An approach to describe relaxation rates in heterogeneous catalytic reactions

A system of equations allowing for the most essential properties of catalytic surfaces is suggested to describe the rate of chemical conversion.

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Estimation of rate constants in nonlinear reactions involving chemical inactivation of oxidation catalysts

Over the last decades, copious work has been devoted to the development of small molecule replicas of the peroxidase enzymes that activate hydrogen peroxide in metabolic and detoxifying processes. TAML activators that are the subject of this study are the first full functional, small molecule peroxidase mimics. As an important feature of the catalytic cycle, TAML reactive intermediates (active catalysts, Ac) undergo suicidal inactivation, compromising the functional catalysis. Herein the relationship between suicidal inactivation and productive catalysis is rigorously addressed mathematically and chemically. We focus on a generalized catalytic cycle in which the TAML inactivation step is delineated by its rate constant $k_{\mathrm{i}}$ where the revealing data is collected in the regime of incomplete conversion of substrate (S) artificially imposed by the use of very low catalyst concentrations. $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{array}{l@{\quad }l} \hbox {Resting catalyst (Rc)} + \hbox {Oxidant} \rightarrow \hbox {Ac} &{} (k_{\mathrm{I}})\\ \hbox {Ac + Substrate (S)}\rightarrow \hbox {Rc}+\hbox {Product} &{} (k_{\mathrm{II}})\\ \hbox {Ac} \rightarrow \hbox {Inactive catalyst} &{} (k_{\mathrm{i}}) \end{array} \right. \end{aligned}$$ The system exhibits a nonlinear conservation law and is modeled via a singular perturbation approach, which is used to obtain closed form relationships between system parameters. A new method is derived that allows to compute all the rate constants in the catalytic cycle, $k_{\mathrm{I}},k_{\mathrm{II}}$ , and $k_{\mathrm{i}}$ , with as little as two linear least squares fits, for the minimal data set collected under any conditions providing that the oxidation of S is incomplete. This method facilitates determination of $k_{\mathrm{i}}$ , a critical rate constant that describes the operational lifetime of the catalyst, and greatly reduces the experimental work required to obtain the important rate constants.The approach was applied to the behavior of a new TAML activator, the synthesis and characterization of which are also described.     

First catalytic allyltitanation reactions

Catalytic allyltitanation reactions were accomplished from dienes and aldehydes with only 5% of titanocene complexes at the expense of employing stoichiometric amounts of PMHS.     

Electrochemical promotion of catalytic reactions

The electrochemical promotion of heterogeneously catalyzed reactions (EPOC) became feasible through the use of porous metal electrodes interfaced to a solid electrolyte. With the O^2? conducting yttrium stabilized zirconia (YSZ), the Na⁺ conducting β″-Al₂O₃ (β-alumina), and several other types of solid electrolytes the EPOC effect has been demonstrated for about 100 reaction systems in studies conducted mainly in the mbar range. Surface science investigations showed that the physical basis for the EPOC effect lies in the electrochemically induced spillover of oxygen and alkali metal, respectively, onto the surface of the metal electrodes. For the catalytic promotion effect general concepts and mechanistic schemes were proposed but these concepts and schemes are largely speculative. Applying surface analytical tools to EPOC systems the proposed mechanistic schemes can be verified or invalidated. This report summarizes the progress which has been achieved in the mechanistic understanding of the EPOC effect.     

Regioselectivity in catalytic cyclopropanation reactions

Regioselectivities of cyclopropanation reactions with ethyl diazoacetate and monosubstituted dienes correlate linearly with the reaction catalyst and provide definition of the “metal carbene regioselectivity index”.     

Highly enantioselective catalytic acyl-pictet-spengler reactions

The enantioselective cyclization of N-acyliminium ions generated in situ from tryptamine is promoted with high enantioselectivity by a new chiral thiourea catalyst. This represents the first successful system for asymmetric catalysis of the Pictet-Spengler reaction.     

Enantiocontrol in catalytic metal carbene reactions

New catalysts and applications for carbon-carbon bond construction are described, providing access to lignan lactones, GABA analogs, and other compounds of biological interest. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 16–20, January, 1999.     

Pericyclic reactions involving catalytic metal-vinylidene complexes

The formation of complex polycyclic systems from terminal alkynes based on the concept of pericyclic reactions of catalytic metal-vinylidenes is presented. Metal-vinylidenes, easily formed from terminal alkynes with catalytic amounts of several metal complexes, can be used in electrocyclizations, cycloadditions or sigmatropic rearrangements to afford valuable compounds.     

Direct catalytic asymmetric anti-selective Mannich-type reactions

The simple chiral pyrrolidine catalyzed asymmetric anti-selective Mannich-type reaction is presented; the reaction gives the corresponding amino acid derivatives with 10:1- >19:1 dr and 97-99% ee.     

钌基催化剂催化的气固相反应

催化剂被广泛应用于各种化学品的生产,从原子尺度了解整个催化反应体系有利于合理设计新型催化剂.参与气固相反应的催化剂主要有贵金属催化剂和过渡金属催化剂.近年来, Ru基催化剂由于在低温低压下表现出良好的催化活性而广泛应用于一些气固相反应.本文对 Ru的基本性质、氧化行为以及 Ru基催化剂的理论研究进行综述.介绍了钌基催化剂参与的气固相反应,包括挥发性有机物的催化氧化、一氧化碳优先氧化(PROX)、氨合成、氯化氢氧化以及甲烷部分氧化,分析了催化性能与理化性质之间的构效关系,提出了钌基催化剂在相关反应中存在的问题以及未来发展趋势. Ru具有多种氧化态,在 Ru基催化剂参与的气固相反应中,金属 Ru和/或 RuO2被认为是活性物种,通常反应温度在400oC以下. Ru (0001)晶面在 O2存在条件下,随着氧气含量的不同会从中间态过渡到氧化态,实验证明该晶面属于 RuO2.理论研究证实了在反应过程中 RuO2的存在,并提出了核壳结构,对于其它气固相反应的机理研究有一定启发.挥发性有机物(VOC)的催化氧化主要集中烷烃、烯烃、芳烃以及卤代烃的催化氧化,催化剂的理化性质包括颗粒粒径、价态和晶体结构等对催化活性有很大影响,并且 Ru基催化剂对卤代烃的催化氧化表现出良好的抗卤性,同时多卤代副产物低于其它贵金属体系. Ru基催化剂在低温条件下对 PROX具有高的活性和选择性,并且可以有效抑制 H2氧化、CO甲烷化和CO2甲烷化等副反应发生.氨合成的难点在于 N≡N具有很强的解离能,许多研究表明,氨合成使用的 Ru基催化剂的催化性能与载体性质密切相关, Ru与载体之间强的相互作用使得电子可以迅速地从载体转移到 Ru颗粒上,掺杂其它有效元素可能会提供更多的氧空位和有效防止高温焙烧导致催化剂烧结.对于 HCl氧化虽然研究较少,但是 Over等人对 HCl氧化机理进行了深入研究,并且日本住友化工设计的 Ru基催化剂已经商业化. Ru基催化剂可以有效降低甲烷部分氧化的反应温度和压力,并具有高的选择性和稳定性,避免副产物生成.现有催化系统以及新型催化剂开发仍面临诸多挑战,例如：对于单一 VOC氧化过程和多元 VOCs催化氧化的机理和动力学需要进一步研究;对于氨合成需要寻求具有高电导率的载体,从而将电子快速转移到 Ru颗粒表面,使得氨合成在更低温度下进行;为了避免副产物生成,需确保新型 Ru基催化剂上PROX和甲烷部分氧化在低温低压条件下进行; Ru基催化剂理化性质对活性的影响以及失活等问题需要进一步研究.     

Complex activators in analytical catalytic reactions

Summary The influence of pairs of carboxylic acids on the oxidation ofp-phenetidine hydrochloride by chlorate and traces of vanadium(V) as catalyst is studied. The activator systems used are sulphosalicylic acid + tartaric acid, sulphosalicylic acid + citric acid, tartaric acid + citric acid. It is shown that in some cases the joint activating effect is much higher than that of either activator alone. The kinetic data obtained with complex activator systems confirm the concept of different types of activating action in the two stages of the catalytic reaction. Some combinations of activators could be used in catalytic analysis.

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Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von Carbonsäurepaaren auf die Oxydation von p-Phenetidin-hydrochlorid durch Chlorat und Spuren von Vanadin(V) als Katalysator wurde untersucht. Als Aktivierungssysteme wurden Sulfosalicylsäure und Weinsäure, Sulfosalicylsäure und Zitronensäure, Weinsäure und Zitronensäure verwendet. In manchen Fällen ist der gemeinsame Aktivierungseffekt größer als der eines der jeweiligen Aktivatoren allein. Die kinetischen Daten der komplexen Systeme bestätigen die Annahme einer verschiedenartigen Aktivierung der zwei Stufen der katalytischen Reaktion. Manche Aktivatorkombinationen könnten für die katalytische Analyse von Wert sein.

     

Surprisingly efficient catalytic Cr-mediated coupling reactions

[reaction: see text] With use of 1 mol % of Cr catalyst 5, surprisingly efficient Cr-mediated couplings of aldehydes with various types of nucleophiles have been realized. The catalyst set of Cr catalyst 5 and Ni catalyst 4 is used for alkenylation, alkynylation, and arylation, whereas the catalyst set of Cr catalyst 5 and CoPc (cobalt phthalocyanine) is used for 2-haloallylation, alkylation, and propargylation. Only the Cr catalyst 5 is required for allylation. The reaction rates in DME and THF have been found significantly faster than that in MeCN.     

Direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reactions of aldehydes

The development of a direct catalytic enantioselective aldol reaction of aldehydes with activated carbonyl compounds catalyzed by chiral amines is presented and the potential demonstrated by the synthesis of optically active beta-hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives.     

Enhancement of stereoselectivity in catalytic cyclopropanation reactions

Significant enhancement of trans(anti) stereoselectivity is achieved in rhodium(II) acetamide catalyzed cyclopropanation reactions of 2,3,4-trimethyl-3-pentyl diazoacetate (ODA) and diazoacetamides.