Regulating Spin Polarization through Cationic Vacancy Defects in Bi4Ti3O12 for Enhanced Molecular Oxygen Activation

Molecular oxygen (O₂) activation technology is of great significance in environmental purification due to its eco-friendly operation and cost-effective nature. However, the activation of O₂ is limited by spin-forbidden transitions, and efficient molecular oxygen activation depends on electronic behavior and surface adsorption. Herein, we prepared cationic defect-rich Bi₄Ti₃O₁₂ (BTO-MV2) catalysts containing Ti vacancies (V_Ti) for O₂ activation in water purification. The V_Ti on BTO nanosheets can induce electron spin polarization, increasing the number of spin-down photogenerated electrons and reducing the recombination of electron-hole pairs. An active surface V_Ti is also formed, serving as a center for adsorbing O₂ and extracting electrons, effectively generating ⋅OH, O₂⋅⁻ and ¹O₂. The degradation rate constant of tetracycline achieved by BTO-MV2 is 3.3 times faster than BTO, indicating a satisfactory prospect for practical application. This work provides an efficient pathway to activate molecular oxygen by constructing new active sites through cationic vacancy modification technology.     

Molecular Recognition Regulates Coordination Structure of Single-Atom Sites

Coordination engineering for single-atom sites has drawn increasing attention, yet its chemical synthesis remains a tough issue, especially for tailorable coordination structures. Herein, a molecular recognition strategy is proposed to fabricate single-atom sites with regulable local coordination structures. Specifically, a heteroatom-containing ligand serves as the guest molecule to induce coordination interaction with the metal-containing host, precisely settling the heteroatoms into the local structure of single-atom sites. As a proof of concept, thiophene is selected as the guest molecule, and sulfur atoms are successfully introduced into the local coordination structure of iron single-atom sites. Ultrahigh oxygen reduction electrocatalytic activity is achieved with a half-wave potential of 0.93 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. Furthermore, the strategy possesses excellent universality towards diversified types of single-atom sites. This work makes breakthroughs in the fabrication of single-atom sites and affords new opportunities in structural regulation at the atomic level.     

Bioinspired Single-Atom Sites Enable Efficient Oxygen Activation for Switching Anodic/Cathodic Electrochemiluminescence

Exploring advanced co-reaction accelerators with superior oxygen reduction activity that generate rich reactive oxygen species (ROS) has attracted great attention in boosting luminol-O₂ electrochemiluminescence (ECL). However, tuning accelerators for efficient and selective catalytic O₂ activation to switch anodic/cathodic ECL is very challenging. Herein, we report that enzyme-inspired Fe-based single-atom catalysts with axial N/C coordination structures (FeN₅, FeN₄© SACs) can generate specific ROS for cathodic/anodic ECL conversion. Mechanistic studies reveal that FeN₅ sites prefer to produce highly active hydroxyl radicals and afford direct cathodic luminescence by promoting the cleavage of O−O bonds through N-induced electron redistribution. In contrast, FeN₄© sites tend to produce superoxide radicals, resulting in inefficient anodic ECL. Benefiting from the enhanced cathodic ECL, FeN₅ SAC-based immunosensor was constructed for the sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers.     

Recent Advances of Single-atom Catalysts for Electro-catalysis

Single-atom catalysis is the “hot spot” in the field of catalysis due to the special geometries, electronic states, and their unique catalytic performance. Single-atom catalysts(SACs), isolated metal atoms dispersed on the support, show the highest atom efficiency, cutting down the potential cost in the industrial process. Consequently, this “homo-hetero” catalyst could be a promising candidate for the next-generation catalysts. The applications for the SACs are widely reported, like gas-solid reactions, organic reactions, and electro-catalysis. In this mini- review, we will focus on the recent work of SACs on electro-catalysis, including hydrogen evolution reaction(HER), oxygen reduction reaction(ORR), oxygen evolution reaction(OER), CO₂ reduction reaction(CO₂ RR), and nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR).     

LaMnyCo1-yO3催化剂中氧状态的XPS研究

钙铁石型稀土复合氧化物因其结构和性能的多样性，作为重要的功能材料（超导体、电极材料、光学材料、催化剂等）受到普遍重视[1]ABO3型稀土复合氧化物热稳定性高·文献[2-4]曾报导了La1－xCexCoO3、La1－xAx－Mno。、Lal。Sr。CoO。催化剂体系A位离子的偏析、价态和氧的非化学计量问题．本文是保持A位离子La不变，B位离子由Mn、Co组成的体系，通过B位离子组合来讨论过渡金属离子的电子组态导致氧状态变化对催化性能的影响．1实验部分（1）试剂：La（NO3h、Mn（NO3h、Co（NO小分析结（2）催化剂制备：按化学计量比混合溶液，用…     

Dual-Atom Catalysts Derived from a Preorganized Covalent Organic Framework for Enhanced Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction

Dual-atom catalysts (DAC) are deemed as promising electrocatalysts due to the abundant active sites and adjustable electronic structure, but the fabrication of well-defined DAC is still full of challenges. Herein, bonded Fe dual-atom catalysts (Fe₂DAC) with Fe₂N₆C₈O₂ configuration were developed through one-step carbonization of a preorganized covalent organic framework with bimetallic Fe chelation sites (Fe₂COF). The transition from Fe₂COF to Fe₂DAC involved the dissociation of the nanoparticles and the capture of atoms by carbon defects. Benefitting from the optimized d-band center and enhanced adsorption of OOH* intermediates, Fe₂DAC exhibited outstanding oxygen reduction activity with a half-wave potential of 0.898 V vs. RHE. This work will guide more fabrication of dual-atom and even cluster catalysts from preorganized COF in the future.     

In Situ X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Metal/Nitrogen-doped Carbons in Oxygen Electrocatalysis

Metal/nitrogen-doped carbons (M−N−C) are promising candidates as oxygen electrocatalysts due to their low cost, tunable catalytic activity and selectivity, and well-dispersed morphologies. To improve the electrocatalytic performance of such systems, it is critical to gain a detailed understanding of their structure and properties through advanced characterization. In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) serves as a powerful tool to probe both the active sites and structural evolution of catalytic materials under reaction conditions. In this review, we firstly provide an overview of the fundamental concepts of XAS and then comprehensively review the setup and application of in situ XAS, introducing electrochemical XAS cells, experimental methods, as well as primary functions on catalytic applications. The active sites and the structural evolution of M−N−C catalysts caused by the interplay with electric fields, electrolytes and reactants/intermediates during the oxygen evolution reaction and the oxygen reduction reaction are subsequently discussed in detail. Finally, major challenges and future opportunities in this exciting field are highlighted.     

分子筛催化剂表征的研究

本文采用原子吸收光谱、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、元素分析等方法分别对分子筛催化剂在催化裂化反应前后进行了表征。探讨了催化剂失活的原因，以及活化后与新鲜、失活催化剂的差别。     

单原子催化剂在CO2转化中的应用

单原子催化剂(SAC)是由互相隔离分散的原子级活性位点锚定在基底上而形成的一类新兴催化剂材料, 其具有最大化的原子利用率、 可调控的独特电子结构, 因而在热催化、 光催化及电催化等方面展现出良好的应用前景. 通过SAC的热/光/电催化CO₂转化反应(CCR)能将温室气体CO₂转化为燃料或具有附加值的化学品, 为解决严重的全球变暖和能源短缺问题提供了一种有效策略. 本文总结了近年来SAC在CO₂转化领域的研究进展, 讨论了其合成、 调控及催化各类CO₂转化反应的优缺点, 并对其未来的发展进行了展望.     

分子筛负载催化剂的烯烃配位聚合反应

分子筛是由TO4(T=Al,Si或P,少数情况下是B,Ga,Be等其它原子)四面体之间通过共享顶点而形成的三维四连接骨架.烯烃配位聚合反应是一类重要的高分子化学反应,将烯烃配位聚合催化剂负载于不同结构与孔径的分子筛后,分子筛不仅能起载体的作用,调变聚合反应的动力学行为,改善聚烯烃的形态;其纳米孔道更是烯烃聚合的反应器,可以调节所得聚烯烃的分子量及其分布、加工流变性能、立构规整性和共聚物中共单体的含量.本文着重论述了分子筛负载催化剂的烯烃配位聚合反应新进展.     

Adapting Synthetic Models of Heme/Cu Sites to Energy-Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Reaction

In nature, cytochrome c oxidases catalyze the 4e⁻ oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the heme/Cu site, in which Cu^I is used to assist O₂ activation. Because of the thermodynamic barrier to generate Cu^I, synthetic Fe-porphyrin/Cu complexes usually show moderate electrocatalytic ORR activity. We herein report on a Co-corrole/Co complex 1-Co for energy-efficient electrocatalytic ORR. By hanging a Co^II ion over Co corrole, 1-Co realizes electrocatalytic 4e⁻ ORR with a half-wave potential of 0.89 V versus RHE, which is outstanding among corrole-based electrocatalysts. Notably, 1-Co outperforms Co corrole hanged with Cu^II or Zn^II. We revealed that the hanging Co^II ion can provide an electron to improve O₂ binding thermodynamically and dynamically, a function represented by the biological Cu^I ion of the heme/Cu site. This work is significant to present a remarkable ORR electrocatalyst and to show the vital role of a second-sphere redox-active metal ion in promoting O₂ binding and activation.     

Dual Atom Catalysts for Energy and Environmental Applications

The pursuit of high metal utilization in heterogeneous catalysis has triggered the burgeoning interest of various atomically dispersed catalysts. Our aim in this review is to assess key recent findings in the synthesis, characterization, structure-property relationship and computational studies of dual-atom catalysts (DACs), which cover the full spectrum of applications in thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis and photocatalysis. In particular, combination of qualitative and quantitative characterization with cooperation with DFT insights, synergies and superiorities of DACs compare to counterparts, high-throughput catalyst exploration and screening with machine-learning algorithms are highlighted. Undoubtably, it would be wise to expect more fascinating developments in the field of DACs as tunable catalysts.     

碳基非贵金属氧还原电催化剂的活性位结构研究进展

以热解型Fe/N/C为代表的碳基非贵金属材料被认为是当前最具潜力替代铂的非贵金属氧还原催化剂,其综合性能的进一步突破,对于推动质子交换膜燃料电池商业化应用具有重要意义。对热解型Fe/N/C催化剂活性位结构的深入认识是实现催化剂高活性位密度和高稳定性理性设计的关键。本文总结了热解型Fe/N/C活性位的研究进展,重点介绍了非晶态铁氮配位活性中心、氮掺杂和碳缺陷三类活性位构型。由于热解型Fe/N/C是非均相的,结构非常复杂,导致在活性位认识上还存在诸多争议,本文总结阐述了活性位结构的不同观点。最后,我们展望了Fe/N/C催化剂活性位研究的未来方向。     

Locally Ordered Single-Atom Catalysts for Electrocatalysis

Single-atom catalysts manifest nearly 100 % atom utilization efficiency, well-defined active sites, and high selectivity. However, their practical applications are hindered by a low atom loading density, uncontrollable location, and ambiguous interaction with the support, thereby posing challenges to maximizing their electrocatalytic performance. To address these limitations, the ability to arrange randomly dispersed single atoms into locally ordered single-atom catalysts (LO-SACs) substantially influences the electronic effect between reactive sites and the support, the synergistic interaction among neighboring single atoms, the bonding energy of intermediates with reactive sites and the complexity of the mechanism. As such, it dramatically promotes reaction kinetics, reduces the energy barrier of the reaction, improves the performance of the catalyst and simplifies the reaction mechanism. In this review, firstly, we introduce a variety of compelling characteristics of LO-SACs as electrocatalysts. Subsequently, the synthetic strategies, characterization methods and applications of LO-SACs in electrocatalysis are discussed. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges are elaborated to encourage further exploration in this rapidly evolving field.     

铜,硫掺杂对铁氮碳氧还原催化剂性能的提升作用

采用FeCl₃·6H₂O,Cu(NO₃)₂·3H₂O,KSCN,氧化BP-2000和三聚氰胺分别作为铁源、铜源、硫源、碳源和氮源,制备了一系列非贵金属氧还原电催化剂.通过透射电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、X射线光电子能谱和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱等表征了催化剂的形貌和结构,并通过旋转圆盘和旋转环盘测试研究了催化剂的性能,分析了铜,硫掺杂对于催化剂性能的提升作用.结果表明,与铜掺杂相比,硫掺杂能更大幅度地提高催化剂的周转率(TOF),并有效降低过氧化氢产率;同时铜,硫双掺杂的催化剂具有更高的TOF和更低的过氧化氢产率.     

铂铋金属间化合物催化剂的氧还原与抗甲醇氧化性能

采用氩弧熔炼后热处理方法制备了PtBi金属间化合物材料.采用循环伏安法和旋转圆盘电极进行电化学性能测试.通过在0.5 mol•L^－1 H₂SO₄＋0.25 mol•L^－1 CH₃OH溶液中对氧还原的起始电位和电流密度大小比较发现,与光滑铂电极相比,PtBi金属间化合物具有良好的氧还原催化性能和抗甲醇中毒性能.从结构方面分析了PtBi具有抗甲醇中毒性能的原因,认为是PtBi中Pt-Pt的间距大，不利于甲醇的吸附解离. X射线光电子能谱(XPS)结果表明,PtBi材料中Pt的d电子空穴增加,可能是导致PtBi电极表面氧还原电流增大的原因.     

原子尺度钴基氮碳催化剂对析氧反应的构效关系的研究（英文）

理解析氧反应(OER)电催化剂活性位点的活性来源是开发高效电催化剂的关键。然而,由于催化剂结构-活性关系的复杂性,发展高效电催化剂仍然是一个至关重要的挑战。本文设计了不同Co-N-C催化剂构型,包括单原子、双原子和团簇,并通过第一性原理计算建立了析氧反应构效关系。结果表明,Co-N₄由于金属中心的高配位数和与所有析氧反应中间体的适中吸附能,表现出最佳反应性,过电位为0.37V。双原子和团簇的活性来源于催化剂自身与反应中间体相结合的高度配位结构。此外,本文基于Co-N₄构型讨论了影响OER活性的其他因素,其中弱金属-金属相互作用可以通过调节Co-O的反键能级优化含氧中间体的吸附降低反应过电位。随后,根据建立的结构-吸附-活性关系,对火山图进行外推,得到CoNi-type4体系OER的过电位为0.23V。本文研究揭示了Co-N-C催化剂OER活性的起源,建立了基于原子尺度的Co-N-C催化剂的构效关系,有助于理解M-N-C基催化剂的高性能,并促进高效OER催化剂的设计。     

质子交换膜燃料电池阴极非贵金属M-Nx/C型氧还原催化剂研究进展

氧还原反应(ORR)是燃料电池能量转换的关键步骤,开发高性能低成本的催化剂以替代铂族贵金属是推动燃料电池商业化的重要途径。本文综述了质子交换膜燃料电池非贵金属M-N_x/C型催化剂的最新研究进展,概括了氧还原反应的基础理论,系统展示了先进表征技术对活性位点鉴定和反应机理研究的作用,总结了M-N_x/C型催化剂近年来的代表工作和活性突破,阐述了稳定性问题的根源及对应的方案策略,我们认为M-N_x/C型催化剂未来的发展方向是理性设计具高位点密度和高稳定性的催化剂。     

石墨烯负载Pt催化剂的制备及催化氧还原性能

采用直接化学还原法, 以金属钠为还原剂, 四氯乙烯为碳源, 在石蜡油中不经氧化石墨(GO)和氧化石墨烯(GrO)而直接制备石墨烯(Gr), 然后将Pt纳米粒子担载在Gr基体上, 得到Pt/Gr催化剂, 并对其催化氧还原(OR)性能进行了研究. 通过X射线衍射(XRD), 透射电镜(TEM)和电化学测试对合成催化剂的结构、形貌和电化学性质进行了表征. 实验结果表明: 所制备的Pt/Gr催化剂具有较好的分散性, 平均粒径为3.1 nm; 氧还原起始电位比商业JM-Pt/C催化电极正移了24 mV; 交换电流密度达到1×10^-3 mA·cm^-2, 是商业JM-Pt/C催化电极的2.5倍.