磁场对二元合金凝固过程中糊状层稳定性的影响

利用线性稳定性方法研究了外加磁场对二元合金凝固过程中糊状层稳定性的影响,且模型同时考虑了温度场、浓度场和流动的耦合作用.利用计算得出的色散关系式分析了磁场对糊状层稳定性的影响,其中包括直接模式和振荡模式.给出了不同情况下外加磁场对糊状层稳定性的影响,发现磁洛伦兹力可以减小由浮力引起的失稳效应.振荡模式下外加磁场对糊状层产生稳定作用,但直接模式下外加磁场对糊状层的稳定作用具有不确定性.本文所给出结果为工业中利用外加磁场改善产品的质量提供了重要的理论参考.     

Simulation of natural convection under high magnetic field by means of the thermal lattice Boltzmann method

The thermal lattice Boltzmann method (TLBM), which was proposed by J. G. M. Eggels and J. A. Somers previously, has been improved in this paper. The improved method has introduced a new equilibrium solution for the temperature distribution function on the assumption that flow is incompressible, and it can correct the effect of compressibility on the macroscopic temperature computed. Compared to the previous method, where the half-way bounce back boundary condition was used for non-slip velocity and temperature, a non-equilibrium extrapolation scheme has been adopted for both velocity and temperature boundary conditions in this paper. Its second-order accuracy coincides with the ensemble accuracy of lattice Boltzmann method. In order to validate the improved thermal scheme, the natural convection of air in a square cavity is simulated by using this method. The results obtained in the simulation agree very well with the data of other numerical methods and benchmark data. It is indicated that the improved TLBM is also successful for the simulations of non-isothermal flows. Moreover, this thermal scheme can be applied to simulate the natural convection in a non-uniform high magnetic field. The simulation has been completed in a square cavity filled with the aqueous solutions of KCl (11wt%), which is considered as a diamagnetic fluid with electrically low-conducting, with Grashof number Gr=4.64× 10^4 and Prandtl number Pr=7.0. And three cases, with different cavity locations in the magnetic field, have been studied. In the presence of a high magnetic field, the natural convection is quenched by the body forces exerted on the electrically low-conducting fluids, such as the magnetization force and the Lorentz force. From the results obtained, it can be seen that the quenching efficiencies decrease with the variation of location from left, symmetrical line, to the right. These phenomena originate from the different distributions of the magnetic field strengths in the zones of the symmetrical central line of the magnetic fields. The results are also compared with those without a magnetic field. Finally, we can conclude that the improved TLBM will enable effective simulation of the natural convection under a high magnetic field.     

Magnetohydrodynamic Natural Convection in a Rotating Enclosure

Magnetohydrodynamic natural convection heat transfer in a rotating, differentially heated enclosure is studied numerically in this article. The governing equations are in velocity, pressure and temperature formulation and solved using the staggered grid arrangement together with MAC method. The governing parameters considered are the Hartmann number, 0≤$Ha$≤70, the inclination angle of the magnetic field, 0$^◦$≤$θ$≤90$^◦$, the Taylor number, 8.9×10$^4$≤$Ta$≤1.1×10$^6$ and the centrifugal force is smaller than the Coriolis force and the both forces were kept below the buoyancy force. It is found that a sufficiently large Lorentz force neutralizes the effect of buoyancy, inertial and Coriolis forces. Horizontal or vertical direction of the magnetic field is the most effective in reducing the global heat transfer.     

Flow pattern and lift evolution of hydrofoil with control of electro-magnetic forces

The initial responses and evolutions of the flow pattern and lift coefficient of a hydrofoil under the action of electro-magnetic (Lorentz) force have been studied experimentally and numerically, and trace particle methods are employed for them. With the introduction of BVF (boundary vortex flux), the quantitative relation among Lorentz forces, BVF and lifts is deduced. The influences of flow patterns on the hydrofoil lift coefficient have been discussed based on the BVF distribution, and the flow control mechanism of Lorentz force for a hydrofoil has been elucidated. Our results show that the flow pattern and lift of the hydrofoil vary periodically without any force. However, with the action of streamwise Lorentz forces, the separation point on the hydrofoil surface moves backward with a certain velocity, which makes the flow field steady finally. The streamwise Lorentz force raises the foil lift due to the increase of BVF intensity. On the other hand, Lorentz force also increases the hydrofoil surface pressure, which makes the lift decrease. However, the factor leading to the lift enhancement is determinant, therefore, the Lorentz force on the suction side can increase the lift, and the stronger the Lorentz force, the larger the lift enhancement. Our results also show that the localized Lorentz force can also both suppress the flow separation and increase the hydrofoil lift coefficient, furthermore, the Lorentz force located on the tail acts better than that located on the front.     

磁场对水平温度梯度下双层流体热对流的影响

在水平温度梯度下,双层流体交界面的表面张力会出现梯度,驱动热毛细对流运动,造成热剪切层内的扰动.本文数值模拟了不同重力条件下,双层流体内的对流现象,得出了在微重力时,对流运动将引起热剪切层内强烈的扰动.为了减弱这种扰动,我们利用磁场对流体的运动进行控制.为此,又对微重力条件下,不同方向应用磁场下的热剪切层内扰动行为进行了数值研究,结果显示,磁场对热剪切层稳定性有促进作用,加入法向的应用磁场最为有效.     

稳恒超导载流态正常─超导界面层的作用

研究了稳恒超导载流态条件下 ,正常超导界面层对超导载流子的作用。指出在正常超导界面层内存在着“类感应电场力”,其本质上是束缚电子对所受 Lorentz力沿超导体对称轴线的分量之和。在“类感应电场力”的作用下 ,束缚电子对质心定向运动速度由零增大到 1 0 3 - 1 0 4 ms- 1,使超导电流的熵小于正常电流的熵。正常超导界面层是熵变区。     

Effect of gas convection induced by cross-field discharge in a copper vapor laser

Magnetic field has been applied to a copper vapor laser with an intention of improving the laser characteristics by inner gas convection. The convection induced by the J×B cross-field discharge (the Lorentz force) is used for partially replacing or mixing the laser medium in a highly heated discharged region with relatively cold gas surrounding the region. It is observed that the output power increases with the increase of the magnetic field. A 23% increase in the output power is obtained with a magnetic field of 150 gauss. The cross-field discharge causes an increase in the peak discharge voltage and a reduction in the initial part of discharge current (Phantom current). Based on the results observed, the possible mechanisms for increasing the power are discussed.     

The Lorentz force and superconductivity

To change the velocity of an electron requires that a Lorentz force acts on it, through an electric or a magnetic field. We point out that within the conventional understanding of superconductivity electrons appear to change their velocity in the absence of Lorentz forces. This indicates a fundamental problem with the conventional theory of superconductivity. A hypothesis is proposed to resolve this difficulty. This hypothesis is consistent with the theory of hole superconductivity.     

磁单极与磁洛伦兹力

概述了磁单极概念的历史发展,从洛伦兹变换出发,利用电磁场张量和四维力的协变性以及电荷相对论不变,直接证明了运动磁单极受磁洛伦兹力,建议了一个磁洛伦兹力的验证方案,并用磁洛伦兹力公式导出狄拉克电荷量子化条件．证明了磁洛伦兹力公式具有与库仑定律相同的精确度．     

强磁场条件下金属凝固过程中第二相的迁移行为

理论分析表明,第二相的迁移行为可以通过迁移速度进行表征.影响迁移速度的因素包括第二相和熔体的物理性质、磁场强度和梯度大小、第二相的形状和体积等因素.强磁场下洛伦兹力的效果为促进第二相在基体中的均匀分布,其效率在磁场强度大于某一定值时逐渐降低.在梯度强磁场条件下,第二相迁移行为和分布状态的主要控制参数是梯度磁场下的磁化力.在磁场梯度较小时,因洛伦兹力的制约磁化力控制第二相迁移的效果不明显,随着磁场梯度的增加,磁化力的作用效果逐渐增强.通过研究强磁场下Al-Si合金、Al-Ni合金中原位自生第二相的迁移行为实 关键词： 强磁场 迁移 第二相 凝固     

Peristaltic transport of magneto-nanoparticles submerged in water: Model for drug delivery system

Recent development in biomedical engineering has enabled the use of the magnetic nanoparticles in modern drug delivery systems with great utility. Nanofluids composed of magnetic nanoparticles have the characteristics to be manipulated by external magnetic field and are used to guide the particles up the bloodstream to a tumor with magnets. In this study we examine the mixed convective peristaltic transport of copper–water nanofluid under the influence of constant applied magnetic field. Nanofluid is considered in an asymmetric channel. Aside from the effect of applied magnetic field on the mechanics of nanofluid, its side effects i.e. the Ohmic heating and Hall effects are also taken into consideration. Heat transfer analysis is performed in presence of viscous dissipation and heat generation/absorption. Mathematical modeling is carried out using the lubrication analysis. Resulting system of equations is numerically solved. Impact of embedded parameters on the velocity, pressure gradient, streamlines and temperature of nanofluid is examined. Effects of applied magnetic field in presence and absence of Hall effects are studied and compared. Results depict that addition of copper nanoparticles reduces the velocity and temperature of fluid. Heat transfer rate at the boundary enhances by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction. Increase in the strength of applied magnetic field tends to decrease/increase the velocity/temperature of nanofluid. Further presence of Hall effects reduces the variations brought in the state of fluid when strength of applied magnetic field is increased.     

The initial transient of natural convection during copper electrolysis in the presence of an opposing Lorentz force: Current dependence

Magnetic fields are well-established in electrochemistry as an attractive tool to improve both the quality of the deposit as well as the deposition rate. The key mechanism is a mass transfer enhancement by Lorentz-force-driven convection. However, during electrolysis this convection interacts with buoyancy-driven convection, which arises from concentration differences, in a sometimes intriguing way. In the case of a Lorentz force opposing buoyancy, this is due to the growth of a bubble-like zone of less-concentrated cupric ion solution at the lower part of the vertical cathode when copper electrolysis is performed. If buoyancy is strong enough to compete with the Lorentz force, this zone rises along the cathode and causes surprisingly unsteady initial transient behaviour. We explore this initial transient under galvanostatic conditions by analyzing the development of the concentration and velocity boundary layers obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometry and particle image velocimetry. Particular attention is also paid to higher current densities above the limiting current, obtained from potentiodynamic measurements, at which a chaotic advection takes place. The results are compared by scaling analysis.     

Pressure effects in the planar solidification of a finite slab: convective cooling and prescribed heat flux boundary conditions

Summary The classical Stefan problem assumes a fixed melting temperature. However, when the solid phase is the one with lower density (e.g., water) the solidification of the system causes an overall volume increase that is often contrasted by the container walls. In that case the growing pressure determines a continuous lowering of the freezing point, and the temperature field as well as the interface motion are strongly affected. This paper is concerned with these aspects of the problem; the planar solidification of a slab of finite thickness, contrasted by an opposing elastic force, is numerically simulated. The effects of two different boundary conditions are analysed. When the solidification is driven by convective cooling, the continuous advancement of the melting front is replaced by an asymptotic behaviour, until thermal equilibrium is attained. When the boundary condition is specified in terms of a prescribed heat flow, the melting front velocity is slowed down by a growing adverse temperature gradient. The influence of various parameters on the process is presented and discussed.     

双颗粒在溶解条件下沉降的多相流动特性

对牛顿流体内溶解双颗粒在垂直管道中的沉降运动进行了直接数值模拟. 流体运动由守恒方程计算, 密度和黏性的变化考虑流场温度变化的影响, 通过积分粘性应力和压力获得颗粒的受力跟踪颗粒运动, 溶解引起的相变及其形状的变化由溶解潜热、溶解质量与分散相边界处的温度梯度的关系建立的方程决定. 通过颗粒和流体间相互的作用力和力矩及边界条件的施加实现相间耦合. 对双颗粒在等温流体无溶解条件和非等温流体溶解条件下的沉降过程进行了计算. 结果表明, 在一定雷诺数内, 热对流产生的颗粒尾迹处涡的脱落以及溶解引起的颗粒质量、颗粒表面形态的变化引起了颗粒的横向摆动, 并使颗粒沉降速度发生了变化.     

溶解与热对流对固体颗粒运动影响的直接数值模拟

对牛顿流体内溶解与热对流对单颗粒在垂直管道中的沉降运动进行了直接数值模拟.流体运动由守恒方程计算,密度和黏性的变化考虑流场温度变化的影响,通过积分黏性应力和压力获得颗粒的受力跟踪颗粒运动,溶解引起的相变及其形状的变化由溶解潜热、溶解质量与分散相边界处的温度梯度的关系建立的方程决定.通过颗粒和流体间相互的作用力和力矩及边界条件的施加实现相间耦合.分别模拟了颗粒在等温流体、热流体、冷流体及颗粒溶解四种情况下的沉降过程.结果表明,在一定雷诺数内,热对流产生的颗粒尾迹处涡的脱落以及溶解引起的颗粒表面形态的变化引起了颗粒的横向摆动,并使颗粒沉降速度发生了变化. 关键词： 溶解 热对流 颗粒两相流 直接数值模拟     

翼型绕流电磁控制的实验和数值研究

分布在弱电介质溶液中的电磁力(Lorentz力),可以有效地控制边界层的流动.利用以转动水槽为主的实验系统和基于双时间步Roe格式的数值方法,对翼型绕流的电磁控制进行了实验和数值研究.结果表明,对于一定攻角的翼型,电磁力可以控制其绕流形态.当电磁力方向与流动方向相同时,可以抑制分离,消除涡街,其效果与减小攻角类似.当电磁力的方向与流动方向相反时,可在流场中形成大涡组成的涡街,增强流体的混合能力,其效果与增大攻角类似. 关键词： 电磁力 翼型绕流 流体控制     

Dynamical properties of magnetized two-dimensional one-component plasma

Molecular dynamics simulation are used to examine the effect of a uniform perpendicular magnetic field on a two-dimensional interacting electron system. In this simulation we include the effect of the magnetic field classically through the Lorentz force. Both the Coulomb and the magnetic forces are included directly in the electron dynamics to study their combined effect on the dynamical properties of the 2D system. Results are presented for the velocity autocorrelation function and the diffusion constants in the presence and absence of an external magnetic field. Our simulation results clearly show that the external magnetic field has an effect on the dynamical properties of the system.     

翼型绕流电磁控制的实验和数值研究

分布在弱电介质溶液中的电磁力(Lorentz力)，可以有效地控制边界层的流动.利用以转动水槽为主的实验系统和基于双时间步Roe格式的数值方法，对翼型绕流的电磁控制进行了实验和数值研究.结果表明，对于一定攻角的翼型，电磁力可以控制其绕流形态.当电磁力方向与流动方向相同时，可以抑制分离，消除涡街，其效果与减小攻角类似.当电磁力的方向与流动方向相反时，可在流场中形成大涡组成的涡街，增强流体的混合能力，其效果与增大攻角类似.     

感生电场与动生电场的等效性探究

本文认为在感生电场的情况下,磁场的强弱变化可以引起磁场自身的横向运动,使得线圈中电子相对于磁场发生运动,从而等效为一个动生电场,受到洛伦兹力的作用.借助磁感线模拟磁场的运动方式,得到圆形回路中任意一点与磁场相对运动速度的表达式,进而推得该＂等效动生电场＂中的洛伦兹力.以螺线管为例,验证该方法可以解释感生电场所满足的规律.将感生电场与动生电场的产生原因统一为导体中电子与磁场的相对运动,相应电动势的非静电力统一为洛伦兹力.     

相对论的协变场是虚构

基于洛伦兹电子论和洛伦兹磁力,否定法拉第定律和相对论电磁学,暨揭示广义洛伦兹磁力的科学研究之五:相对论的协变场是荒唐。本文基于洛伦兹电子论和洛伦兹磁力,论证表明:协变换出来的磁力线成为直线,它违背客观事实;协变换出来的环形电力线更荒唐;协变换出来的电磁场成为无穷大,广义洛伦兹磁力才是真谛;两电荷对撞时协变换出来的排斥力成为虚数,它违背客观事。