Rain Attenuation at 103 GHz in Millimeter Wave Ranges

We have conducted a millimeter wave propagation experiment at 103 GHz (2.9 mm) on a propagation path of 390 m. The results were compared with the rain attenuation calculations from the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop-size. It has been shown that the Weibull distribution has a good agreement with the experiments.     

Rain Attenuation at Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelengths

The rain attenuation was calculated by using the Marshall-Palmer, Best, Joss-Thomas-Waldvogel and Weibull distributions for raindrop-size. The results were compared with the recent measurements from 8 to 312.5 GHz at the rain rate R = 50mm/hr. Especially, the Weibull distribution has a good agreement with the measurements at 312.5 GHz (0.96 mm) in the submillimeter wavelength. Specific attenuation values from 1 to 1000 GHz were calculated for a rain temperature of –10°C, 0°C and 20°C by using the Weibull distribution.     

Rain Attenuation at Millimeter Wavelength of 1.33 mm

Specific rain attenuation values calculated by using the four empirical raindrop-size distributions, that is, the Marshall and Palmer, the Joss, Thams and Walgvogel, the Ihara, Furuhama and Manabe, and the Weibull raindrop-size distributions. The millimeter wave measurement at 225 GHz (1.33mm) was compared with our calculations. It has been shown that the Weibull distribution has the best agreement with the measurements.     

Influence of Raindrop-Size Distribution on the Differential Reflectivity up to Submillimeter Wavelength of 0.96 mm

The rain attenuation was calculated by using the Marshall and Palmer, the gamma and the Weibull raindrop-size distributions. The microwave experimental measurement data from 8.4 GHz (3.75 mm) to 312.5 GHz (0.96 mm) were compared with our calculations. The Weibull distribution has the best agreement with the measurements, especially above 100 GHz. The differential reflectivity Z _DR was also calculated using these three distributions. To this end, we used the horizontal and vertical radar cross sections which were computed from Waterman's T-matrix method. It is shown that Z _DR greatly depends on raindrop-size distributions and has potential for determing drop-size distributions with high accuracy.     

Modelling of Drop Size Distribution of Rain from Rain Rate and Attenuation Measurements at Millimeter and Optical Wavelengths

This paper describes a technique for modelling of rain drop size distributions at Calcutta in terms of negative exponential function, from the measurements of rain rate and attenuation over a dual wavelength LOS link at millimeter and optical frequencies. The DSD model obtained is then used to determine the attenuation at 94 GHz, for comparison with experimentally obtained attenuation at 94 GHz. This is also compared with the attenuation calculated by considering other experimentally obtained DSD models. The best fit negative exponential distribution function (modified M-P model) is presented along with some other experimentally obtained and reference models.     

Radiometric Measurements of Rain Attenuation at 22.2 and 31.4 GHz Over Calcutta

Measurements of rain attenuation over Calcutta have been made using radiometers operating at frequencies of 22.235 and 31.4 GHz. The results have been correlated with observations of rainfall rates made with a fast-response rain gauge. The distributions of peak rain rates over Calcutta for two different years and the cumulative occurrences of rainfall rates and attenuations at the two frequencies are presented.     

Rain induced depolarization from 1 GHz to 300 GHz in a tropical environment

The rain induced depolarization in a tropical environment has been studied using a tropical raindrop size distribution developed by Ajayi and Olsen (A-O). The differential attenuation, differential phase shift and cross polarization discrimination, XPD, were computed over a frequency range of 1GHz to 300GHz for spheroidal drops and up to 33GHz for Pruppacher-Pitter drops. The variations of XPD with frequency, rainfall rate and copolar attenuation, CPA, were investigated. A mathematical relationship was established between the XPD and the CPA, canting angle and frequency of propagation from 5GHz to 300 GHz for spheroidal drops and up to 33 GHz for Pruppacher-Pitter drops. The results obtained using the A-O drop size distribution have been compared with those assuming the Laws and Parsons (L-P) distribution. The Pruppacher-Pitter drop shape has been found to give rise to higher XPD, especially at low CPA and high frequencies.     

Attenuation of Centimetre, Millimetre and Sub-Millimetre Waves Due to Rain Over Tropical Indian Stations

The results on attenuation of the radio wave due to rain at frequencies lying in the centimetre, millimetre and submillimetre wave bands for different rain rates over three Indian tropical stations are presented in this paper. The study is possible due to the availability of the rainfall rates measured by rapid response rain gauges and rain height over these stations. The results on attenuation were deduced by taking both 0° C isotherm height and effective height. The Stutzman and Dishman model with -value of 0.033 which is found suitable for the estimation of rain attenuation over the Indian stations has been critically examined in comparison with the attenuations deduced from CCIR (presently known as ITU-R) method.     

Millimeter-Wave Attenuation Due to Fog and Clouds

The parameters of gamma drop size distribution model of fog and clouds are derived based on the liquid water content and optical visibility, the attenuation are calculated and discussed with this model and empirical relations of the liquid water content and the visibility or other parameters of fog and clouds. A new empirical formula to estimate fog and clouds attenuation is presented based on the Reyleigh absorption approximation, which is more accurate in general and can be used in wider frequency and temperature range than other empirical formulas.     

基于三参数威布尔分布的自动调整臂服役可靠性研究

作为汽车制动系统关键部件的自动调整臂,其服役可靠性关系到汽车行驶的安全;通过疲劳试验分析自动调整臂零部件失效的可能性,试验结果表明:矩形压簧及螺旋压缩弹簧是影响自动调整臂失效的关键部分;利用MATLAB分析试验数据,可知自动调整臂疲劳寿命服从三参数的威布尔分布,文中结合竞争性故障模型对自动调整臂的服役可靠性进行分析,基于该模型采用最小二乘法及最大相关系数法对试验中的寿命数据进行参数估计;实例分析表明,该法的原理简单,方便实用,结合竞争性故障模型的威布尔分布能准确真实地反映自动调整臂疲劳试验数据的统计特性,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

Temperature Effects on Attenuation Due to Rain for Millimeter and Centimeter Waves

Radio wave operating in millimetrewave and microwave frequency bands are adversely affected due to rain. Particularly the attenuation is of immense significance for sensitive remote measurements by satellites using frequencies greater than 10 GHz. Maintenance of an uninterrupted communication link requires a precise knowledge of the attenuation effect due to rain for commissioning right kind of transmitting sources for various purposes required in present day situation. Precise measurement of attenuation at various frequencies will enable us to choose the right frequency, polarization, incident angle and power of the source for different purposes. In this paper we have compared the results of earlier works using aR^b Olsen et al, (1) and the formulation by Moupfouma, (2) on the basis of theoretical analysis for explaining the observed results. Effect of temperature, considered in detail in this communication, has contributed the necessary correction factor of the rain attenuation for explaining the observed results. Theoretical analyses to measure the attenuation of the propagating wave due to temperature variation in the rain path have been presented. Correction factor due to temperature profile (temperature from the ground to the rain height within which the radio wave traces its path) has been incorporated in two models by using the concept of dipole energy changes. The effect of this temperature is noted to be quite significant and incorporates an error to the extent of 7–8%.     

降雨对532nm和1064nm激光传输的衰减特性研究

降雨会对激光信号产生严重的衰减,从而给激光目标探测的应用带来一定影响.激光在降雨中的传输衰减已在红外波段做了大量的实验研究,而可见光波段激光在雨中的传输衰减特性还未见报道.基于夫琅禾费衍射和几何光学散射理论,建立雨滴对532 nm绿激光和1064 nm近红外激光光束的传输衰减模型,对比分析两波长激光在不同降雨量下的衰减...     

气体开关自击穿概率的分析方法比较

利用实测的多间隙气体开关自击穿电压,比较了高斯正态函数和威布尔函数在分析气体开关自击穿概率方面的异同。检验了自击穿电压的正态性和威布尔性,通过参数估计分别确定了自击穿电压的正态分布和威布尔分布函数。计算表明:两种概率分布得出的概率分析结果基本一致,在相同电压下放电概率差别一般不大于1%,最大为2%（当放电概率大于90%时）;在电压高于威布尔分布的阈值参数时,两种方法在相同概率下的放电电压计算结果差别不超过0.3%。     

气体开关自击穿概率的分析方法比较

利用实测的多间隙气体开关自击穿电压,比较了高斯正态函数和威布尔函数在分析气体开关自击穿概率方面的异同。检验了自击穿电压的正态性和威布尔性,通过参数估计分别确定了自击穿电压的正态分布和威布尔分布函数。计算表明：两种概率分布得出的概率分析结果基本一致,在相同电压下放电概率差别一般不大于1%,最大为2%（当放电概率大于90%时）;在电压高于威布尔分布的阈值参数时,两种方法在相同概率下的放电电压计算结果差别不超过0.3%。     

Atmospheric emission and attenuation in the range 100 to 600 GHz measures from a mountain site

Further measurements of atmospheric emission from a site in the Canary Islands (Izana, âltitude 2.4 km) have been made during the month of August 1980. The measurements were made with a polarising Interferometer and a composite Ge bolometer. An independent measurement of the precipitable water vapour was made using Infrared Hygrometers. The experimental details are described and the spectra obtained are compared with model spectra using the measured precipitable water vapour.     

Rain induced attenuation for 3mm wave band and its measurement system

In this paper, the effect of rain induced attenuation for millimeter wave is discussed. The theory of multiple scattering is used to obtain the solution for the plane wave propagation through a plane parallel medium of thickness L containing randomly distributed nonspherial particles. The coherent field and the total field are studied, respectively. The numerical results are good agreement with experimental data and the multiple scattering effects must be included. A 3mm wave propagation measurement system was made on a 0.8km terrestrial link.     

The Effect of Attenuation Induced by Sand and Dust Storms on Ka-Band Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Along Earth-Space Paths

Attenuation of millimeter waves induced by sand and dust storms along horizontal paths is analyzed and its expressions applied to earth-space paths is presented. Graphs of the specific attenuation and attenuation versus height and visibility are gotten for two kinds of particle size distribution, namely exponential, lognormal. Results obtained are briefly discussed.     

4.0 GPa压力下纯橄岩弹性纵波速度和衰减的实验研究

 应用超声波透射法和超声波频谱振幅比法、在4.0 GPa压力条件下、测量了弹性纵波通过纯橄岩的波速（v_P）和品质因子值（Q_P，用于表征衰减）随压力的变化，并分析了纯橄岩内部结构的变化对波速和衰减的影响。在实验压力范围内（≤4.0 GPa），随压力升高，纯橄岩的纵波速度逐渐增大：从7.6 km/s（0.4 GPa）逐渐增大至8.5 km/s（4.0 GPa），升高了11.8%，低压时的增大幅度大于高压时的增大幅度。纯橄岩的品质因子值呈两段式线性变化：从低压区间到高压区间品质因子值的增大幅度明显变小（0.4~2.4 GPa压力范围内Q_P增大了358.5%，2.4~4.0 GPa压力范围内Q_P仅升高了7.6%）。纯橄岩的品质因子从54（0.4 GPa）升高至266.4（4.0 GPa），增大幅度达393.3%。在相对低压（0.4~2.4 GPa）条件下，纵波通过纯橄岩的速度增大、衰减降低主要是由于样品内的孔隙和微裂纹大量闭合，岩石密度增大，纵波在通过样品内孔隙和裂缝时损失的机械能降低，因此纵波通过纯橄岩的能量增大（即衰减降低），波速升高；当围压较高（2.4~4.0 GPa）时，纯橄岩内大部分裂纹已经闭合，而且矿物颗粒边界接触紧密。岩石内部的裂纹和颗粒之间由于摩擦滑动而损失的能量也变少，所以在高压时纯橄岩的波速和衰减的变化幅度变缓，但波速仍呈线性增大，而品质因子值（衰减）随压力升高几乎趋于不变。     

Calculation of Electromagnetic Scattering from a Pruppacher-Pitter Raindrop Using M.A.S. and Slant Path Rain AttenuationPrediction

The combined effects of hydrometeor scattering and absorption result in significant power loss, for Earth-space microwave links operating at frequencies above 10GHz. With the increasing deployment of higher frequencies in commercial wireless networks, the accurate estimation of the specific rain attenuation is very significant for the reliable design of a radio communication system. In the present paper, the scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave from a Pruppacher-Pitter raindrop is treated using the Method of Auxiliary Sources (MAS). The obtained data are compared with those taken from the open literature -in the form of real and imaginary part of the forward scattering amplitude - with excellent results. Then, they are used for the numerical calculation of both the specific rain attenuation and the exceedance probability function, in the case of a hypothetical satellite link located in various climatic regions. The comparison with other models against experimental data has given very encouragingresults.     

SOA-assisted Sagnac switch and investigation of its roadmap from 10 to 40 GHz

Future broadband optical communications networks will rely on all-optical switches to perform a set of processing functions exclusively in the optical domain. Interferometric optical switches using semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) nonlinearities can perform efficient optical switching with few tens of fJ control energies and short fiber lengths allowing for monolithic integration. In this paper we present work performed with a three terminal SOA-assisted Sagnac interferometer. We review all-optical Boolean AND and XOR logic results at 10 GHz and 10 Gb/s for full duty cycle and pseudo-random data pattern operation, respectively, achieved with adequate contrast ratios, remarkably low switching energies and low pattern dependence. The ability of the device to be cascaded was proved up to 10 GHz by recirculating stably for hours arbitrary pattern profiles. Finally, and in view of the extension of photonic networks single channel data rates beyond 40 Gb/s, the performance of the switch was simulated in terms of its critical parameters. The obtained results showed that full switching operation at 40 GHz or higher is feasible either by deploying gain recovery reduction techniques in bulk and quantum well SOAs or alternatively other technologically advanced optical devices, such as quantum dot SOAs.