铈对铝铜合金固液界面形态和稳定性的影响

本文论述了Al-4.5％Cu合金在定向凝固条件下,铈对其固液界面形态和稳定性的影响。结果表明,铈使铜的分配系数减小,合金的熔化潜热增加,固液界面前沿成分过冷和溶质的不稳定扰动增大,因而导致合金生长稳定性下降,平面-胞晶-枝晶生长方式转变加速,二次枝晶间距减小。     

稀土对镁-铝合金抗热裂性能的影响及其机制

研究了稀土（0.1%～1.2%,质量分数）对Mg-Al合金抗热裂性能的影响及其机制.结果表明： 往Mg-Al合金中添加稀土后,合金的抗热裂性能显著下降,其原因可归为： 稀土引起了Mg-Al合金晶粒粗化,使得热裂纹萌生所需的断裂应变降低;稀土减少了Mg-Al合金中的共晶组织,缩短了枝晶通道保持开通的时间,不利于合金进行补缩;而且稀土还提高了共晶反应的温度,使得凝固后期枝晶间液膜的强度有所下降;当α-Mg枝晶连成骨架时,分布在枝晶间的Al11RE3相容易堵塞枝晶通道,增加了合金补缩的难度;Al11RE3相与α-Mg基体的凝固收缩率不同,容易产生凝固收缩应力,促进热裂纹的萌生.     

稀土元素在Al—Mg合金中的分布及对结晶组织的影响

应用控制凝固技术研究了定向凝固条件下Al-Mg合金的凝固过程,并着重考察了稀土在合金中的分布及对结晶组织和枝晶间距的影响。结果表明,微量稀土元素不溶于α-Al,而多在枝晶边界富集;加入稀土元素增大了合金熔体的组成过冷,较显著地影响合金的结晶形貌,并使枝晶间距减小。     

稀土对铝硅合金定向凝固界面附近氢分布的影响

本实验采用离子微探质量分析法,研究了定向凝固条件下稀土对铝硅合金中氢分布的影响。结果表明,合金凝固时,氢主要富集在固液两相凝固区内。加入适量稀土后,氢的分布发生了明显的变化,合金结晶温度区间缩小,固态溶氢量增多,氢的实际溶质分配系数有所增大,且氢的分布与稀土元素的分布有一定的对应关系。在氢分布的检测方法上采用电子探针和离子探针相结合的新尝试,其结果为探讨多相合金非平衡凝固下气体溶质再分布的规律和稀土净化机理提供了可靠的实验数据。     

钇基重稀土合金变质团球γ+(Fe,Mn)3C共晶体增强奥氏体钢基自生复合材料

采用Y基重稀土合金变质处理钢液,通过影响钢液中C, Mn 等合金元素的偏析和相的生成,从而控制钢液凝固组织,在铸态下获得团球γ+(Fe, Mn)3C共晶体增强奥氏体钢基自生复合材料(AMGE). Y基重稀土合金增大C, Mn 元素的偏析,使凝固后期初生奥氏体枝晶间小熔池中的成分达到共晶反应区,在非平衡凝固条件下生成γ+(Fe, Mn)3C共晶体.干摩擦磨损试验表明,在中、低载工况下AMGE的磨损量比基体合金奥氏体中锰钢低1～3倍,并且AMGE发生严重磨损时的载荷高于基体合金.     

用电子探针测定铝合金在定向凝固过程中的溶质分配系数

用电子探针测定了铝合金中Ａｌ－１．３５％Ｃｕ和Ａｌ－０．２５％Ｃｒ在定向凝固过程中凝固界面处的溶质分配系数。结果表明：液相区的Ｃｕ含量随离开界面的距离呈指数衰减，而固相区的则呈线性衰减。液固界面层厚度约在５－７μｍ范围内。用电子探     

稀土防止高铅青铜偏析的研究

研究了混合稀土对高铅青铜(ZQPb25-5)中铅偏析的影响。结果表明,0.5～1.0％混合稀土能有效地防止铅的比重偏析和逆偏析。文中对比了稀土与镍防止铅偏析的效果。稀土在高铅青铜中主要以化合物形态分布在铜的基体上,促使α枝晶细化并提早析出,从而抑制富铅溶体的下沉及表逸,导致铅偏析倾向明显减弱。适量稀土还可以提高合金的力学性能,尤其是塑性。此外,稀土可部分替代合金中锡的含量。     

铝钛硼稀土中间合金的微观组织及其细化纯铝机制研究

采用氟盐与稀土铝水反应法制取Al5Ti4RE1B中间合金,对其进行物相、微观组织和细化效果分析,通过深入观察细化处理后晶粒形貌和微区成分分析对细化机制进行了研究。XRD及EDS分析显示RE和TiAl3结合生成了Ti2Al20RE相,细化试验表明Al5Ti4RE1B比Al5Ti1B具有更强的细化能力。微观组织及面扫描结果显示细化后的晶粒呈菊花状,在花瓣的不同位置存在RE和Ti分布的不均匀性,热处理后晶粒花瓣减少,成分也趋于均匀。这是由于Ti2Al20RE相在铝液中逐渐溶解并释放出RE和Ti原子,而-αAl晶体以枝晶的方式生长,同时将稀土原子排到枝晶间,最终形成了菊花状组织及元素分布的不均匀性。     

定制电解液或隔膜实现锂离子各向异性输运从而抑制枝晶生长：相场模拟研究

电池内部不可控的枝晶生长问题严重地影响着电池的循环性能和安全性能,这对于锂金属电池的实际应用是一个严峻的挑战。尽管已有较多的实验和理论研究工作聚焦于电极间锂离子各向异性输运特性对枝晶形貌的影响,但仍有一些开放性的问题有待进一步研究,例如,如何将枝晶生长的动态演变与电解液性质、电势分布或隔膜多孔结构诱导的锂离子各向异性输运关联起来。我们通过将锂离子在电解液中的扩散系数(DL)表示为二阶张量的形式并进行相场模拟,发现D_yy:D_xx比值的增加,以及电势诱导的电极/电解液界面锂离子快速扩散层均可以降低界面处锂离子浓度梯度和电势梯度,从而减弱枝晶生长的驱动力。我们还发现隔膜基体与y方向之间夹角的增大也会显著促进电解质中的锂离子各向异性输运特性,以利于抑制枝晶生长。籍此本文提出设计D_yy:D_xx=10:1的电解液和基体倾斜角为arctan (0.5)的隔膜用于锂金属电池。该相场研究有望为设计具有抑制枝晶能力的电解质或隔膜提供指导。     

变质CH13钢中Ce_2O_3异质核心作用的研究

采用变质处理大大减弱了CH13钢枝晶组织的元素偏析 ,使未变质CH13钢中的晶界碳化物得以消除 ,CH13钢的冲击韧性大大提高。通过热力学计算及二维点阵错配度计算 ,并采用电子探针定量分析等手段 ,证实Ce2 O3型稀土夹杂物可作为CH13钢中初生奥氏体的异质核心 ,细化枝晶组织 ,减弱合金元素偏析     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。