海洋平台K型管节点的疲劳裂纹扩展分析Ⅰ:试验测试

对承受疲劳载荷的海洋平台K型管节点首先进行了静力测试,确定了沿着焊缝的热应力区的应力分布及热应力区最大应力点的位置,从而判断裂纹产生的位置;然后通过专用测试设备提供循环疲劳载荷,用ACPD(Alternating Current Potential Drop,即交流电流势能落差法)技术检测裂纹的产生和增长过程,得到裂纹最深点,用S-N曲线估算其疲劳寿命。对已有裂纹的K型管节点,用应力强度因子估计其剩余寿命。同时用测试的结果验证了S-N的准确性和可靠性。     

基于数字散斑相关方法测定Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子

提出了一种通过数字散斑相关方法测定金属材料Ⅰ型裂纹尖端位置和应力强度因子的实验方法.实验采用疲劳试验机对含Ⅰ型缺口的Cr12MoV钢试件预制裂纹,通过数字散斑相关方法测试试件在三点弯曲加载条件下裂纹的扩展过程及裂尖区域的位移场.将位移场数据代入裂尖位移场方程组,采用牛顿-拉普森方法求解含未知参量的裂尖非线性位移场方程组,计算裂尖位置和应力强度因子.实验结果表明,采用该方法可以准确地测定金属材料Ⅰ型裂纹应力强度因子、裂尖位置及裂纹扩展长度,解决了以往研究中因不能准确测定裂纹尖端位置,而无法准确计算Ⅰ型裂纹裂尖断裂参数的难题,揭示了金属材料裂纹扩展过程中应力强度因子演化特征.     

Pre-kinking of a moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane loading

A constant moving crack in a magnetoelectroelastic material under in-plane mechanical, electric and magnetic loading is studied for impermeable crack surface boundary conditions. Fourier transform is employed to reduce the mixed boundary value problem of the crack to dual integral equations, which are solved exactly. Steady-state asymptotic fields near the crack tip are obtained in closed form and the corresponding field intensity factors are expressed explicitly. The crack speed influences the singular field distribution around the crack tip and the effects of electric and magnetic loading on the crack tip fields are discussed. The crack kinking phenomena is investigated using the maximum hoop stress intensity factor criterion. The magnitude of the maximum hoop stress intensity factor tends to increase as the crack speed increases.     

Measurement of stress-intensity factor by means of a-c potential drop technique

A loading effect on a-c potential difference measured for two-dimensional stationary surface crack is examined under opening load without shear. An increment of potential difference caused by a load change is revealed to have a proportional relationship with an increment of the stress-intensity factor,K _I. Also, the constant of proportionality of the relationship is found to be independent of the crack length. Based on this relationship, a procedure is developed for measurement ofK _Iby means of the a-c potential drop technique.     

Damage accumulation and crack growth in bilinear materials with softening: Application of strain energy density theory

A pseudo-elastic damage-accumulation model is developed by application of the strain energy density theory. The three-point bending specimen is analyzed to illustrate the crack growth characteristics according to a linear elastic softening constitutive law that is typical of concrete materials. Damage accumulation is accounted for by the decrease of elastic modulus and fracture toughness. Both of these effects are assessed by means of the strain energy density functions in the elements around a slowly moving crack. The rate of change of the strain energy density factor S with crack growth as expressed by the relation dS/da = constant is shown to describe the failure behavior of concrete. Results are obtained for different loading steps that yield different slopes of lines in an S versus a (crack length) plot. The lines rotate about the common intersect in an anti-clockwise direction as the load steps are increased. The intersect shifts upward according to increase in the specimen size. In this way, the combined interaction of material properties, load steps and specimen geometry and size are easily analyzed in terms of the failure mode or behavior that can change from the very brittle to the ductile involving stable crack growth. An upper limit on specimen or structural size is established beyond which stable crack growth ceases to occur and failure corresponds to unstable crack propagation or catastrophic fracture. The parameters that control the failure mode are the threshold values of the strain energy density function (dW/dV)_c and the strain energy density factor S_c.     

CTS试件中复合型疲劳裂纹扩展

针对复合型循环载荷作用下的金属构件中的裂纹扩展问题进行了实验分析和理论建模. 首先 采用紧凑拉剪试件(CTS)和 Richard研制的复合型载荷加载装置，对承受复合型循环载荷的裂纹进行了实验研究. 实验选择了两种金属材料试件，分别承受3种形式的复合型循环载荷的作用，在裂纹尖端具 有相同的初始应力场强度的条件下考察复合型循环载荷对裂纹扩展规律的影响. 实验结果表明，疲劳裂纹的扩展速率与加载角度有关. 对于同样金属材料的试件，当裂尖处 初始应力场强度相等时，载荷越接近于II型，裂纹增长速率越快. 采用等效应力强度 因子(I型和II型应力强度因子的组合)、裂纹扩展速率及复合强度等参数，以实验数据为 基础，建立了一个疲劳裂纹扩展模型，用来预测裂纹在不同模式疲劳载荷作用下的扩展速率. 为验证其有效性，该模型被应用于钢制试件的数值模拟计算中. 实验结果与模拟计算曲线保 持一致，表明该模型可以用来估算带裂纹金属构件的寿命.     

层状磁电复合材料界面共线裂纹平面问题分析

本文研究了面内电磁势载荷作用下双层压电压磁复合材料中共线界面裂纹问题．考虑了压电材料的导磁性质和压磁材料的介电性质,引入了界面电位移和磁感强度的连续性条件．利用Fourier 变换得到一组第二类Cauchy 型奇异积分方程．进一步导出了相应问题的应力强度因子、电位移强度因子和磁感强度强度因子的表达式,给出了应力强度因子的数值结果．结果表明电磁载荷会导致界面裂纹尖端I、II 混合型应力奇异性,同时还伴随着电位移和磁感强度的奇异性．比较了双裂纹左右端的应力强度因子,发现在面内极化方向上施加面内磁势载荷时共线裂纹内侧尖端区域的两个法向应力场发生互相干涉增强．     

40Cr材料动态起裂韧性KId（）的实验测试

描述了利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试４０Ｃｒ，材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）的试验方法。试样上的动态载荷历程由Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ杆直接测得，并分别代入动态有限元程序及近似公式求得动态应力强度因子历史；由贴在试样裂尖附近的应变片确定起裂时间，最终确定起裂时的动态应力强度因子值，即动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）。试验结果表明:利用Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试材料动态起裂韧性的方法是可行的，起裂时，动态有限元的位移法、应力法及近似公式法求得的动态应力强度因子值比较吻合；在本文的载荷速率下，４０Ｃｒ材料动态起裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）与准静态裂韧性ＫＩｄ（）相比，降低了约２８％。     

Analytical and experimental determination of dynamic impact stress intensity factor for 40 Cr steel

A linear elastic three-dimensional finite element analysis is made to analyze the near field stress behavior of an edge cracked rectangular bar simply supported and subjected to central impact at the back side of the crack. The material is made of 40 Cr steel. Determined numerically are the local time histories of the stress wave, displacement near load point, crack tip strain, and dynamic stress intensity factor K_(d)¹. The above quantities were also measured experimentally by performing impact tests; they agreed well with the analytical results and determine the load at fracture initiation and hence the critical dynamic stress intensity factor K_(d)^1c. The interaction effect between the loading bar and specimen appears to be negligible.     

平面应变下紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性的实验研究

材料的动态断裂韧性是衡量材料在动载荷作用下抵杭裂纹扩展能力的重要指标,以往的材料动态断裂韧性测试多采用三点弯曲试样,而针对紧凑拉伸试样的动态断裂韧性研究很少.本文将紧凑拉伸试样(即CT试样)简化成等效弹簧质量模型,得到了CT试样动态应力强度因子的近似表达式.对Hopkinson压杆装置进行了改进,利用改进后的实验装置进...     

用裂纹张开位移计算三点弯曲试样的动态应力强度因子

给出了一种由裂纹的动态张开位移计算三点弯曲试样的动态应力强度因子的简单方法。对于两种不同几何尺寸的试样,在三类不同载荷作用下给出了数植算例,并与完全的动态有限元方法的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:两种方法的计算结果相当一致。最后,还给出了由测定三点弯曲试样的裂纹张开位移确定试样的动态应力强度因子,最终确定材料动态起裂韧性的方法。     

Crack kinking from an interface crack with initial contact between the crack lips

The authors recently theoretically studied crack kinking and opening from an initially closed crack (without friction) in some homogeneous medium. The same problem, but for an interface crack, is considered here. Comninou has shown that the asymptotic stress field prior to kinking is governed by a single, mode II stress intensity factor (SIF). Using this result, plus a homogeneity property of the problems of elastic fracture mechanics with unilateral contact envisaged, a change of scale, and two reasonable hypotheses, we establish the expression of the SIF at the tip of the small, open crack extension. It is shown that whatever the geometry of the external boundary and the crack and whatever the loading, these SIF depend solely upon the initial (mode II) SIF (in a linear way), the kink angle and Dundurs' parameters α and β. Using this result and Goldstein and Salganik's “principle of local symmetry” to predict the kink angle, one finds that it is independent of the loading but does depend upon Dundurs' parameters α and β. This contrasts with the case of an ordinary (initially closed) crack in some homogeneous medium, for which the kink angle was not only independent of the loading but an absolute constant. However, it is numerically found that the influence of the mismatch of elastic properties upon the kink angle is rather weak.     

动静荷载对邻近巷道裂纹缺陷扰动的模拟实验

为了探究动静组合应力场作用下邻近巷道背爆侧裂纹缺陷的扩展规律,采用动静加载透射式动态焦散线方法进行了模拟实验,并结合裂纹尖端的动态应力强度因子和能量释放率进行了分析。实验结果表明:在动静荷载作用下,邻近巷道背爆侧裂纹缺陷处也成为巷道主要扰动区,且爆炸荷载对背爆侧预制裂纹的起裂起主导作用;p=0.2 MPa时的相同动静组合应力场中,背爆侧预制裂纹的扩展位移差异与裂纹的倾角有关,当θ=75°时,爆炸应力波无法驱动裂纹起裂;在相同爆炸荷载作用下,θ=30°时,较小竖向荷载对裂纹的扩展具有抑制作用,且抑制作用随所施加的竖向荷载增加而增大,当p=0.4 MPa时,裂纹无法起裂;裂纹最终扩展位移,与裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子在极大值上下振荡变化的持续时间,或在裂纹扩展阶段能量释放率积累量,呈正相关。     

Investigation on 3D fatigue crack propagation in surface-cracked specimens

In the present work the fatigue crack growth in AISI304 specimens is investigated experimentally. In 3D finite element analysis the virtual crack closure technique is applied to calculate distributions and variations of the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front. It is confirmed that the stress intensity factor along the surface crack front varies non-uniformly with crack growth. Crack growth rate is proportional to the stress intensity factor distribution in the 3D cracked specimen. The fatigue crack growth in surface cracked specimens can be described by the Forman model identified in conventional compact tension specimens. For crack growth in the free specimen surface the arc length seems more suitable to quantify crack progress. Geometry and loading configuration of the surface cracked specimen seem to not affect the fatigue crack growth substantially.     

压电材料中椭圆片状裂纹问题精确解的一种方法

在线性压电陶瓷本构关系和裂纹边界绝缘的框架下,用超奇异积分方程的方法对椭圆类片状裂纹问题进行了重新研究．超奇异积分方程中的未知位移间断和电势间断近似地表示为基本密度函数与多项式之积,其中基本密度函数反映了椭圆片状裂纹前沿电弹性场的奇异性,而多项式在均布载荷作用下可用一个常数来表达．引入椭球坐标系后,得到了均布载荷作用下未知位移间断和电势间断的解析解．使用这些解析解和电弹性场强度的定义,得到了裂纹前沿Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型应力强度因子以及电位移强度因子的精确表达式．法向均布载荷作用下的结果与现有精确解完全一致,切向均布载荷作用下的结果则尚未见有其它报道．     

光弹法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹断裂参数

采用光弹贴片法实测正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端区域的应力应变场, 进而求出界面裂纹的断裂力学参量. 将正交异性双材料板加工成拉伸试件,在聚碳酸酯贴片 的单侧表面镀金属铝膜,以提高贴片的反射效率. 沿贴片后的双材料界面预制裂缝,逐渐加 大载荷,得到一系列清晰的等差线条纹图. 利用正交异性双材料界面裂纹尖端应力分量表达 式计算出应力强度因子. 实验表明,光弹贴片法可有效地分析正交异性双材料界面裂纹问题.     

Observation of Stress Field Around an Oscillating Crack Tip in a Quenched Thin Glass Plate

The variation of stress field around an oscillating crack tip in a quenched thin glass plate is observed using instantaneous phase-stepping photoelasticity. The successive images around the propagating crack are recorded by a CCD camera that is equipped with a pixelated micro-retarder array. Then, the phase maps of the principal stress difference and the principal direction are easily obtained even though the photoelastic fringes cannot be visualized. The path of the crack growth as well as the stress intensity factors and the crack tip constraint are obtained from these phase distributions. Results show that the mode I stress intensity factor and the crack tip constraint vary remarkably with the crack growth. In addition, the results show that the mode-II stress intensity factor exists even though the crack propagates smoothly.     

岩石压缩过程应力-应变-磁感强度效应的实验研究

为了弄清岩石挤压产生的磁感强度效应,将钕铁硼Nd-Fe-B磁芯分别植入圆柱形大理岩、石灰岩中,在其周围产生磁场.借助断裂使岩石导磁回路与磁强发生的改变,进行挤压过程中应力、应变和磁感强度三变量测试.研究结果表明:岩石裂隙变化能够引起磁感强度的改变,应力-应变-磁强存在一一对应的数值关系;达到最大应力前,大理岩、石灰岩周围磁感强度出现增大异常的破坏预兆;在岩石裂解阶段,应力-应变曲线与磁强-应变曲线的变化规律具有明确的反对称性.最后还建立了分段表达岩石应力-磁感强度拟合关系式.     

Study on fracture behavior of ferroelectric ceramics under combined electromechanical loading by using a moiré interferometry technique

This paper discusses an in situ observation of fracture behavior around a crack tip in ferroelectric ceramics under combined electromechanical loading by use of a moiré interferometry technique. The deformation field induced by the electric field and the stress concentration near the crack tip in three-points bending experiments was measured. By analysis of the moiré images it is found that under a constant mechanical load, the electric field almost has no effect on the crack extension in the case that the directions of the poling, electric field and crack extension are perpendicular to each other. When the poling direction is parallel to the crack extension direction and perpendicular to the electric field, the strain decreases faster than that calculated by FEM with and without electrical loading as one goes away from the crack tip. In addition, as the electric field intensity increases, the strain near the crack tip increases, and the strain concentration becomes more significant. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10132010, 10025209, 10232023)     

Transient thermal elastic fracture of a piezoelectric cylinder specimen

A finite piezoelectric cylinder with an embedded penny-shaped crack is investigated for a thermal shock load on the outer surface of the cylinder. The theory of linear electro-elasticity is applied to solve the transient temperature field and the associated thermal stresses and electrical displacements without crack. These thermal stresses and electrical displacements are added to the surfaces of the crack to form an electromechanical coupling and mixed mode boundary-value problem. The electrically permeable crack face boundary condition assumption is used, and the thermal stress intensity factor and electrical displacement intensity factor at the crack border are evaluated. The thermal shock resistance of the piezoelectric cylinder is evaluated for the analysis of piezoelectric material failure in practical engineering applications.