再论电负性标度的发展

电负性是化学中的一个重要概念,在基础化学课程中起着关键作用。本文将电负性研究过程分为三个阶段,简述了关于电负性标度的认识不断深入、逐步发展的过程,在讨论不同电负性标度的基础上,着重讨论了绝对电负性标度和Pauling类型电负性标度的差别性、Allen电负性标度及其修正的Rahm标度等,对深刻理解电负性标度这一基本概念及促进无机化学教学内容的改革均有重要意义。     

密度泛函理论下的分子总体电负性与调和平均电负性的关系

根据密度泛函理论定义的有效原子电负性，讨论了分子中总体电负性与调和平均电负性之间的关系，得到了调和平均电负性非常接近于总体电负性的结论，同时，说明了两者相似的原因，并对一系列分子给出了它们的数值比较．     

电负性研究(Ⅱ)—氢的电负性

氢的电负性值是氢元素性质的重要参数，１９３２年Pauling犤１～３犦定量确定氢的相对电负性值等于２．１，１９６１年Allred犤４，５犦用更准确的实验数据对Paul－ing电负性标度进行了修正，氢的电负性值被确定为２．２，目前这两个数值都在采用。元素的电负性值是与元素的性质紧密相关的，一个合适的电负性标度应该至少反映所有重要元素的电负性值，氢的化合物比任何其它元素都多，理应有一个基本的准确电负性值，然而一些电负性标度中却缺乏这样的数据。在Murphy等四人犤６犦最近发表的论文中，对Pauling电负性标度又进行了深入考查与…     

Ⅱ.桑德逊电负性均衡原理及其在现代无机化学中的应用

桑德逊电负性均衡原理是桑德逊电负性标度方法建立的基础,是关于电负性理论的重要核心。一、电负性均衡原理电负性的重要用途之一是用以表征电负性     

原子电负性的一种计算方法

廿多年来许多作者提出各种计算电负性的方法,但所求得的各原子电负性数值,均不尽一致.不幸的是目前尚无法直接由实验测定电负性,很难判断那一种计算方法较为合理.此外,多位作者尚对中性原子的轨道电负性、键的电负性以及自由基的电负性、原子团的电负性进行计算. 上述各种电负性标度大多由能量观点出发,本文建议以原子对其价电子的平均有效吸引力F(r)作为计算原子电负性x的标度,即     

对鲍林电负性物理本质的探讨

鲍林电负性标度应用很广,但长期以来其物理意义不甚明瞭。本文试图通过建立等效氢原子模型,运用原子的价电子电离势的精确实验数据,建立新的电负性标度,从而探讨鲍林电负性的物理意义。在此之前先对鲍林及缪立根（Mulliken）电负性简介如下： 一、鲍林、缪立根电负性概述鲍林电负性的定义是：电负性是元素的原子在分子中吸引电子的能力。     

青霉素基团性质的分析

以密度泛函理论和电负性均衡原理为基础,应用修正的电负性均衡方法,并自编程序,用最小二乘法,拟合确定了H,C,O,N,F和Cl以及S等各种类型原子的价态电负性、价态硬度和能量的相关参数;从电负性均衡原理的观点,利用这些参数确定了一些青霉素基团的电负性和电荷分布,并进行了讨论.     

电负性与原子价层轨道能

用密度泛函理论论证了原子价层轨道能与元素电负性之间的密切关系，说明如何用原子价层轨道能对元素电负性的概念进行解释，从而使周期表中元素电负性更容易被理解和计算。     

电负性均衡

电负性是分子中一个原子把电子拉向它自身的能力,是化学理论的基本概念之一。继Pauling建立第一个电负性标度后,提出了众多的电负性标度。只是在密度泛函理论的基础上,电负性概念和电负性均衡原理,才被精密地论证。近二十多年来,电负性理论的重要发展是:应用电负性均衡模型或方法,可以快速地计算分子体系的电荷分布,从而确定分子的其他性质,甚至包括分子的结构和反应性指标。通常的电负性均衡方法只把分子划分到原子区域,虽然简单直观,但其精度和应用范围受到限制。原子与键电负性均衡方法,把分子划分到包括原子区域、化学键区域和孤对电子区域,能够较快速精密地计算分子的电荷分布和其他性质,并被应用到构建新一代可极化或浮动电荷力场的探索中,有广阔的应用前景。     

氮与氯的非金属性比较研究

氮和氯的L. Pauling电负性相同,非金属性相同。但是氮和氯的原子半径、电离能、电子亲和能、电负性等都是有差别的,这些差别都从某个角度或方面反映出它们的非金属性差异。最直接的氮和氯的非金属性比较的依据还是电负性,不是静态电负性（如L. Pauling电负性）,而是动态电负性（如轨道电负性）,以三氯化氮为例比较氮和氯的非金属性。     

原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数与元素电负性的关系

在基态原子价壳层电子隐核图的基础上, 基于拓扑化学原理以及原子价壳层电子结构特征, 构建了原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数(AEI), 它对基态原子实现唯一性表征, 结合原子价壳层电子平均化能(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)等参数, 建立了一套新的元素电负性标度: X_N＝－0.588710AEI₁＋0.761214AEI₂＋0.154982(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)－0.080929. 该式给出了周期表中氢至镅共95种元素的电负性, 结果表明新电负性标度X_N与Pauling电负性标度颇为一致. 进一步从原子价轨道量子拓扑指数确定了sp, sp², sp³杂化轨道的电负性. 新标度在元素和物质的结构-性质研究中具有一定的适用性.     

Calculation of molecular energies by atom-bond electronegativity equalization method

The atom-bond electronegativity equalization method (ABEEM), based on the equalization of the “effective electronegativity” of an atom or a bond in a molecule, allows the direct calculation of the charge distribution and the molecular electronegativity of a large molecule. We now demonstrate how the another important quantity, the total molecular energy, can be computed directly and rapidly. It is shown that, based on the ABEEM, the corresponding ab initio values of the total molecular energy can be reproduced with very satisfactory accuracy. In addition, it has been found that in the expression of the energy functional E[ρ] of the ABEEM, the charge-dependent term C correlates quite well with the total molecular bonding energy.     

Electronegativity and chemical hardness of organoelement groups

The experimental approaches to estimation of comparative electronegativity and chemical hardness of organometallic groups have been proposed. Qualitative data on the electronegativity of L _nM groups were obtained from ¹⁹F NMR study of model systems 4‐FC₆H₄QML_n (Q = CC, N(R), O, C(O)O, S), (4‐FC₆H₄)₃ SnML _n and (4‐FC₆H₄)₃SnQML _n (Q = O, S), containing a great variety of different organometallic groups containing transition or heavy main‐group metals. The data on chemical hardness of L _nM groups were obtained from NMR study of distribution of different L _nM groups between hard and soft anions. The following basic results have been obtained. (1) The relative electronegativity and chemical hardness of L _nM groups can change in parallel or not with the electronegativity and hardness of the central metal atom. (2) The substituents in Ar can substantially modify electronegativity and hardness of Ar _nM groups; the influence of Ar groups has an inductive nature; the increase in electron‐donating ability of aryl ligands enhances the hardness of Ar _nM cations. (3) The relative electronegativity and hardness of L _nM groups in L _nMX are invariant and do not depend on X.     

Enthalpies of formation of monoderivatives of hydrocarbons: Interaction of polar groups with an alkyl group

Energies of hydrocarbon monoderivatives CH(3)X, C(2)H(5)X, n-C(4)H(9)X, and n-C(5)H(11)X with 16 different substituents X were calculated at the levels B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) and B3LYP/AUG-cc-pVTZ//B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p). The results were used to test the validity of the additive rule that has served commonly for estimating the enthalpies of formation Delta(f)H(T). The exact additivity corresponds to zero reaction energy DeltaE of the isodesmic reaction, in which the substituent X is transferred from one alkyl group R to another. Additivity is approximately fulfilled for butyl and pentyl derivatives with the differences less than 0.3 kJ mol(-1) (except charged groups X). Methyl derivatives deviated from the additive rule up to 22 kJ mol(-1) for dipolar groups X and 45 kJ mol(-1) for charged group, in agreement with the available experiments and with the anticipation of all suggested empirical schemes. In addition, smaller deviations of ethyl derivatives (3 or 20 kJ mol(-1), respectively) were observed here for the first time. There is no correlation between the deviations of methyl and ethyl derivatives; they are also not related to steric effects, and only partly to polarization. Deviations of methyl derivatives are proportional to the electronegativity of the first atom of the substituent; even when the definition of electronegativity is somewhat questionable, one can say in any case that it is controlled by the first atom.     

β-丙内酯的反应性分析

利用原子键电负性均衡方法研究了β丙内酯与不同亲核试剂的反应性.研究表明,Fukui函数不是决定反应选择性的唯一因素,而局域意义的软硬酸碱原理可用来理解此类反应性.     

Electronegativity under Confinement

The electronegativity concept was first formulated by Pauling in the first half of the 20th century to explain quantitatively the properties of chemical bonds between different types of atoms. Today, it is widely known that, in high-pressure regimes, the reactivity properties of atoms can change, and, thus, the bond patterns in molecules and solids are affected. In this work, we studied the effects of high pressure modeled by a confining potential on different definitions of electronegativity and, additionally, tested the accuracy of first-order perturbation theory in the context of density functional theory for confined atoms of the second row at the Hartree–Fock level. As expected, the electronegativity of atoms at high confinement is very different than that of their free counterparts since it depends on the electronic configuration of the atom, and, thus, its periodicity is modified at higher pressures.     

19F NMR studies of the comparative electronegativity of the Ph3E groups (E=C, Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb) in Ph3E derivatives of tris(4-fluorophenyl)stannanethiol

Compounds (4-FC₆H₄)₃SnSEPh₃ (E=C, Si, Ge, Sn, or Pb) were synthesized or generated in solution. The data on the comparative electronegativity of the Ph₃E groups were obtained from the results of¹⁹F NMR spectroscopy. It was established that, except for E=C, the electronegativity changes in parallel with the absolute electronegativity of the central atom. Possible reasons for the deviation observed are discussed. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1215‐1218, June, 1997.