Estimation of the power scintillation probability density function in free-space optical links by use of multicanonical Monte Carlo sampling

Free-space optics (FSO) can provide cost-effective, high-bandwidth, wireless connections. However, atmospheric turbulence may degrade the performance of FSO links by causing intensity and power scintillations at the receiver. Multicanonical Monte Carlo sampling is used in conjunction with the phase screen method to calculate the statistics, and particularly the probability density function (PDF), of the power fluctuations at an FSO receiver. This allows the efficient calculation of the PDF even for very small values with a limited number of iterations. The obtained PDF can be used to characterize the performance of the system in terms of the error probability.     

Wavelet profiling of wind velocity using intensity fluctuations of laser beam propagating in the atmosphere

A method for the remote determination of the crosswind velocity profile using a wavelet analysis of fluctuations in the intensity of transmitted laser radiation is proposed. Results of an experimental investigation are presented that show how turbulent flow inhomogeneities (intensity fluctuations) localized in separate parts of the path contribute to the total distortions of the intensity distribution in a beam propagating along the path. It is demonstrated that, by separating fluctuations on various scales in the beam intensity distribution and following the evolution of these fluctuations, it is possible to determine the arrangement of turbulent zones along the path of propagation of the laser beam and to evaluate the velocity of motion of the medium in these zones. Wavelet estimates of the wind velocity from fluctuations of the transmitted radiation intensity for a given point of the atmospheric path agree with the results of direct velocity measurements at this point.     

Influence of shape and chemical and phase compositions of iron-containing particles on microwave performance of composites with an insulating matrix

The structure and microwave magnetic properties of Fe powders grounded in argon or acetone and also of Fe-Si-C and amorphous Fe-Co-Si-C powders mechanically alloyed in argon are studied using X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, granulometric and microscopic analyses, magnetostatic measurements, and microwave spectroscopy. The goal of investigation is to determine the influence of factors (shape, size, and chemical and phase compositions of grains) governing the microwave material parameters of composites based on these alloys in the frequency range 0.1–3.0 GHz. It is shown that the difference in the grain shape is the basic reason for the difference in the microwave permeability at low frequencies (3 GHz or lower). At higher frequencies, the magnetic properties are related to the skin effect and depend largely on the grain size. The differences in the microwave properties of the composites are not significant and are concealed by the above effects.     

Improved free space optical communications performance by using time diversity

A laser beam propagating through turbulence experiences random amplitude and phase fluctuations, which can severely degrade the performance of free space optical communication systems. It this letter, time diversity is demonstrated as a technique which can decrease turbulence influence. Statistically, laser propagation along an atmospheric path is uncorrelated with an earlier-time path for a time interval greater than the atmospheric turbulence correlation time. To estimate time diversity system performance, a 2.2-km optical link is set up for comparing the fade probability of a system using time diversity with a system not using time diversity. The experimental results obtained under different turbulence conditions are shown which are in good agreement with the theory.     

基于偏振稳定双波长保偏光纤光栅激光器的可调谐微波/毫米波产生技术

首次提出了一种基于偏振稳定双波长保偏光纤光栅激光器的可调谐微波/毫米波产生技术, 利用保偏光纤光栅选频产生两个偏振稳定的激光信号, 采用扰偏器确保激光输出的两个正交偏振态功率的一致性, 最后输入高速光电探测器产生微波/毫米波. 通过对保偏光纤光栅施加不同大小的侧向应力, 可以灵活调谐输出的毫米波频率. 实验制作了基于偏振稳定双波长保偏光纤光栅激光器的可调 谐微波/毫米波产生装置, 通过对保偏光纤光栅施加不同的轴向拉力分别产生了20.407 和22.050 GHz的微波信号. 仿真产生了60 GHz的毫米波信号, 并分析该毫米波在光纤无线通信下行链路的传输性能, 结果表明该毫米波作为副载波调制到光波上从中心站传输80 km至基站后经天线发射至用户端, 解调后仍然得到很好的眼图, 充分证明了本方案的优越传输性能.     

Ultrafast photodetectors based on the interaction of microwave radiation and a photoexcited plasma in semiconductors

The interaction of microwave radiation with the plasma in photoionized semiconductor photocells (CdS, CdSe) placed in waveguide measurement systems is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The interaction of the characteristic waveguide modes with a photoexcited semiconductor plasma is investigated. The dependence of the reflection coefficient and phase of the microwave radiation on the intensity of the optical radiation to be measured is obtained, and the influence of the surface of the semiconductor photocells on these parameters is investigated. A microwave photodetector design based on a millimeter-wave interferometer is developed. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 68, 94–98 (November 1998)     

Mechanical and chemical spinodal instabilities in finite quantum systems

Self-consistent quantum approaches are used to study the instabilities of finite nuclear systems. The frequencies of multipole density fluctuations are determined as a function of dilution and temperature for several isotopes. The spinodal region of the phase diagrams is determined, and it appears that instabilities are reduced by finite size effects. The role of surface and volume instabilities is discussed. It is indicated that the important chemical effects associated with mechanical disruption may lead to isospin fractionation.     

Simulation of ultrasonic pulse propagation, distortion, and attenuation in the human chest wall

A finite-difference time-domain model for ultrasonic pulse propagation through soft tissue has been extended to incorporate absorption effects as well as longitudinal-wave propagation in cartilage and bone. This extended model has been used to simulate ultrasonic propagation through anatomically detailed representations of chest wall structure. The inhomogeneous chest wall tissue is represented by two-dimensional maps determined by staining chest wall cross sections to distinguish between tissue types, digitally scanning the stained cross sections, and mapping each pixel of the scanned images to fat, muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, or bone. Each pixel of the tissue map is then assigned a sound speed, density, and absorption value determined from published measurements and assumed to be representative of the local tissue type. Computational results for energy level fluctuations and arrival time fluctuations show qualitative agreement with measurements performed on the same specimens, but show significantly less waveform distortion than measurements. Visualization of simulated tissue-ultrasound interactions in the chest wall shows possible mechanisms for image aberration in echocardiography, including effects associated with reflection and diffraction caused by rib structures. A comparison of distortion effects for varying pulse center frequencies shows that, for soft tissue paths through the chest wall, energy level and waveform distortion increase markedly with rising ultrasonic frequency and that arrival-time fluctuations increase to a lesser degree.     

大气对星载被动微波影响分析研究

被动微波遥感具有全天候工作的能力,但是在不同的大气状态下被动微波遥感受大气的影响不同。为了研究大气对高级微波扫描辐射计AMSR-E (advanced microwave scanning radiometer-earth observing system)入瞳亮温的影响,分别采用晴空和典型层云大气数据作为微波辐射传输模型的输入,进行大气微波辐射信号的模拟工作并分析大气的影响。结果表明晴空下大气水汽是引起大气辐射的主要因素,晴空条件下大气对典型被动微波传感器低频的(<18.7 GHz)透过率大于0.98,在整个辐射传输过程中可以忽略不计。36.5和89 GHz的大气透过率在晴空下分别为0.896和0.756,在用微波高频通道进行陆表参数反演时需进行大气水汽影响的校正; 云覆盖条件或者阴天情况下云中液态水是引起大气辐射的主要因素,典型层云覆盖下大气的透过率在10.7,18.7和36.5 GHz分别为0.942,0.828和0.605。与晴空相比,由层云中液态水引起的大气下行辐射的增量在36.5 GHz最大达到75.365 K。表明在云覆盖时大气影响的校正过程中云层的影响是校正重点。最后利用大气探空数据计算了内蒙古海拉尔地区2013年夏季7月份的大气透过率,结果显示C、X波段的大气透过率接近1,89 GHz受水汽影响较大,其地球表层大气透过率不超过0.7。在内蒙古海拉尔地区,夏季大气透过率具有较为稳定的值,但是随着局部水汽的变化具有0.1左右的波动。     

Atmospheric IR propagation

The state-of-the-art of IR atmospheric propagation modelling — important to both scientific and practical applications of IR radiation—is reviewed, based mainly on experimental work performed at the FfO. The main improvements of transmission models rely on the results of measurements, analysis and modelling of aerosol and other atmospheric particle size distributions (0.15 μm ⪷ dia ⪷ 12 mm) over land and sea, performed in the context of long-range transmission experiments and lidar probings. Remaining problem areas will be identified and discussed, e.g. continuum absorption and fog window. The modelling of turbulence-induced fluctuations of amplitude and phase is of increasing interest as related to IR atmospheric windows and relevant laser lines. Recent experimental results on phase fluctuations are discussed, especially in relation to attempts to derive a better modelling of atmospheric microturbulence (C_n).     

Electromagnetic wave propagation in rain and polarization effects

This paper summarizes our study on microwave and millimeter-wave propagation in rain with special emphasis on the effects of polarization. Starting from a recount of our past findings, we will discuss developments with these and how they are connected with subsequent research.     

Broadband microwave frequency doubler based on left-handed nonlinear transmission lines

A bandwidth microwave second harmonic generator is successfully designed using composite right/left-handed nonlinear transmission lines(CRLH NLTLs) in a GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit(MMIC) technology. The structure parameters of CRLH NLTLs, e.g. host transmission line, rectangular spiral inductor, and nonlinear capacitor,have a great impact on the second harmonic performance enhancement in terms of second harmonic frequency, output power, and conversion efficiency. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the second harmonic frequency is determined by the anomalous dispersion of CRLH NLTLs and can be significantly improved by effectively adjusting these structure parameters. A good agreement between the measured and simulated second harmonic performances of Ka-band CRLH NLTLs frequency multipliers is successfully achieved, which further validates the design approach of frequency multipliers on CRLH NLTLs and indicates the potentials of CRLH NLTLs in terms of the generation of microwave and millimeter-wave signal source.     

Gamma-Gamma湍流信道中大气光通信系统误码特性分析

大气信道中的大气湍流是影响无线激光通信系统性能的主要因素之一, 其引起的强度闪烁效应会对接收信号的提取和还原造成很大干扰。基于Gamma-Gamma概率分布的大气湍流信道统计模型, 研究了利用副载波相移键控(PSK)强度调制技术的大气光通信系统的误码特性; 推导了副载波二进制相移键控(BPSK)及开关键控(OOK)两种调制模式下的系统误码率表达式; 对在一定条件下的大气光通信系统, 比较了副载波BPSK和OOK两种调制模式的误码特性; 分析了链路特征、接收口径尺寸、通信波长和天顶角等因素对系统误码率的影响。结果表明, 增大接收孔径和通信波长都能有效地降低系统误码率, 而天顶角的增大则会使系统误码率增加, 副载波BPSK调制模式的误码特性要优于OOK调制模式的误码特性。     

Photonic generation of a millimeter-wave signal based on sextuple-frequency multiplication

A millimeter-wave signal with sextuple-frequency multiplication of a microwave source is obtained with two cascaded optical modulators, which are driven by the same microwave source with phase deviation of pi/2 introduced by an electrical phase shifter. Without any optical filter, a wideband continuously tunable millimeter-wave signal is easily generated.     

Remote sensing of terrestrial cover near the 2.5 mm oxygen line

We describe the method of microwave sensing of the Earth’s surface using spectral features of the millimeter-wave atmospheric radiation. This method permits simultaneous remote measurements of albedo and thermodynamic temperature of the effectively emissive layer of terrestrial cover and artificial objects. A three-frequency radiometric polarimeter operated near the 2.5-mm oxygen line and developed for the realization of this measurement technique is described. The procedure and the results of studies of emission characteristics for some types of terrestrial cover, artificial coatings, and water surface are presented.     

An Approach of Developing High Performance Millimeter-wave Frequency Synthesizer

In this paper, an approach of developing high performance millimeter-wave frequency synthesizer is proposed, which is significantly simpler than the conventional cases. The synthesizer is driven by one triple tuned typed synthesizer, which adjusts the output frequency of DDS and frequency division ratios of variable frequency divider to suppress the spurious level. With the proposed method, a microwave phase locked loop (PLL) PE3236 and a millimeter-wave multiplier HMC283 are also used. Moreover, the PLL is implemented with the form of charge pump followed by a passive three-order low-pass filter which can further suppress the phase noise. Finally, a low spurious level and high frequency resolution millimeter-wave frequency synthesizer without degradation of frequency switching speed is developed. Experimental results show that this method can achieve the performances of low spurious level, low phase noise, and high frequency resolution.     

Infrared and millimeter-wave sensors for military special operations and law enforcement applications

We consider the application of infrared and millimeter-wave sensors, developed for the most part during the Cold War, to the solution of problems encountered by military special operations units and law enforcement personnel. These problems include detection of weapons concealed beneath clothing, through-the-wall surveillance, and wide-area surveillance under poor lighting conditions. Key sensors used in these applications are infrared cameras, millimeter-wave passive and active cameras, and millimeter-wave real-aperture and holographic radars. This paper discusses each type of sensor, describes its operation, and gives an example of its output, except in those cases where the device is early in its development phase and thus no outputs are available. All of these sensors form images, but the images are of varying quality. We conclude with a brief discussion of methods of using multiple sensors to improve performance.N. C. Currie and R. W. McMillan are permanently employed by the Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia Tech Research Institute. They are working at Rome Laboratory supported by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research University Resident Research Program.     

Millimeter-wave Hilbert-transform spectrum analyzer based on Josephson junction

Conclusions A prototype of the Hilbert-transform spectrum analyzer based on the Josephson junctions is described and first spectral measurements are demonstrated in millimeter-wave band. The measurements in the whole millimeter-wave band may be carried out by this spectrum analyzer with resolution as low as 2 GHz and during a time interval as low as a few milliseconds. According to this set of parameters, this Josephson-effect spectrum analyzer may be used for microwave diagnostics of the thermonuclear plasma.     

Coplanar Schottky variable phase shifter constructed on GaAs substrate for millimeter-wave application

A Schottky contact variable phase shifter constructed on either uniformly or periodically doped GaAs substrate is discussed in details. The device can operate at millimeter-wave frequencies with reasonably low attenuation.Work supported by the Office of Naval Research under Contract N00014-79-0053, Joint Service Electronics Program under Grant F49620-82-C-0033, and US Army Research Office under Contract DAAG29-81-K-0053.     

Experimental observation of direct current voltage-induced phase synchronization

The dynamics of two uncoupled distinct Chua circuits driven by a common direct current voltage is explored experimentally. It was found that, with increasing current intensity, the dominant frequencies of these two Chua circuits will first vary at different speeds, approach an identical value for a certain current intensity and then separate. Techniques such as synchronization index and phase difference distribution were employed to analyze the phase coherence between these two Chua circuits.