Elucidating the Effect of Glycerol Concentration and C/N Ratio on Lipid Production Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Yarrowia lipolytica</Emphasis> SKY7

The high demand for renewable energy and increased biodiesel production lead to the surplus availability of crude glycerol. Due to the above reason, the bio-based value addition of crude glycerol into various bioproducts is investigated; among them, microbial lipids are attractive. The present study was dedicated to find the optimal glycerol concentration and carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio to produce maximum lipid using Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7. The glycerol concentration (34.4 to168.2 g/L) and C/N ratio (25 to 150) were selected to investigate to maximize the lipid production. Initial glycerol concentration 112.5 g/L, C/N molar ratio of 100, and with 5 % v/v inoculum supplementation were found to be optimum for biomass and lipid production. Based on the above optimal parameters, lipid concentration of 43.8 % w/w with a biomass concentration of 14.8 g/L was achieved. In the case of glycerol concentration, the maximum Yp/s (0.192 g/g); Yx/s (0.43 g/g) was noted when the initial glycerol concentration was 112.5 g/L with C/N molar ratio 100 and inoculum volume 5 % v/v. The glycerol uptake was also noted to increase with the increase in glycerol concentration. At low C/N ratio, the glycerol consumption was found to be high (79.43 g/L on C/N 25) whereas the glycerol consumption was observed to decrease when the C/N ratio was raised to 150 (40.8 g/L).     

Effect of Amino Acids and Sodium Chloride on <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">d</Emphasis>-Sorbitol in Aqueous Solutions at Different Temperatures: Volumetric and Acoustic Approach

Apparent molar volumes and apparent molar compressibilities for d-sorbitol in (0.05, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) mol·kg^?1 aqueous solutions of l-alanine, l-cysteine and l-histidine and NaCl have been determined from measurements of solution density at T?=?(288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K and sound velocity at T?=?298.15 K, as a function of the concentration of the sugar alcohol. The data were used to obtain the limiting apparent molar volumes, limiting apparent molar compressibilities and the corresponding transfer parameters. Limiting apparent molar expansibilities and their second order derivatives and volume interaction coefficients were also estimated. These parameters are discussed in terms of d-sorbitol and co-solute (amino acid or sodium chloride) interactions in aqueous solutions.     

The Study of Intermolecular Interactions for <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">dl</Emphasis>-Alanine and Glycine in Aqueous <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>(+)-Arabinose Solutions at Different Temperatures and Ambient Pressure,Using the Volumetric Approach

Density measurements are used to calculate the apparent molar volumes V_φ, limiting apparent molar volumes \(V_{\varphi }^{0}\), limiting apparent molar volumes of transfer, \(\Delta_{\text{t}} V_{\varphi }^{0}\), limiting apparent molar expansibilities, \(E_{\varphi }^{0}\), and hydration numbers n_H, for dl-alanine and glycine in aqueous solutions of l(+)-arabinose at T?=?293.15 to 313.15 K. To obtain the limiting apparent molar volume, the V_φ values are extrapolated to zero molality using the linear form of the Redlich–Meyer equation. Also, the limiting apparent molar volumes of transfer, \(\Delta_{\text{t}} V_{\varphi }^{0}\), for the amino acids, from water to aqueous l(+)-arabinose solutions, are calculated from the \(V_{\varphi }^{0}\) values. The limiting apparent molar expansibility, \(E_{\varphi }^{0}\), values have been obtained from the first derivative of limiting apparent molar volumes with respect to temperature. Also the hydration number, n_H, for both amino acids in the ternary solutions are estimated. Possible solute–solvent interactions in the studied ternary systems are discussed.     

Growth of Cyanobacteria: Optimization for Increased Carbohydrate Content

Growths of Lyngbya limnetica and Oscillatoria obscura were investigated at varying pH, light intensity, temperature, and trace element concentration with a view to optimize these parameters for obtaining the maximum carbohydrate content. The maximum growth for both strains was obtained at pH 9.0 and temperature 20 ± 3 °C using a light intensity of 68.0 μmol m^?2 s^?1 with continuous shaking. Growth under the nitrogen starvation condition affected the carbohydrate content more compared to the phosphorus starvation, and maximum concentrations were found as 0.660 and 0.621 g/g of dry biomass for L. limnetica and O. obscura, respectively. Under the optimized nitrogen-rich conditions, the specific growth rates for the two strains were found to be 0.187 and 0.215 day^?1, respectively. The two-stage growth studies under nitrogen-rich (stage I) followed by nitrogen starvation (stage II) conditions were performed, and maximum biomass and carbohydrate productivity were found as 0.088 and 0.423 g L^?1 day^?1 for L. limnetica. This is the first ever attempt to evaluate and optimize various parameters affecting the growth of cyanobacterial biomass of L. limnetica and O. obscura as well as their carbohydrate contents.     

Toxicity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Camellia sinensis</Emphasis>-Fabricated Silver Nanoparticles on Invertebrate and Vertebrate Organisms: Morphological Abnormalities and DNA Damages

Our understanding of nanoparticle toxicity and fate in the aquatic environment is still patchy. In the present study, the toxicity of silver nanoparticles coated by Camellia sinensis (Cs) leaf extract metabolites (Cs-AgNPs) was investigated in comparison with C. sinensis leaf extract and AgNO₃ on a micro-crustacean, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, and a fish Poecilia reticulata. 100% mortality of C. cornuta was observed post-exposure to AgNO₃ (40 µg/ml) if compared to the Cs leaf extract and Cs-AgNPs, showing 30 and 56% mortality at the same concentration, respectively. In P. reticulata 100% mortality was observed testing AgNO₃ and Cs-AgNPs post-exposure to 1 and 30 µg/ml, respectively. Light microscopy and CLSM images showed the accumulation of nanoparticles in the intestine of C. cornuta treated with Cs-AgNPs at 40 µg/ml. In addition, histological observations confirmed the abnormal tissue texture in nanoparticle-exposed P. reticulata, if compared to control fishes. Furthermore, C. cornuta and P. reticulata treated with Cs-AgNPs showed DNA damages compared to the control. Overall, these findings indicated relevant limits about the employ of silver-based pesticides in the environment, and also pointed out the Cs-AgNPs were less toxic to C. cornuta and P. reticulata if compared to silver ions.     

Investigation of cationic soapless P(St-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-DMAEMA) latex and its electrostatic adsorption of laponite

Cationic poly(styrene-co-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (P(St-co-DMAEMA)) latexes were prepared in the absence of surfactant by using 2,2’ -azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA) as the initiator. The effects of the AIBA concentration, HCl/DMAEMA molar ratio and DMAEMA amount on the emulsion polymerization and the latex properties were investigated. The particle morphology and size, the zeta potential and the amino distribution of the P(St-co-DMAEMA) latexes were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and conductometric titration, respectively. Results showed that the emulsion polymerization performed smoothly with high monomer conversion and narrow particle size distribution under the optimized conditions with AIBA concentration of 1 wt%, HCl/DMAEMA molar ratio of 1.2 and DMAEMA content of 5 wt%. The diameter of the dried latex particles decreased and the density of amino groups on the particle surfaces increased with increasing the DMAEMA content. The zeta potential of the P(St-co-DMAEMA) latexes was pH-dependent and the zero point was around at pH 7.2. A facile method was developed to fabricate P(St-co-DMAEMA)/laponite hybrid nanoparticles via electrostatic adsorption, in which the loading capacity of laponite platelets reached 17.7 wt%, and the resultant hybrid nanoparticles showed good thermal stability.     

Antioxidant effects of dihydroquercetin and rutin in peroxidase reactions catalyzed by cytochrome <Emphasis Type="Italic">c</Emphasis>

The combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c) and cardiolipin is known to catalyze free radical oxidation of membrane lipids, thereby triggering the cascade of reactions that lead to programmed cell death (apoptosis). It was interesting to estimate the possibility of controlling this reaction with the use of inhibitors of free radical reactions (antioxidants). The effects of bovine heart cardiolipin (BCL) and synthetic 1,1′,2,2′-tetraoleyl cardiolipin (TOCL) on the Cyt c peroxidase activity detected by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence (CL) were studied. The CL amplitude substantially increased in the presence of TOCL and BCL in the ranges of the cardiolipin to Cyt c molar ratios from 0 to 30 and from 0 to 50, respectively, and insignificantly increased upon further increase in these ratios to 640: 1 and 320: 1. This dependence of the CL amplitude on the cardiolipin to protein ratio may have been accounted for by saturation of the protein surface with cardiolipin molecules reached at a certain molar ratio. The effects of the antioxidants rutin and dihydroquercetin (DHQ) on the peroxidase activity of Cyt c in combination with BCL was studied in the presence of the CL activator coumarine C-525 at a BCL to Cyt c molar ratio of 32: 1. In both cases, the peroxidase activity decreased as the antioxidant content of the system increased. A 50% inhibition of the reaction was observed at DHQ and rutin concentrations of 10 and 3 μM, respectively. It is supposed that the use of antioxidants will make it possible to control the formation of lipid radicals on membrane-bound Cyt c, which is the key stage of apoptosis.     

Phase transition temperature controllable poly(acrylamide-<Emphasis Type="Italic">co</Emphasis>-acrylic acid) nanocomposite physical hydrogels with high strength

Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) nanocomposite physical (P(AAm-co-AAc)NCP) hydrogels have been prepared through the in situ free radical solution polymerization based on a “single network, dual cross-linkings” strategy. The P(AAm-co-AAc) NCP hydrogels are composed of nanobrushes of P(AAm-co-AAc) chains grafted on the surface of vinylhybrid silica nanoparticles (VSNPs). In the hydrogel system, the VSNPs act as the “analogous chemical cross-linking points” once the hydrogen bonds formed between the P(AAm-co-AAc) chains of the nanobrushes, thus leading to the fabrication of high-strength P(AAm-co-AAc) NCP hydrogels. Compared with conventional thermosensitive P(AAm-co-AAc) hydrogels, the P(AAm-co-AAc) NCP hydrogels have a broader range of phase transition temperature, which can be adjusted by altering the monomer ratio, the VSNPs concentration, the addition of urea and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm). At the same time, the mechanical properties of the P(AAm-co-AAc) NCP hydrogels have been improved significantly by the introduction of VSNPs. Furthermore, both the phase transition and the tensile strength of the P(AAm-co-AAc) NCP hydrogels are largely influenced when Fe³⁺ ions are introduced as the ionic crosslinkers into the hydrogel networks.     

Reaction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-chloroamines with carbanions derived from ethyl acetoacetate and diethyl malonate

Carbanions derived from ethyl 3-oxobutanoate and diethyl malonate reacted with an equimolar amount of N-chloro-N-ethylethanamine, N-chloromorpholine, or N-chloropiperidine to give diethyl 2,3-diacetylbutanedioate and tetraethyl ethane-1,1,2,2-tetracarboxylate in 68–83% yield. The possibility of heterocoupling of ethyl 3-oxobutanoate and diethyl malonate carbanions by the action of N-chloro-N-ethylethanamine and the effect of the molar reactant ratio on the selectivity of oxidative homo- and heterocoupling were studied.     

Harnessing the Effect of pH on Lipid Production in Batch Cultures of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Yarrowia lipolytica</Emphasis> SKY7

The objective of this research was to investigate the kinetics of lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica SKY7 in the crude glycerol-supplemented media with and without the control of pH. Lipid and citric acid production were improved with the pH control condition. There was no significant difference observed in the biomass concentration with or without the pH control. In the pH-controlled experiments, the biomass and lipid concentration reached 18 and 7.78 g/L, (45.5% w/w), respectively, with lipid yield (Yp/s) of 0.179 g/g at 60 h of fermentation. The lipid production was directly correlated with growth and the process was defined as growth associated. After 60 h of fermentation, the lipid degradation was noticed in the pH-controlled reactor whereas it occurred after 84 h in the pH-uncontrolled reactor. Apart from lipid, citric acid was produced as the major extracellular product in both fermentations but the much lower concentration in uncontrolled pH. Based on the experimental results, it is evident that controlling the pH will enhance the lipid production by 15% compared to pH-uncontrolled fermentation.     

Bulk properties of a liquid phase mixture {ethylene glycol+<Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-butanol} in the temperature range 278.15–348.15 K and pressures of 0.1-100 MPa. I. Experimental results,excess and partial molar volumes

The densities ρ and coefficients of compressibility k = ΔV/V ₀ of a binary mixture {ethylene glycol (1) + tert-butanol (2)} in the temperature range of 278.15–323.15 K and pressures of 0.1–100 MPa over the entire range of compositions of liquid phase state are measured. Found that the coefficients of compressibility k of the mixture increase both with an increase in the concentration of tert-butanol and with a rise in temperature and pressure. The excess molar volumes of the mixture, apparent, partial molar volumes, and limiting partial molar volumes of the components are calculated. It is showed that the excess molar volumes of the mixture are negative and decrease when the pressure increases. The excess molar volumes are described by the Redlich-Kister equation. The partial molar volumes of ethylene glycol sharply decrease in the range of high concentrations of tert-butanol. The dependences of partial molar volumes of ethylene glycol are characterized by the presence of a region of temperature inversion. The “negative compressibility” of the limiting partial volumes of ethylene glycol is revealed.     

Analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</Emphasis> PAO1 Biofilm Protein Profile After Exposure to <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Butanolic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyclamen coum</Emphasis> Extract Alone and in Combination with Ciprofloxacin

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm-related infections are the major cause of premature death in cystic fibrosis patients. Strategies to induce biofilm dispersal are of interest, because of their potential in preventing biofilm-related infections. Our previous work demonstrated that n-butanolic Cyclamen coum extract with ciprofloxacin could eliminate 1- and 3-day-old P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms. To gain new insights into the role of C. coum extract and its synergistic effect with ciprofloxacin in eliminating P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) in combination with mass spectrometry-based protein identification were used. Changes in the bacterial protein expression were analyzed when 3-day-old biofilm cells were exposed to the C. coum extract alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin. Proteins involved in alginate biosynthesis, quorum sensing, adaptation/protection, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism showed a weaker expression in the C. coum extract-ciprofloxacin-treated biofilm cells compared to those in the untreated cells. Interestingly, the proteome of C. coum extract-ciprofloxacin-treated biofilm revealed more resemblance to the planktonic phenotype than to the biofilm phenotype. It appears that saponin extract in combination with ciprofloxacin causes biofilm disruption due to several mechanisms such as motility induction, cell envelope integrity perturbation, stress protein expression reduction, and more importantly, signal transduction perturbation. In conclusion, exposure to a combination of biofilm dispersal such as saponin extract and antimicrobial agents may offer a novel strategy to control preestablished, persistent P. aeruginosa biofilms and biofilm-related infections.     

Temperature-dependent selectivity of inclusion by <Emphasis Type="Italic">trans</Emphasis>-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-dicarboxylic acid

From acetophenone solution with a small amount of water, a widely used clathrate forming compound, trans-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracene-11,12-dicarboxylic acid (DED), crystallizes either in the form of a clathrate with acetophenone (25°C) or in the form of hydrate (5°C). The clathrate of DED with acetophenone is triclinic, space group P-1 with the unit cell parameters: a = 8.5002(2) Å, b = 12.5247(8) Å, c = 12.8251(8) Å; α = 62.876(2)°, β = 80.454(2)°, γ = 89.789(2)°; V = 1194.4(1) ų, Z = 2; the molar ratio DED:acetophenone is 2:3. The clathrate is of channel type; the system of mutually intersecting channels propagates in [100] and [01–1] directions in the structure. The guest molecules of acetophenone are included in the channels and do not form any H-bonds with the host molecules of DED. The hydrate of DED crystallizes in monoclinic system, in space group C2/c, with the unit cell parameters: a = 31.770(6) Å, b = 8.503(2) Å, c = 12.888(3) Å; β = 104.26(3)°; V = 3374(1) ų, Z = 8; the molar ratio DED:water is 1:3. One of two carboxylic groups of the molecule of DED is deprotonated and the proton is incorporated into the hydroxonium ion H₃O⁺. The crystal structure of the hydrate of DED is of layer type with well distinguished hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts.     

Compositional Shift in Fatty Acid Profiles of Lipids Obtained from Oleaginous Yeasts upon the Addition of Essential Oil from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Citrus sinensis</Emphasis> L.

Tailoring lipids from oleaginous yeasts to contain specific types of fatty acid is of considerable interest to food, fuel, and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, the essential oil obtained from Citrus sinesus L. has been used to alter the fatty acid composition of two common oleaginous yeasts, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Cryptococcus curvatus. With increasing levels of essential oil in the medium, the metabolic flux of the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway shifted towards saturated fatty acid production. Essential oil reduced the activities of elongase and ?9 desaturase. This made the lipid obtained from both these yeasts rich in saturated fatty acids. At certain specific concentrations of the essential oil in the medium, the lipid obtained from R. toruloides and C. curvatus cultures was similar to mahuwa butter and palm oil, respectively. Limonene is the major constituents of orange essential oil. Its effect on one of the oleaginous yeasts, R. toruloides, was also studied separately. Effects similar to orange essential oil were obtained with limonene. Thus, we can conclude that limonene in orange essential oil brings about compositional change of microbial lipid produced in this organism.     

Solution Thermodynamics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>,<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis><Superscript>/</Superscript>-Ethylenebis-(salicylideneiminato)-diaquochromium(III) Chloride in Aqueous Dimethylsulphoxide

The densities, viscosities and refractive indices of N,N ^/-ethylene-bis(salicylideneiminato)-diaquochromium(III) chloride, [Cr(salen)(H₂O)₂]Cl, in aqueous dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) with different mass fractions (w ₂ = 0.20, 0.40, 0.60, 0.80 and 1.00) of DMSO were determined at 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K under atmospheric pressure. From measured densities, viscosities and refractive indices the apparent molar volumes (V _φ ), standard partial molar volume (V _φ ⁰ ), the slope (S _V ^* ), standard isobaric partial molar expansibility (φ _E ⁰ ) and its temperature dependence (?φ _E ⁰ /?T) _p , the viscosity B-coefficient, its temperature dependence (?B/?T), solvation number (S _n ) and apparent molar refractivity (R _D ^φ ), etc., were calculated and discussed on the basis of ion–ion and ion–solvent interactions. These results revealed that the solutions are characterized by ion–solvent interactions rather than by ion–ion interactions and the complex behaves as a long range structure maker. Thermodynamics of viscous flow was discussed in terms of transition state theory.     

Screening of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Isochrysis</Emphasis> Strains and Utilization of a Two-Stage Outdoor Cultivation Strategy for Algal Biomass and Lipid Production

Isochrysis is a genus of marine algae without cell wall and capable of accumulating lipids. In this study, the lipid production potential of Isochrysis was assessed by comparing 15 Isochrysis strains with respect to their growth rate, lipid production, and fatty acid profiles. Three best strains were selected (lipid productivity, 103.0~121.7 mg L^?1 day^?1) and their lipid-producing capacities were further examined under different controlled parameters, e.g., growth phase, medium nutrient, and light intensity in laboratory cultures. Furthermore, the three Isochrysis strains were monitored in outdoor panel photobioreactors with various initial cell densities and optical paths, and the strain CS177 demonstrated the superior potential for outdoor cultivation. A two-stage semi-continuous strategy for CS177 was subsequently developed, where high productivities of biomass (1.1 g L^?1 day^?1) and lipid (0.35 g L^?1 day^?1) were achieved. This is a comprehensive study to evaluate the lipid-producing capability of Isochrysis strains under both indoor and outdoor conditions. Results of the present work lay a solid foundation for the physiological and biochemical responses of Isochrysis to various conditions, shedding light on the future utilization of this cell wall-lacking marine alga for biofuel production.     

Identification and characterization of smallest pore-forming protein in the cell wall of pathogenic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corynebacterium urealyticum</Emphasis> DSM 7109

Background

Corynebacterium urealyticum, a pathogenic, multidrug resistant member of the mycolata, is known as causative agent of urinary tract infections although it is a bacterium of the skin flora. This pathogenic bacterium shares with the mycolata the property of having an unusual cell envelope composition and architecture, typical for the genus Corynebacterium. The cell wall of members of the mycolata contains channel-forming proteins for the uptake of solutes.

Results

In this study, we provide novel information on the identification and characterization of a pore-forming protein in the cell wall of C. urealyticum DSM 7109. Detergent extracts of whole C. urealyticum cultures formed in lipid bilayer membranes slightly cation-selective pores with a single-channel conductance of 1.75 nS in 1 M KCl. Experiments with different salts and non-electrolytes suggested that the cell wall pore of C. urealyticum is wide and water-filled and has a diameter of about 1.8 nm. Molecular modelling and dynamics has been performed to obtain a model of the pore. For the search of the gene coding for the cell wall pore of C. urealyticum we looked in the known genome of C. urealyticum for a similar chromosomal localization of the porin gene to known porH and porA genes of other Corynebacterium strains. Three genes are located between the genes coding for GroEL2 and polyphosphate kinase (PKK2). Two of the genes (cur_1714 and cur_1715) were expressed in different constructs in C. glutamicum ΔporAΔporH and in porin-deficient BL21 DE3 Omp8 E. coli strains. The results suggested that the gene cur_1714 codes alone for the cell wall channel. The cell wall porin of C. urealyticum termed PorACur was purified to homogeneity using different biochemical methods and had an apparent molecular mass of about 4 kDa on tricine-containing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).

Conclusions

Biophysical characterization of the purified protein (PorACur) suggested indeed that cur_1714 is the gene coding for the pore-forming protein in C. urealyticum because the protein formed in lipid bilayer experiments the same pores as the detergent extract of whole cells. The study is the first report of a cell wall channel in the pathogenic C. urealyticum.

     

Calculation of the viscosity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-heptane-methanol solutions at low <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-heptane concentrations

The molar heat capacity C _p of the methanol-n-heptane system was measured at low concentrations of n-heptane and 298.15 K. The dynamic viscosity η of the system at 298.15 K was calculated from data on the molar heat capacity of methanol-n-heptane solutions within the framework of the Flory theory and the theory of free volume with regard to the molecular association. Based on the experimental data and calculation results, it was concluded that the viscosity of the methanol-n-heptane system exhibits an anomalous behavior.     

Specific detection and effective inhibition of a single bacterial species <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> using peptide mineralized Au cluster probes

Increasingly serious microbial infections call for the development of new simpler methods for the precise diagnosis and specific inhibition of such pathogens. In this work, a peptide mineralized Au cluster probe was applied as a new simplified strategy to both recognize and inhibit a single bacteria species of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) simultaneously. The probes are composed of peptides and Au clusters. Moreover, the peptides specifically target S. aureus cells and the Au clusters provide fluorescent imaging and have an antibacterial effect. These new probes enable the simultaneous specific detection and effective destruction S. aureus cells in situ.     

Analysis of Novel Antioxidant Sesquarterpenes (C<Subscript>35</Subscript> Terpenes) Produced in Recombinant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Corynebacterium glutamicum</Emphasis>

Novel synthetic isoprenoids have been synthesized in engineered microbial hosts by evolving terpene synthase or expressing heterologous terpene synthases. Recently, the native operon, crtN_aN_cM derived from Planococcus sp. PAMC 21323, has isolated for potential industrial applications of C₃₅ carotenoids. For the first time, novel C₃₅ carotenoids (sesquarterpene) were synthesized in Corynebacterium glutamicum expressing the crtN_aN_cM genes. The recombinant strains accumulate various sesquarterpene including 4-apolycopene (red color), 4-aponeurosporene (yellow color), and no pigmentation, depending on the expression of the genetic elements of the crtN_aN_cM genes. Subsequently, the carotenoid extract from the cells harboring pCES-H36-CrtN_aN_cM was analyzed, resulting in significantly higher antioxidant activity than those of other strains harboring pCES-H36-CrtN_cM and pCES-H36-CrtN_aN_c, respectively. This study will promote further engineering of C. glutamicum to increase sesquarterpene productions.