木粉/聚乙烯复合材料的等离子体表面处理——等离子体处理时间对复合材料表面特性的影响

为改善木粉/聚乙烯复合材料的表面粘接性,实现木粉/聚乙烯复合材料的无缝连接,利用低温等离子体处理技术,对木粉/聚乙烯复合材料进行了表面处理.采用接触角测试、傅立叶变换红外光谱分析(FTIR)以及X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)研究了等离子体处理前后复合材料表面性能的变化.试验结果表明,经等离子体处理后,复合材料表面的接触角减小,表面润湿性得以改善;FTIR分析结果表明,经等离子体处理后,复合材料表面有—OH、—C=O和—O—C=O基团生成;XPS分析表明,经等离子体处理后,复合材料表面含氧基团的含量增加,在较短的时间内表面氧元素含量增加会达到平衡,且生成大量的—O—C=O基团。     

木粉的酯化改性

在适当的条件下，用ＳＯ＿２－二乙胺（ＤＥＡ）－二甲亚砜（ＤＭＳＯ）处理木材并进行酯化改性，可使木材纤维素完全消晶，软化点（Ｔ＿３）下降到２６０℃左右，形变率达７０％，热稳定性变差，压片的脆性较大；如果用多聚甲醛（ＰＭＯ）－ＤＭＳＯ处理并进行酯化改性，木材的Ｔ＿３大约为１８０℃，形变率为４０％，热稳定性无明显变化，压片的韧性较好。两种酯化木材经热塑成型后都能得到半透明的塑性压片。     

硬脂酸/异氰酸酯摩尔比对聚丙烯/木粉复合材料性能的影响

用甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯（TDI）和硬脂酸（SA）复合改性木粉,在双螺杆挤出机中制备了聚丙烯（PP）基的木塑复合材料（WPC）,研究了SA/TDI摩尔比对木粉表面性能、复合材料力学性能和加工性能的影响。 结果表明,随着SA/TDI摩尔比的增大,改性木粉的表面张力逐渐减小,与PP的界面张力先减小后增大;与未改性的WPC相比,SA/TDI复合改性剂对WPC的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、缺口冲击强度影响不明显,但对无缺口冲击强度提升较大;当SA/TDI摩尔比为1.07时,复合材料的无缺口冲击强度和熔体质量流动速率分别达到9.74 kJ/m2和13.12 g/10 min,分别比未改性WPC提高了77%和22%。     

GMA和共单体对聚乙烯木塑复合材料的直接反应增容

通过甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)、聚乙烯(PE)、木粉和其它助剂的熔融挤出,实现了GMA及GMA与共单体对PE和木粉的直接反应增容.通过扫描电镜(SEM)观测了PE基木塑复合材料(WPC)的冲击断面形貌.测试了WPC经抽提后所得木粉的傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和WPC的力学性能及热变形温度(HDT).研究了共单体苯乙烯(St)和抑交联剂亚磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对反应增容的影响.结果显示,经GMA和引发剂反应增容后,有部分PE分子键合到了木粉粒子上,从而增强了木塑两相的结合力;St的加入有利于提高GMA的接枝率,导致更多PE分子键合到了木粉粒子上,而TPP的加入则使GMA的接枝率有所下降.经GMA和引发剂直接反应增容后,WPC的力学性能和HDT均明显改善;St的加入有助于抑制PE的交联,但并未造成WPC力学性能和HDT的明显劣化;同时加入St和TPP后,WPC的HDT有所下降,而断裂伸长率和冲击强度则明显提高.     

PP-g-(MAH/St)和PP-g-MAH对聚丙烯/木粉复合材料性能的影响

在转矩流变仪中用熔融接枝法制备马来酸酐(MAH)和苯乙烯(St)接枝聚丙烯（PP）-PP-g-(MAH/St)和PP-g-MAH,将其作为聚丙烯/木粉复合材料的相容剂。 FTIR证实MAH和St单体与PP发生接枝反应。 用SEM和DSC等手段考察两种相容剂对PP/木粉复合材料微观形貌和结晶性能的影响,探索了各种PP/木粉复合材料加工和力学性能不同的内在原因。 SEM显示,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性木粉比PP-g-MAH改性木粉在PP基体中分散性更佳,木粉与PP的界面更加模糊,相容性进一步改善。 DSC结果表明,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性体系可增强木粉对PP的异相成核作用,提高结晶温度和结晶度。 复合材料的加工和力学性能测试结果表明,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性效果明显优于PP-g-MAH。 复合材料的熔体质量流动速率随相容剂用量的增加而逐步下降,PP-g-(MAH/St)改性体系拉伸强度和弯曲强度却逐步上升,并在相容剂用量为4.8 g/100 g PP时达到极值。 此时其拉伸强度达40.62 MPa,分别是未改性体系和PP-g-MAH改性体系的1.29和1.17倍;其弯曲强度达45.72 MPa,分别是未改性体系和PP-g-MAH改性体系的1.23和1.59倍;而无缺口冲击强度却在相容剂用量为3.6 g/100 g PP时达到极值13.35 kJ/m2,分别是未改性体系和PP-g-MAH改性体系的1.62倍和1.42倍。     

单轴压力对高密度聚乙烯/碳黑导电复合材料电阻特性的影响

研究了高密度聚乙烯/炭黑导电复合材料在单轴压力作用下电阻的变化规律.结果表明,在低压力下,复合材料电阻随压力增加而降低;而在较高压力下则随压力增大而升高,分别呈现出所谓的“电阻负压力系数”和“电阻正压力系数”效应.电阻的压力依赖性以及由压缩引起的电阻不可回复性,被认为与外力作用下导电网络的重组与破坏有关.由此提出了导电复合材料单轴压力作用-电阻相互关系的唯象模型.     

碳纳米纸/聚乙烯复合材料的电热性能研究

为改善碳纳米管(CNT)分散性,将CNT先制备成碳纳米纸(CNP),然后将CNP与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)进行复合压膜形成具有三明治结构的CNP/HDPE复合材料,详细研究了CNP的形貌、孔结构、力学性能以及CNP/HDPE复合材料的电热性能。结果表明:采用悬浮过滤法可获得表面平整、光滑、孔径均匀的碳纳米纸;碳纳米纸孔径大部分集中在20nm~40nm之间;碳纳米纸具有一定的强度和柔韧性。CNP/HDPE复合材料的拉伸强度和拉伸模量略高于纯HDPE;在碳纳米管含量相同时,在相同电压下,CNP/HDPE复合材料其电热性能远高于以共混方式制备的CNT/HDPE复合材料。     

改性钆/硼/聚乙烯纳米复合材料的制备及对中子和伽马射线的屏蔽性能

采用偶联剂γ-甲基丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷(KH570)对纳米氧化钆(nanoGd₂O₃)表面进行包覆改性, 通过热压成型法制备了一种新型的改性纳米氧化钆/碳化硼/高密度聚乙烯(M-nanoGd₂O₃/B₄C/HDPE)复合材料. 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线能谱(EDS)分析结果表明, nanoGd₂O₃成功被偶联剂改性, 且改性nanoGd₂O₃在聚乙烯基体内的界面相容性和分散性显著提高. 热重分析(TGA)、 差示扫描量热分析(DSC)和力学拉伸实验表明, 改性nanoGd₂O₃的引入增强了复合材料的热稳定性, 提高了复合材料的拉伸强度、 杨氏模量和断裂伸长率. 对复合材料的中子和伽马射线屏蔽性能进行了实验测试和蒙特卡罗模拟计算, 研究了nanoGd₂O₃改性、 材料形状和材料厚度对屏蔽性能的影响. 结果表明, 界面相容性和分散性优良的nanoGd₂O₃能够有效提高中子及伽马射线屏蔽率. 方形M-nanoGd₂O₃/B₄C/HDPE材料在厚度为11.7 cm时中子屏蔽率达到90%, 在厚度为13.5 cm时伽马射线屏蔽率达到70%.     

稻壳基二氧化硅/碳复合材料的表面改性及对天然橡胶的影响

以稻壳基二氧化硅/碳复合材料(SiCB)作为天然橡胶(NR)的补强填料, 采用表面化学改性的方法将天然乳胶(NRL)接枝到SiCB表面, 改善其与NR基体的相容性. 研究了不同处理方法对接枝NRL效率的影响, 以及填料填入NR后对硫化橡胶力学性能的影响. 结果表明, 经过硝酸和γ-(甲基丙烯酰氧)丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-MPTMS)预处理, NRL能高效接枝在SiCB表面, 得到的样品SiCB_MR10比未处理的SiCB_P有更强的补强能力. 硫化胶NR/SiCB_MR10的拉伸强度、 300%定伸和撕裂强度较NR/SiCB_P分别提高了61.06%, 27.15%和15.90%, 与传统炭黑产品N774填充的硫化胶NR/N774的力学性能相近. 经过NRL接枝改性的SiCB_MR10具有替代商业炭黑的应用前景.     

Curing and Physical Properties of Natural Rubber/Wood Flour Composites

Natural rubber based composites were prepared by incorporating Wood flour of two different particle size ranges (250–300 µm) and (300–425 µm) and concentrations (15 and 30 phr) into the matrix, using a Banbury® internal mixer according to a base formulation. Curing characteristics of the samples were studied. Influence of particle size and loading of filler on the properties of the composites was analyzed. Results obtained show that the addition of wood flour to natural rubber increased scorch time and curing time and caused improvement in modulus at 300% strain and in tear properties. However, it decreased tensile strength and elongation at break. The particle size range of 300–425 µm was found to offer the best overall balance of mechanical and dynamic properties (tan δ and viscous torque). Swelling behavior of the composites in toluene was also analyzed in order to determine the rubber volume fraction and crosslinking density. Composites with the bigger particle size wood flour were found to have greater crosslinking density than the ones with smaller particle size, fact that could possibly indicate a better rubber-filler interaction in the former. Major percentage of filler increased slightly this interaction. Water absorption behavior of the composites with wood flour reached a maximum of 12% w/w when 30 phr of filler were incorporated; nonetheless, particle size did not affect this property. The ageing study in presence of air at 70 °C revealed that natural rubber composites with wood flour maintained the same classification cell with temperature as the pure rubber. A compound with 30 phr of carbon black was prepared for comparative purposes. Results obtained were as expected. Scorch time decreased and higher values of modulus at 300% strain and tensile strength were achieved, due to strongest interaction between filler and elastomer.     

Properties of Conducting Composite Systems Containing Polypyrrole Layers on Porous Polyethylene Films

Conducting composite systems containing polypyrrole layers were prepared by in situ polymerization of pyrrole on the surface of porous polyethylene films. The polymerization was performed in the gas phase, in a monomer solution, and in supercritical CO₂. The chemical structures, electrical conductivities, and mechanical, thermodeformational, and morphological characteristics of the composites obtained were compared.     

氨基改性复合凝胶的制备及吸附木家具中VOCs性能研究

采用改性共溶胶-凝胶法将壳聚糖与无机相的二氧化硅制备形成氨基改性交联复合凝胶并添加入聚氨酯涂料(PU漆中)和木基材中。结果表明:制得的氨基改性交联复合凝胶孔径大小为12μm^16μm,既保留了凝胶的轻质结构和介孔特性,又含有壳聚糖所具有的活泼有机基团,对PU漆和木基材的VOCs都有一定吸附作用,其中对于杉木中VOCs吸附作用最强,达到了72.86%。说明此方法具有一定的可操作性,为木家具的污染防治增添了一种新的方法,具有规模化的应用前景。     

Properties of Low Density Polyethylene/Polypropylene Blends

ABSTRACT

The role of di-cumyl peroxide (DCP) as compatibilizer in low density Polyethylene/Polypropylene (LDPE/PP) blends has been explored. Mixtures with varying LDPE/PP ratio were prepared in a Brabender plasticorder and tested for their mechanical properties and calorimetric response. Then peroxide was added at concentrations up to 0.5%, and the mechanical properties of the these new blends were measured. Also, the mixing torque, melt flow index and gel content of the above products were recorded as a function of peroxide concentration. It was found that the incorporation of DCP restricts the thermoplastic characteristics of the melt, which was primarily attributed to branching which occurs in LDPE. This results in an enhancement in the adhesive bonding between the two polymers mainly due to chain entanglements. This was further supported by the fact that mechanical properties of the treated blend were significantly improved.     

The Effect of Filler Type on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials Based on Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene

The effect of the filler type (graphite nanoplates, organomodified montmorillonite, molybdenum disulphide, or shungite) on the deformation and strength properties of composite materials based on UHMWPE synthesized by in situ polymerization with a filler content of up to 0.06 vol fraction was studied. The significant effect of the filler type on the dependence of the tensile strength and the tensile elongation of the studied composites on the filler content was established. A significant difference between the tensile stress–strain curves for composites with different fillers was observed.