Chemotactic ion-releasing hydrogel for synergistic antibacterial and bone regeneration

The repair of critical-sized bone defects remains a major concern in clinical care. Herein, a multifunctional hydrogel is rationally designed to synergistically photothermal antibacterial and potentiate bone regeneration via adding magnesium oxide nanoparticle and black phosphorus nanosheet (BPNS) into poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan hydrogel (PVA/CS-MgO-BPNS). Under the dual effect of near-infrared irradiation and CS intrinsic antibacterial properties, PVA/CS-MgO-BPNS hydrogel can kill more than 99.9% of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The released Mg ions stimulate the migration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to hydrogels and synergize with released phosphate to promote osteogenic differentiation. The PVA/CS-MgO-BPNS hydrogel also promotes calcium phosphate particle formation and therefore improves the biomineralization ability. Furthermore, the potential molecular mechanism of PVA/CS-MgO-BPNS to regulate MSCs migration and differentiation is through activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling pathways through RNA-seq analysis. Finally, the PVA/CS-MgO-BPNS hydrogel could significantly promote endogenous bone tissue regeneration in the rat skull defect model. Taken together, this easy fabricated multifunctional hydrogel has good clinical applicability for the repair of large-scale bone defects.     

A 3D Bioprinted Nanoengineered Hydrogel with Photoactivated Drug Delivery for Tumor Apoptosis and Simultaneous Bone Regeneration via Macrophage Immunomodulation

One of the significant challenges in bone tissue engineering (BTE) is the healing of traumatic tissue defects owing to the recruitment of local infection and delayed angiogenesis. Herein, a 3D printable multi-functional hydrogel composing polyphenolic carbon quantum dots (CQDs, 100 µg mL⁻¹) and gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA, 12 wt%) is reported for robust angiogenesis, bone regeneration and anti-tumor therapy. The CQDs are synthesized from a plant-inspired bioactive molecule, 1, 3, 5-trihydroxybenzene. The 3D printed GelMA-CQDs hydrogels display typical shear-thinning behavior with excellent printability. The fabricated hydrogel displayed M2 polarization of macrophage (Raw 264.7) cells via enhancing anti-inflammatory genes (e.g., IL-4 and IL10), and induced angiogenesis and osteogenesis of human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The bioprinted hBMSCs are able to produce vessel-like structures after 14 d of incubation. Furthermore, the 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds also show remarkable near infra-red (NIR) responsive properties under 808 nm NIR light (1.0 W cm⁻²) irradiation with controlled release of antitumor drugs (≈49%) at pH 6.5, and thereby killing the osteosarcoma cells. Therefore, it is anticipated that the tissue regeneration and healing ability with therapeutic potential of the GelMA-CQDs scaffolds may provide a promising alternative for traumatic tissue regeneration via augmenting angiogenesis and accelerated immunomodulation.     

An Injectable Integration of Autologous Bioactive Concentrated Growth Factor and Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogel with Efficient Growth Factor Release and 3D Spatial Structure for Accelerated Wound Healing

Growth factors are essential for wound healing owing to their multiple reparative effects. Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is a third-generation platelet extract containing various endogenous growth factors. Herein, a CGF extract solution is combined with gelatin methacrylate (GM) by physical blending to produce GM@CGF hydrogels for wound repair. The GM@CGF hydrogels show no immune rejection during autologous transplantation. Compared to CGF, GM@CGF hydrogels not only exhibit excellent plasticity and adhesivity but also prevent rapid release and degradation of growth factors. The GM@CGF hydrogels display good injectability, self-healing, swelling, and degradability along with outstanding cytocompatibility, angiogenic functions, chemotactic functions, and cell migration-promoting capabilities in vitro. The GM@CGF hydrogel can release various effective molecules to rapidly initiate wound repair, stimulate the expressions of type I collagen, transform growth factor β1, epidermal growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor, promote the production of granulation tissues, vascular regeneration and reconstruction, collagen deposition, and epidermal cell migration, as well as prevent excessive scar formation. In conclusion, the injectable GM@CGF hydrogel can release various growth factors and provide a 3D spatial structure to accelerate wound repair, thereby providing a foundation for the clinical application and translation of CGF.     

Synthesis and characterization nanocomposite of polyacrylamide‐rGO‐Ag‐PEDOT/PSS hydrogels by photo polymerization method

We present a novel approach to the fabrication of advanced polymeric nanocomposite hydrogels from polyacrylamide (PAAm) by incorporation of graphene‐silver‐polyethylenedioxythiophene‐polystyrene sulfonate (rGO‐Ag‐PEDOT/PSS) by photopolymerization method. Infrared spectroscopy was employed to characterize the structure of the hydrogels. The internal network structure of nanocomposite hydrogels was investigated by scanning electron microscope. Swelling, deswelling, and mechanical properties of the hydrogels were investigated. The compressive strength of nanocomposite hydrogels reaches maximum of 1.71 MPa when the ratio of rGO‐Ag‐PEDOT/PSS to PAAm was 0.3 wt%, which is 1.57 times higher than that of PAAm hydrogels (1.09 MPa). The electrical conductivity of the PAAm‐rGO‐Ag‐PEDOT/PSS hydrogel was found to be 3.91 × 10^?5 S cm^?1. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogels of β-cyclodextrin crosslinked by acylated poly(ethylene glycol): Synthesis and properties

Networks of β-cyclodextrin have been prepared by reaction with acylated poly(ethylene glycol) with a molar mass of 600 g/mol. Samples with different β-cyclodextrin/poly(ethylene glycol) ratios: 1/4, 1/6, 1/8 and 1/10 have been prepared. Both components are bonded by ester groups, resulting in a network that can be degraded by hydrolysis in basic and acidic media. The maximum stability of the hydrogels is reached at pH 4. The hydrogel percentage water content depends on β-cyclodextrin content ranging from 82 to 98, and the swelling data obtained for these hydrogels fit well with a second order kinetics. The sorption behavior of these hydrogels has been tested by employing 1-naphthol as model molecule. The sorption capacity is close to other cyclodextrin networks previously reported and depends on the hydrogel composition and the concentration of 1-naphthol.     

Hydrogel of β-cyclodextrin-Grafted Polyethyleneimine: pH-Sensitive Release

Novel pH-sensitive hydrogels were prepared by grafting β-cyclodextrin (βCD) to polyethyleneimine (PEI) and cross-linking βCD using epichlorohydrin (EPI). While the molar ratio of βCD to PEI was kept to 1:50, the molar ratio of EPI to βCD was varied so that it was 3/1, 5/1, and 10/1. When the EPI to βCD ratio was higher, the degree of equilibrium swelling and the percentage release were lower, possibly due to a higher cross-linking density. The % release of blue dextran was much less than that of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran (FITC-dextran). The electrostatic interaction of blue dextran with the hydrogel is believed to suppress the release of the dye. Among the hydrogels prepared in this work, the hydrogel prepared using the βCD to EPI ratio of 1/5 was the most pH sensitive in terms of the degree of swelling and the degree of FITC-dextran release.     

Xylan hemicellulose improves chitosan hydrogel for bone tissue regeneration

The hemicellulose xylan, which has immunomodulatory effects, has been combined with chitosan to form a composite hydrogel to improve the healing of bone fractures. This thermally responsive and injectable hydrogel, which is liquid at room temperature and gels at physiological temperature, improves the response of animal host tissue compared with similar pure chitosan hydrogels in tissue engineering models. The composite hydrogel was placed in a subcutaneous model where the composite hydrogel is replaced by host tissue within 1 week, much earlier than chitosan hydrogels. A tibia fracture model in mice showed that the composite encourages major remodeling of the fracture callus in less than 4 weeks. A non‐union fracture model in rat femurs was used to demonstrate that the composite hydrogel allows bone regeneration and healing of defects that with no treatment are unhealed after 6 weeks. These results suggest that the xylan/chitosan composite hydrogel is a suitable bone graft substitute able to aid in the repair of large bone defects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Preparation of PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO/α-cyclodextrin supramolecular hydrogels hybridized with exfoliated graphite nanoplates

Abstract

In this work, an effective method was developed to prepare novel PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO (EPE)/α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) supramolecular hydrogels containing exfoliated graphite nanoplates (xGNPs) by mixing an aqueous solution of α-CD with an aqueous dispersion of xGNPs at the presence of amphiphilic EPE copolymer. The EPE copolymer played three important roles in the preparation process: (1) as an exfoliating agent to break expanded graphites into xGNPs under ultrasonication, (2) as a dispersant to stabilize xGNPs in the aqueous solution, and （3）as a component to form the inclusion complexes with α-CD. The resultant xGNPs/EPE/α-CD hybridized hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which confirmed not only the formation of supramolecular hydrogel structure but also the homogenous dispersion of xGNPs in the hydrogel matrix. It was found that the existence of xGNPs can accelerate the speed of gel formation in comparison with that of the native EPE/α-CD hydrogel. Additionally, the water-retention ability and the release behavior of vancomycin hydrochloride for the xGNPs/EPE/α-CD hybridized hydrogels were investigated.     

Natural polymers-enhanced double-network hydrogel as wearable flexible sensor with high mechanical strength and strain sensitivity

Conductive hydrogels have shown great prospects as wearable flexible sensors. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to construct hydrogel-based sensor with great mechanical strength and high strain sensitivity. Herein, an ion-conducting hydrogel was fabricated by introducing gelatin-dialdehyde β-cyclodextrin (Gel-DACD) into polyvinyl alcohol-borax (PVA-borax) hydrogel network. Natural Gel-DACD network acted as mechanical deformation force through non-covalent cross-linking to endow the polyvinyl alcohol-borax/gelatin-dialdehyde β-cyclodextrin hydrogel (PGBCDH) with excellent mechanical stress (1.35 MPa), stretchability (400%), toughness (1.84 MJ/m³) and great fatigue resistance (200% strain for 100 cycles). Surprisingly, PGBCDH displayed good conductivity of 0.31 S/m after adding DACD to hydrogel network. As sensor, it showed rapid response (168 ms), high strain sensitivity (gage factor (GF) = 8.57 in the strain range of 200%-250%) and reliable sensing stability (100% strain for 200 cycles). Importantly, PGBCDH-based sensor can accurately monitor complex body movements (knee, elbow, wrist and finger joints) and large-scale subtle movements (speech, swallow, breath and facial expressions). Thus, PGBCDH shows great potential for human monitoring with high precision.     

β-环糊精交联聚丙烯酸水凝胶的合成及其药物控制释放研究

采用1,3-二环己基碳化二亚胺(DCC)为缩合剂,通过β环糊精与丙烯酸的酯化反应合成了不同取代度的丙烯酸β环糊精酯(βCD6A),以此为单体与丙烯酸通过氧化还原自由基引发聚合,合成出了不同交联密度和不同环糊精含量的新型水凝胶(AAβCD6A).溶胀实验表明,该类水凝胶均具有pH敏感性,溶胀动力学实验进一步对其机理进行了探讨.选择苯丁酸氮芥(CHL)作为模型药物,考察了不同pH下AAβCD6A水凝胶对药物释放行为的影响.结果表明,pH=6.8时药物释放率均大于pH=2.0时药物释放率,环糊精的存在表现出促释作用.     

Effect of grafting RGD and BMP-2 protein-derived peptides to a hydrogel substrate on osteogenic differentiation of marrow stromal cells

Osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells depends on the cells' interactions with bioactive peptides associated with the matrix proteins. The RGD peptides of ECM proteins interact with BMS cells through integrin surface receptors to facilitate cell spreading and adhesion. The BMP peptide corresponding to residues 73-92 of bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes differentiation and mineralization of BMS cells. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of RGD and BMP peptides, grafted to a hydrogel substrate, on osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of BMS cells. RGD peptide was acrylamide-terminated by reacting acrylic acid with the N-terminal amine group of the peptide to produce the functionalized Ac-GRGD peptide. The PEGylated BMP peptide was reacted with 4-carboxybenzenesulfonazide to produce an azide functionalized Az-mPEG-BMP peptide. Poly (lactide-co-ethylene oxide- co-fumarate) (PLEOF) macromer was cross-linked with Ac-GRGD peptide and propargyl acrylate to produce an RGD conjugated hydrogel. Az-mPEG-BMP peptide was grafted to the hydrogel by "click chemistry". The RGD and BMP peptide density on the hydrogel surface was 1.62+/-0.37 and 5.2+/-0.6 pmol/cm2, respectively. BMS cells were seeded on the hydrogels and the effect of RGD and BMP peptides on osteogenesis was evaluated by measuring ALPase activity and calcium content with incubation time. BMS cells cultured on RGD conjugated, BMP peptide grafted, and RGD+BMP peptide modified hydrogels showed 3, 2.5, and 5-fold increase in ALPase activity after 14 days incubation. BMS cells seeded on RGD+BMP peptides modified hydrogel showed 4.9- and 11.8-fold increase in calcium content after 14 and 21 days, respectively, which was significantly higher than RGD conjugated or BMP grafted hydrogels. These results demonstrate that RGD and BMP peptides, grafted to a hydrogel substrate, act synergistically to enhance osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of BMS cells. These findings are potentially useful in developing engineered scaffolds for bone regeneration.     

Promotion of microvasculature formation in alginate composite hydrogels by an immobilized peptide GYIGSRG

The ability to create artificial thick tissues is a major tissue engineering problem,requiring the formation of a suitable vascular supply.In this work we examined the ability of inducing angiogenesis in a bioactive hydrogel.GYIGSRG(NH 2-Gly-Tyr-IleGly-Ser-Arg-Gly-COOH,GG) has been conjugated to sodium alginate(ALG) to synthesize a biological active biomaterial ALG-GG.The product was characterized by 1 H NMR,FT-IR and elemental analysis.A series of CaCO 3 /ALG-GG composite hydrogels were prepared by crosslinking ALG-GG with D-glucono-lactone/calcium carbonate(GDL/CaCO 3) in different molar ratios.The mechanical strength and swelling ratio of the composite hydrogels were studied.The results revealed that both of them can be regulated under different preparation conditions.Then,CaCO 3 /ALG-GG composite hydrogel was implanted in vivo to study the ability to induce angiogenesis.The results demonstrated that ALG-GG composited hydrogel can induce angiogenesis significantly compared with non-modified ALG group,and it may be valuable in the development of thick tissue engineering scaffold.     

A Polysaccharide-based Hydrogel and PLGA Microspheres for Sustained P24 Peptide Delivery: An In vitro and In vivo Study Based on Osteogenic Capability

A bone morphogenetic protein-2(BMP-2) derived synthetic oligopeptide, S [PO4]KIPKASSVPTELSAISTLYLDDD(P24), has shown great potential for facilitating bone regeneration. However, P24 cannot be directly used onto bone defects, while a continuous sustained delivery of P24 may lead to a better formation of bone tissue. Based on this issue, we have developed a sustained delivery system incorporating P24-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide)(PLGA) microspheres and nano-hydroxyapatite(n-HA) into the composite hydrogel. The P24-contained compound material was characterized with NMR, FTIR and SEM to demonstrate the fomiation of compound structure containing P24, PLGA and n-HA. A continuous drug release of P24 was observed for over 60 d that evidently enhanced the efficiency in promoting the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells and the secrete of alkaline phosphatase(ALP) in vitro. Moreover, the osteoinduction eflect of the hydrogel system with P24 peptide niicrospheres was demonstrated in vivo and manifested by the result of immunohistochemistry. This novel injectable composite hydrogel is expected to be applied to improving the bone defect treatment in bone tissue engineering.     

Precisely Controlled Delivery of Abaloparatide through Injectable Hydrogel to Promote Bone Regeneration

Side‐effects from allograft, limited bone stock, and site morbidity from autograft are the major challenges to traditional bone defect treatments. With the advance of tissue engineering, hydrogel injection therapy is introduced as an alternative treatment. Therapeutic drugs and growth factors can be carried by hydrogels and delivered to patients. Abaloparatide, as an analog of human recombinant parathyroid hormone protein (PTHrp) and an alternative to teriparatide, has been considered as a drug for treating postmenopausal osteoporosis since 2017. Since only limited cases of receiving abaloparatide with polymeric scaffolds have been reported, the effects of abaloparatide on pre‐osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 are investigated in this study. It is found that in vitro abaloparatide treatment can promote pre‐osteoblast MC3T3‐E1 cells’ viability, differentiation, and mineralization significantly. For the drug delivery system, 3D porous structure of the methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogel is found effective for prolonging the release of abaloparatide (more than 10 days). Therefore, injectable photo‐crosslinked GelMA hydrogel is used in this study to prolong the release of abaloparatide and to promote healing of defected bones in rats. Overall, data collected in this study show no contradiction and imply that Abaloparatide‐loaded GelMA hydrogel is effective in stimulating bone regeneration.     

Cyclodextrin/cellulose hydrogel with gallic acid to prevent wound infection

Cyclodextrin-based hydrogels have been described as suitable for the controlled-release of bioactive molecules to be used as wound dressing. These materials have major advantages, since they gather the hydrogel properties (high degree of swelling and easy manipulation) and the encapsulation ability of cyclodextrins. β-cyclodextrin (β) or hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβ) was cross-linked (1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether) with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose under mild conditions. The hydrogels were chemically characterized by swelling degree, FTIR, DSC and contact angle. The gallic acid loading and release was also analysed, as well the antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of the polymeric networks. The hydrogels obtained were firm and transparent, with good swelling ability. The gel-HPβ had a surface more hydrophilic when compared with the gel-β. Nevertheless, both hydrogels were capable to incorporate gallic acid and sustain the release for 48 h. The antibacterial activity of gallic acid was maintained after its adsorption within the polymeric matrix, as well as, gallic acid effect on fibroblast proliferation. Therefore, gel-β and gel-HPβ conjugated with gallic acid were shown to be a viable option for antibacterial wound dressing.     

Synthesis of the Functional Hydrogels: Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Threaded onto the PEG Backbones Via RAFT

Functional poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) hydrogels were prepared by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of NIPAM in the presence of four-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (4A-PEG) as backbone and 4-cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate functional α -cyclodextrin threaded onto the PEG as chain transfer reagent (CTA).The structure of the hydrogels was characterized in detail with FTIR techniques. The analytical results demonstrated that α -cyclodextrin remains in as-obtained hydrogels. The swelling behavior was investigated and the functional hydrogels (functional gels) showed accelerated shrinking kinetics and higher swelling ratio comparing with conventional hydrogel (CG). It could be attributed to the presence of dangling chains. The hydrogel exhibited rapid swelling and deswelling kinetics. In principle, the hydrogel might find a number of applications including an on-off system and drug delivery systems.     

TGF‐β1‐Modified Hyaluronic Acid/Poly(glycidol) Hydrogels for Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

In cartilage regeneration, the biomimetic functionalization of hydrogels with growth factors is a promising approach to improve the in vivo performance and furthermore the clinical potential of these materials. In order to achieve this without compromising network properties, multifunctional linear poly(glycidol) acrylate (PG‐Acr) is synthesized and utilized as crosslinker for hydrogel formation with thiol‐functionalized hyaluronic acid via Michael‐type addition. As proof‐of‐principle for a bioactivation, transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) is covalently bound to PG‐Acr via Traut's reagent which does not compromise the hydrogel gelation and swelling behavior. Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) embedded within these bioactive hydrogels show a distinct dose‐dependent chondrogenesis. Covalent incorporation of TGF‐β1 significantly enhances the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs compared to hydrogels with supplemented noncovalently bound TGF‐β1. The observed chondrogenic response is similar to standard cell culture with TGF‐β1 addition with each medium change. In general, multifunctional PG‐Acr offers the opportunity to introduce a range of biomimetic modifications (peptides, growth factors) into hydrogels and, thus, appears as an attractive potential material for various applications in regenerative medicine.     

An Injectable,Bifunctional Hydrogel with Photothermal Effects for Tumor Therapy and Bone Regeneration

Significant attention has been focused on bone tumor therapy recently. At present, the treatment in clinic typically requires surgical intervention. However, a few tumor cells remain around bone defects after surgery and subsequently proliferate within several days. Thus, fabrication of biomaterials with dual functions of tumor therapy and bone regeneration is significant. Herein, the injectable hydrogel containing cisplatin (DDP) and polydopamine‐decorated nano‐hydroxyapatite is prepared via Schiff base reaction between the aldehyde groups on oxidized sodium alginate and amino groups on chitosan. The hydrogel exhibits sustained release properties for DDP due to the immobilization of DDP via abundant functional groups on polydopamine (PDA). Additionally, given the intense absorption of PDA in the near‐infrared region, the hydrogel exhibits excellent photothermal effects when exposed to the NIR laser (808 nm). Based on the properties, the hydrogel effectively ablates tumor cells (4T1 cells) in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, the hydrogel promotes the adhesion and proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells in vitro due to the abundant functional groups on PDA and further induces bone regeneration in vivo. Therefore, the study extends research on novel biomaterials with dual functions of tumor therapy and bone regeneration.     

A fast on-demand preparation of injectable self-healing nanocomposite hydrogels for efficient osteoinduction

Injectable hydrogels have been considered as promising materials for bone regeneration,but their osteoinduction and mechanical performance are yet to be improved.In this study,a novel biocompatible injectable and self-healing nano hybrid hydrogel was on-demand prepared via a fast(within 30 s) and easy gelation approach by reversible Schiff base formed between-CH=O of oxidized sodium alginate(OSA) and-NH_2 of glycol chitosan(GCS) mixed with calcium phosphate nanoparticles(CaP NPs).Its raw materials can be ready in large quantities by a simple synthesis process.The mechanical strength,degradation and swelling behavior of the hydrogel can be readily controlled by simply controlling the molar ratio of-CH=O and-NH_2.This hydrogel exhibits pH responsiveness,good degradability and biocompatibility.The hydrogel used as the matrix for mesenchymal stem cells can significantly induce the proliferation,differentiation and osteoinduction in vitro.These results showed this novel hydrogel is an ideal candidate for applications in bone tissue regeneration and drug delivery.     

General Strategy for Synthesis of Ordered Pt3M Intermetallics with Ultrasmall Particle Size

Controllable synthesis of atomically ordered intermetallic nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial to obtain superior electrocatalytic performance for fuel cell reactions, but still remains arduous. Herein, we demonstrate a novel and general hydrogel‐freeze drying strategy for the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported Pt₃M (M=Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, etc.) intermetallic NPs (Pt₃M/rGO‐HF) with ultrasmall particle size (about 3 nm) and dramatic monodispersity. The formation of hydrogel prevents the aggregation of graphene oxide and significantly promotes their excellent dispersion, while a freeze‐drying can retain the hydrogel derived three‐dimensionally (3D) porous structure and immobilize the metal precursors with defined atomic ratio on GO support during solvent sublimation, which is not afforded by traditional oven drying. The subsequent annealing process produces rGO supported ultrasmall ordered Pt₃M intermetallic NPs (≈3 nm) due to confinement effect of 3D porous structure. Such Pt₃M intermetallic NPs exhibit the smallest particle size among the reported ordered Pt‐based intermetallic catalysts. A detailed study of the synthesis of ordered intermetallic Pt₃Mn/rGO catalyst is provided as an example of a generally applicable method. This study provides an economical and scalable route for the controlled synthesis of Pt‐based intermetallic catalysts, which can pave a way for the commercialization of fuel cell technologies.