_(nicotine)=83.52μg/L,M为中位数);非吸烟人群尿中尼古丁含量为5.08~69.66μg/L,可替宁含量为3.16~28.21μg/L(n=114,Mnicotine=7.53μg/L,M_(nicotine)=3.79μg/L)。该方法快速灵敏,操作简单,适用于尿样中尼古丁和可替宁的批量测定,能满足烟草暴露评价的需要。     

Dynamic interaction between melamine and cyanuric acid in artificial urine investigated by quartz crystal microbalance

The dynamic interaction between melamine (M) and cyanuric acid (CA) in artificial urine was investigated by a flow injection analysis-quartz crystal microbalance (FIA-QCM) system. Melamine was used as the recognition element and immobilized onto the QCM gold surface. The process of M and CA interaction was recorded by FIA-QCM in real-time. The multilayer complex of M and CA was successfully formed on the crystal surface of the QCM when CA and M were introduced into the FIA-QCM system alternately. The influence of pH on the M and CA interaction indicated that the M-CA multilayer complex possesses high stability over a wide range of pH values, especially in physiological urine condition. The association and dissociation rate constants were determined under artificial urine condition and the association constant for M and CA was calculated as 10(2) L mol(-1). The M-CA complex was further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Mechanism study suggested that the formation of the multilayer complex in artificial urine was mainly attributed to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between M and CA. The work provides direct insight into the dynamic interaction between M and CA under physiological conditions and would be helpful for the research of kidney stones induced by melamine contamination.     

Determination of azide in gastric fluid and urine by flow-injection electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid method was developed to identify and quantify the azide ion (N(3)(-)) in gastric fluid and urine. N(3)(-) in diluted biological fluids was reacted with NaAuCl(4) to produce Au(N(3))(2)(-), which was extracted with octanol. Five microliters of the extract were flow-injected into an electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric instrument. Quantification of N(3)(-) was performed by selected reaction monitoring of the product ion Au(N)(N(3))(-) at m/z 253, which was derived from the precursor ion Au(N(3))(2)(-) at m/z 281, using 50 μL of aqueous solution within 10 min. This method was found to be linear up to 10(-5) M, to have a limit of quantification of 10(-7) M, a limit of detection of 3.0?×?10(-8) M, and a coefficient of variation of ≦10% at 10(-7) M. In the case of urine, 50 μL of urine were spiked with N(3)(-), this was diluted 10-fold and passed through 1 mL of a resin, and finally diluted to 100-fold of the original. This method was linear up to 10(-3) M, had a limit of quantification of 10(-5) M, a limit of detection of 3.0?×?10(-6) M, and coefficient of variation of ≦8.8% for an original urine concentration of 10(-5) M. The practical applicability of this method was checked by diluting 1 μL of a suspected suicide victim's gastric fluid 20,000-fold and 1 μL of the victim's urine 5,000-fold and then measuring the N(3)(-) levels. These levels were found to be (7.5?±?1.0)?×?10(-2) M and (3.2?±?0.4)?×?10(-3) M, respectively.     

A rapid urine creatinine assay by capillary zone electrophoresis.

Using capillary zone electrophoresis, the urine creatinine (uCr) assay was validated in extemporaneous diluted urine, both in healthy subjects and athletes, with the uCr concentration as a reference value to compare excretion rates of other metabolites in the same samples. The electrokinetic sample injection was carried out at 10 kV per 10 s; UV absorbance detection was at 254 nm. Using standard samples, the creatinine migration mean time in 100 mmol/L acetate buffer, pH 4.4, was 3.3+/-0.2 min; the repeatability for absolute migration mean time was 0.6% and peak height repeatability was 2.9%. The correlation coefficient of the standard curve was r = 0.999 and the detection limit was 23.1 micromol/L. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation (CV) were 3.0 and 3.6%, respectively; recovery was 99+/-3% and linearity was r= 0.98. Normal urine samples were diluted 1:80 in run buffer. The present CE urine creatinine assay showed a good correlation with HPLC and with Jaffe methods (r = 0.98 and r = 0.97, respectively; p < 0.0001). The uCr in the morning urine samples of 34 healthy males (M), 38 healthy females (F), and 83 male athletes (A) was 10.4+/-6.1 mmol/L, 10.8+/-8.1 mmol/L and 13.2+/-6.5 mmol/L, respectively. The uCr difference (p < 0.02) between M and A and a correlation (p < 0.05) with age in A were observed.     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆与尿液中14种麻痹性贝类毒素北大核心CSCD

人体生物基质中麻痹性贝类毒素的检测对其引起的食物中毒诊断和救治具有重要意义。研究建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定血浆、尿液中14种麻痹性贝类毒素的分析方法。实验比较了不同固相萃取柱的影响,优化了前处理条件和色谱条件,血浆样品采用0.2 mL水、0.4 mL甲醇、0.6 mL乙腈提取后直接上机测定,尿液样品采用0.2 mL水、0.4 mL甲醇、0.6 mL乙腈提取,聚酰胺(PA)固相萃取柱净化后上机测定。采用Poroshell 120 HILIC-Z色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2.7μm)对14种贝类毒素进行分离,流动相为含0.1%(v/v)甲酸的5 mmoL/L甲酸铵缓冲溶液和0.1%(v/v)甲酸乙腈溶液,流速为0.50 mL/min。在电喷雾模式(ESI)下进行正负离子扫描,采用多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标法定量。结果表明,对于血浆和尿液样品,14种贝类毒素分别在0.24~84.06 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995。尿液检测的定量限为4.80~34.40 ng/mL,血浆检测的定量限为1.68~12.04 ng/mL。尿液和血浆样品在1、2和10倍定量限加标水平下平均回收率为70.4%~123.4%,日内精密度为2.3%~19.1%,日间精密度为4.0%~16.2%。应用建立的方法对腹腔注射14种贝类毒素小鼠血浆和尿液进行测定,20份血浆样本中检出含量分别为19.40~55.60μg/L和8.75~13.86μg/L。该方法操作简便,样品取样量少,方法灵敏度高,适用于血浆和尿液中麻痹性贝类毒素的快速检测。     

在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法检测蘑菇中毒患者尿液中痕量α -鹅膏毒肽

建立了在线固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱（online SPE-LC-MS/MS）测定蘑菇中毒患者尿液中痕量α -鹅膏毒肽的分析方法。样品经甲酸酸化的乙腈-甲醇（5：1,v/v）沉淀蛋白质,反相液液微萃取去除样品提取液中的有机溶剂,毒素经ODS微柱（5 mm×2.1 mm,5 μm）在线SPE净化,XBridge^TM BEH C₁₈ 色谱柱（150 mm×3.0 mm,2.5 μm）分离,MS/MS测定。采用基于定量环的快速阀切换技术作为在线SPE和LC-MS/MS模块的接口,使得两个分离模块互相独立,无论是流动相还是压力,都不会互相干扰,保证了系统的稳定性;在线系统的精准净化,有效消除了后续质谱检测的基质效应,确保了尿液中痕量水平α -鹅膏毒肽的定性定量检测。尿液中α -鹅膏毒肽在0.1~50 μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数（r ² ）为0.9983;检出限（LOD）为0.03 μg/L;α -鹅膏毒肽的加标（0.1、2.0和20 μg/L）平均回收率为84.3%~91.7%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.8%~7.2%。体内鹅膏毒肽代谢迅速,生物基质中痕量水平毒素的检测是其中毒实验室鉴定的主要难题,通过实际样品检测,证明该法操作简单,准确、灵敏;溶剂沉淀蛋白质和反相液液微萃取去除有机相和脂溶性基质的简单操作,可以作为水溶性毒素在线SPE-LC-MS/MS检测时快速且有效的配套前处理方法;基于在线SPE精准净化技术,可以实现尿液中α -鹅膏毒肽的高灵敏度测定（LOD为0.03 μg/L）,解决了中毒时患者体内痕量水平α -鹅膏毒肽定性确证的难题,部分患者α -鹅膏毒肽中毒实验室鉴定的时间可以扩展到90 h以上;同时,痕量水平的定量检测技术,可以为中毒后迅速代谢的α -鹅膏毒肽在体内的剂量反应关系研究提供可靠的技术支撑。     

Poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolith in-tube solid-phase microextraction applied to simultaneous analysis of some amphetamine derivatives in urine by capillary zone electrophoresis

A method based on in-tube solid-phase microextraction and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was proposed for simultaneously determining four amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) in urine. A poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) monolithic capillary column, which can provide sufficient extraction efficiency, was introduced for the extraction of amphetamines from urine samples. The hydrophobic main chains and acidic pendant groups of the monolithic column make it a superior material for extraction of basic analytes from aqueous matrix. After extraction, the samples were analyzed by CZE. The best separation was achieved using a buffer composed of 0.1 M disodium hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 4.5 with 1 M hydrochloric acid) and 20% methanol v/v, with a temperature and voltage of 25 degrees C and 20 kV, respectively. By applying electrokinetic injection with field-amplified sample stacking, detection limits of 25-34 microg/L were achieved. Excellent method of reproducibility was found over a linear range of 0.1-5 mg/L. Determination of these analytes from abusers' urine sample was also demonstrated.     

加压毛细管电色谱法测定肥胖大鼠尿液中内源性代谢物

利用氯甲酸乙酯作为衍生化试剂,建立了测定尿样中内源性代谢物的加压毛细管电色谱方法。采用毛细管色谱柱EP-150-30/50-5-C18,以0.01%TFA水溶液(A)与0.01%TFA的95%乙腈水溶液(B)组成流动相,加压13MPa;工作电压为2kV;流速0.08mL/min;检测波长214nm;室温;柱上检测;进样体积5μL,同时测定了正常大鼠尿液与肥胖大鼠尿液中几种代谢物的含量。在最佳条件下,6种内源性代谢物在1.2～500mg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.9988～0.9999;日间和日内精密度小于5%;平均加样回收率在95.9%～103.2%之间。本方法用于大鼠尿液中内源性代谢物含量的测定,简单、灵敏、准确。     

Cholinesterase inhibition based determination of pancuronium bromide in biological samples

Pancuronium bromide (PCBr) inhibition effect on enzyme cholinesterase from pooled human serum (Che, EC 3.1.1.8 acylcholine acylhydrolase) was used for development of a spectrophotometric kinetic method for PCBr determination in human serum and urine. Optimal conditions for the basic and inhibitor reactions were established: pH=7.7 and substrate concentration c(benzoylcholine chloride)=1.33 mmol/L. Kinetic parameters were also determined: Michaelis-Menten’s constant K_M=0.40 mmol/L, maximal reaction rate V_max=52.2 μmol/L min, inhibition constant K_i=0,56 μmol/L and IC₅₀=1.31 μmol/L. Linear dependence between the reaction rate and inhibitor concentration exists in PCBr concentration range 8.20–68.25 nmol/L, which corresponds to the real sample concentrations from 0.328 to 2.730 μmol/L. The method detection and quantification limits were 2.01 nmol/L and 6.67 nmol/L, respectively. Precision of the method was tested for three pancuronium concentrations (10.70, 29.35 and 51.25 nmol/L). Relative standard deviation (RSD) was in the range 0.15–7.45%. Accuracy was examined by standard addition method. Influence of the substances usually present in serum and urine on the reaction rate was tested. The developed method was applied for PCBr content determination in serum model samples, urine model samples and in urine taken during surgery. The method has good sensitivity, accuracy, precision and it is suitable for clinical practice.      

丹磺酰氯柱前衍生-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人体尿样中的环己胺

建立丹磺酰氯柱前衍生-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人体尿样中环己胺的方法。冷冻样品经解冻、离心后,用丹磺酰氯衍生,固相萃取小柱净化。目标化合物采用 Waters ACQUITY CSHTM C18色谱柱(50 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm)分离,以甲醇和0.002 mol/L乙酸铵溶液为流动相梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源电离、正离子多反应监测模式质谱检测。环己胺在2.5~200μg/L浓度范围内有较好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,回收率为98.7%~102.3%,精密度为3.1%~5.2%,检出限和定量限分别为1.0和3.0μg/L。结果表明,本方法操作简单、准确可靠,可适用于人体尿液中环己胺的定量分析。应用本方法测定200份学生尿液样品,环己胺检出率为34.5%。