水热法制备具有高光催化活性的镧掺杂二氧化钛纳米晶

采用水热法合成钛酸钾(K₂Ti₈O₁₇)纳米棒,并将它作为前驱体水热转晶合成TiO₂纳米晶,同时通过在水热体系中引入稀土元素La³⁺实现对TiO₂的La掺杂.考察了不同条件下钛酸盐向TiO₂的转晶过程,发现水热溶液的pH值、温度以及预处理步骤对转晶过程有很大的影响.利用X射线衍射以及透射电子显微镜对样品的晶相和形貌进行了表征.利用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测量了所合成的La掺杂TiO₂样品中的La含量.通过在紫外光下降解甲基橙(MO,10mg/L)测试了La掺杂TiO₂样品的光催化性能.结果表明La掺杂后TiO₂的光催化活性大大提高.在0.15mol/LLa³⁺浓度下180oC水热合成的La掺杂TiO₂样品显示了最佳的光催化活性.其对MO的光催化降解反应常数高达0.11min^-1,大约是空白TiO₂样品的9.20倍,P25TiO₂的3.69倍.     

ZnSO4和La2O3作共修饰剂单金属Ru催化剂上苯选择加氢制环己烯

用沉淀法制备了单金属纳米Ru（0）催化剂,考察了ZnSO₄和La₂O₃作共修饰剂对该催化剂催化苯选择加氢制环己烯性能的影响,并用X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线荧光（XRF）光谱、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、俄歇电子能谱（AES）、透射电镜（TEM）和N₂物理吸附等手段对加氢前后催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,在ZnSO₄存在下,随着添加碱性La₂O₃量的增加,ZnSO₄水解生成的（Zn（OH）₂）₃（ZnSO₄）（H₂O）_x（x=1,3）盐量增加,催化剂活性单调降低,环己烯选择性单调升高. 当La₂O₃/Ru 物质的量比为0.075 时,Ru催化剂上苯转化率为77.6%,环己烯选择性和收率分别为75.2%和58.4%. 且该催化体系具有良好的重复使用性能. 传质计算结果表明,苯、环己烯和氢气的液-固扩散限制和孔内扩散限制都可忽略. 因此,高环己烯选择性和收率的获得不能简单归结为物理效应,而与催化剂的结构和催化体系密切相关. 根据实验结果,我们推测在化学吸附有（Zn（OH）₂）₃（ZnSO₄）（H₂O）_x（x=1,3）盐的Ru（0）催化剂有两种活化苯的活性位：Ru⁰和Zn²⁺. 因为Zn²⁺将部分电子转移给了Ru,Zn²⁺活化苯的能力比Ru⁰弱. 同时由于Ru和Zn²⁺的原子半径接近,Zn²⁺可以覆盖一部分Ru⁰活性位,导致解离H₂的Ru⁰活性位减少. 这导致了Zn²⁺上活化的苯只能加氢生成环己烯和Ru（0）催化剂活性的降低. 本文利用双活性位模型来解释Ru基催化剂上的苯加氢反应,并用Hückel分子轨道理论说明了该模型的合理性.     

Co3O4/ZnO修饰针灸针的制备及其在葡萄糖检测领域的应用

将Co₃O₄/ZnO针状纳米棒材料修饰到针灸针表面用于检测葡萄糖浓度的变化。首先采用水热法在针灸针表面得到Co（CO₃）_0.5（OH）·0.11H₂O针状纳米棒前驱体,然后在500 ℃条件下退火3 h得到Co₃O₄针状纳米棒阵列。再采用浸渍法将预制备好的ZnO量子点修饰到Co₃O₄针状纳米棒表面,得到Co₃O₄/ZnO复合修饰的针灸针。研究发现此针灸针对葡萄糖具有较好的电流响应（2 264.27 μA·L·mmol^-1·cm^-2）、较快的响应速度（<4 s）及较低的检测极限（0.311 μmol·L^-1（S/N=3））。且该针灸针在用于检测人体模拟细胞液中葡萄糖浓度时,对抗坏血酸和尿素等表现出较强的抗干扰性。     

Co3O4/ZnO修饰针灸针的制备及其在葡萄糖检测领域的应用

将Co₃O₄/ZnO针状纳米棒材料修饰到针灸针表面用于检测葡萄糖浓度的变化。首先采用水热法在针灸针表面得到 Co（CO₃）_0.5（OH）·0.11H₂O针状纳米棒前驱体,然后在500 ℃条件下退火3 h得到Co₃O₄针状纳米棒阵列。再采用浸渍法将预制备好的ZnO量子点修饰到Co₃O₄针状纳米棒表面,得到Co₃O₄/ZnO复合修饰的针灸针。研究发现此针灸针对葡萄糖具有较好的电流响应（2 264.27 μA·L·mmol^-1·cm^-2）、较快的响应速度（<4 s）及较低的检测极限（0.311 μmol·L^-1（S/N=3））。且该针灸针在用于检测人体模拟细胞液中葡萄糖浓度时,对抗坏血酸和尿素等表现出较强的抗干扰性。     

La3+对过氧化氢酶电化学和生物电催化活性的影响

本文研究了La³⁺对过氧化氢酶(CAT)的直接电化学反应活性和对H₂O₂还原的生物电催化活性的影响。发现当La³⁺浓度低时,La³⁺能提高CAT的直接电化学反应活性和对H₂O₂还原的电催化活性。当La³⁺浓度高时,La³⁺会降低CAT的直接电化学反应活性和对H₂O₂还原的电催化活性。这是由于La³⁺能与CAT的肽链上的氨基酸残基发生作用而使肽链构象发生变化,导致血红素结构发生变化。当La³⁺浓度低时,La³⁺能使血红素的非平面性增加,活性中心Fe(Ⅲ)的暴露程度增加,因此,低浓度的La³⁺能增加CAT的电化学和生物电催化活性,而高浓度的La³⁺却会使血红素的非平面性降低,活性中心Fe(Ⅲ)的暴露程度降低,因此,降低了CAT的电化学和生物电催化活性。     

棒状CuFe4Ox的可控合成及其异戊醇脱氢反应的催化性能

利用液相沉淀法可控合成了均匀的棒状CuFe₄O_x催化剂。通过原位X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（TEM）及程序升温还原（TPR）等手段表征其晶相结构、形貌和还原性能。通过还原棒状CuFe₄O_x获得Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ 纳米棒,原位X射线光电子能谱（XPS）用于确定Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ 表面的相组成。通过液相沉淀法制备棒状CuFe₄O_x,在120℃保持3 h后加入Na₂CO₃溶液至pH等于9时所得棒状形貌最为规整。以异戊醇脱氢反应作为探针反应,比较了Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ 纳米棒和Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ 纳米颗粒的催化反应性能,发现Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ 纳米棒比Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄ 纳米粒子具有更好的活性和稳定性,表明棒状Fe₃O₄ 担载的Cu纳米粒子具有更好的结构稳定性。     

棒状CuFe4Ox的可控合成及其异戊醇脱氢反应的催化性能

利用液相沉淀法可控合成了均匀的棒状CuFe₄O_x催化剂。通过原位X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、高分辨透射电子显微镜（TEM）及程序升温还原（TPR）等手段表征其晶相结构、形貌和还原性能。通过还原棒状CuFe₄O_x获得Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄纳米棒,原位X射线光电子能谱（XPS）用于确定Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄表面的相组成。通过液相沉淀法制备棒状CuFe₄O_x,在120℃保持3 h后加入Na₂CO₃溶液至pH等于9时所得棒状形貌最为规整。以异戊醇脱氢反应作为探针反应,比较了Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄纳米棒和Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒的催化反应性能,发现Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄纳米棒比Cu⁰/Fe₃O₄纳米粒子具有更好的活性和稳定性,表明棒状Fe₃O₄担载的Cu纳米粒子具有更好的结构稳定性。     

柠檬酸络合法制备La2CuO4纳米晶

以硝酸镧和硝酸铜为起始原料,柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了La₂CuO₄纳米晶。通过X射线衍射、场发射扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜研究了柠檬酸的加入量对La₂CuO₄纳米粉体相组成、显微结构的影响,并采用Kissinger方法研究了La₂CuO₄纳米晶的合成活化能。结果表明：600 ℃煅烧保温2 h后,可获得单一物相的La₂CuO₄,晶粒为类钙钛矿型结构,晶粒尺寸为60~80 nm,分布集中;在制备过程中提高柠檬酸的加入量能够降低La₂CuO₄晶体的合成活化能,当柠檬酸与溶液中阳离子(La³⁺和Cu²⁺)的物质的量的比由1∶1增加至1.5∶1时,La₂CuO₄纳米晶的合成活化能由147.0 kJ·mol^-1降低到133.4 kJ·mol^-1。     

Cu/SO42-/La2O3-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂的制备及其对C3H6选择还原NO的催化性能

以Al₂O₃为基质，添加ZrO₂和La₂O₃，制成La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃复合载体，然后采用SO₄^2-进行改性，再负载上Cu²⁺，制备了铜基SO₄^2-改性的复合载体催化剂(Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃)。考察了它在富氧条件下对丙烯选择还原NO的催化性能，并借助XRD、SEM、TG、Py-IR、NH₃-TPD、FTIR和TPR等方法研究了Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃的结构和性能的关系。结果表明，ZrO₂的加入主要有利于提高催化剂的低温活性；La₂O₃的加入则主要有利于提高催化剂的热稳定性和还原性能；SO₄^2-能够与Zr形成螯合双配位结构，大幅度促使催化剂表面酸量增加并且酸性增强；因此，有效地提高了Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃在富氧条件下对丙烯选择还原NO的催化活性和水热稳定性。在无水条件下，Cu/SO₄^2-/La₂O₃-ZrO₂-Al₂O₃能使NO的最大转化率高达84.3%，即使在275 ℃ 10%水蒸气存在的情况下，仍能使NO的转化率高达81.2%。     

La2O2S∶Mn2+荧光粉的微波合成及其荧光特性

Using La₂(SO₄)3 and the active carbon powder as reactants, La₂O₂S∶Mn²⁺ red phosphor was synthesized by microwave radiation method. The phosphor was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser-diffraction size analyzer and fluorospectrophotometer. The XRD analysis showed that the phosphor was pure phase La₂O₂S. The phosphor of La₂O₂S∶Mn²⁺ showed hexagonal crystal structure with diverse shapes, such as spherical and rod, with average particle size of 10.22 μm. The emission and excitation spectra of the phosphor were determined by fluorospectrophotometer and the results showed that the excitation spectrum of the phosphor under 600 nm emission wavelength was excitation bands between 250 nm and 350 nm with a peak value of 303 nm. Then ,when exicited under UV 303 nm, the phosphor showed broad band emission of 550~700 nm with a peak at 607 nm. In addition, the optimal effects were obtained for the phosphor preparation when the concentration of the activator Mn²⁺ was x_Mn=0.01, the ratio of C and O (n_C / n_O) in the reactants was 0.6∶1, and the time of reaction was about 1 h. La₂O₂S∶Mn²⁺ has strong absorption of UV spectrum and can emit bright red light.     

La7O6(BO3)(PO4)2:Eu3+/Tb3+荧光材料的制备及其光致发光性能

采用优化的高温固相方法制备了稀土离子Eu³⁺和Tb³⁺掺杂的La₇O₆（BO₃）（PO₄）₂系荧光材料,并对其物相行为、晶体结构、光致发光性能和热稳定性进行了详细研究。结果表明,La₇O₆（BO₃）（PO₄）₂：Eu³⁺材料在紫外光激发下能够发射出红光,发射光谱中最强发射峰位于616 nm处,为⁵D₀→⁷F₂特征能级跃迁,Eu³⁺的最优掺杂浓度为0.08,对应的CIE坐标为（0.610 2,0.382 3）;La₇O₆（BO₃）（PO₄）₂：Tb³⁺材料在紫外光激发下能够发射出绿光,发射光谱中最强发射峰位于544 nm处,对应Tb³⁺的⁵D₄→⁷F₅能级跃迁,Tb³⁺离子的最优掺杂浓度为0.15,对应的CIE坐标为（0.317 7,0.535 2）。此外,对2种材料的变温光谱分析发现Eu³⁺和Tb³⁺掺杂的La₇O₆（BO₃）（PO₄）₂荧光材料均具有良好的热稳定性。     

Ce掺杂K2La2Ti3O10催化剂的可见光高效催化制氢的研究

采用高温固相法合成了铈掺杂的K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀催化剂, 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见漫反射(UV-vis DRS)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征. 考察了催化剂的可见光催化分解甲醇水溶液制氢的活性, 并对可见光催化机理进行了分析. 研究表明, 铈的掺杂没有改变K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀的微晶结构, 并使催化剂粒径有所减小. 紫外可见漫反射分析表明禁带宽度为2.3 eV左右, 对可见光具有较高吸收. XPS表明La和Ti为＋3和＋4价, 而Ce则是＋3和＋4的混合价态. 担载2 wt% Pt后, 在可见光下光催化活性大大提高, 当铈的掺杂量为0.5 mol%(即Ce取代La的摩尔百分量)时, 光催化活性达到最大, 产氢速率为0.05 mmol/h; 光照5 h后产氢量为0.22 mmol, 而纯K₂La₂Ti₃O₁₀的产氢量只有0.037 mmol.     

La_7O_6(BO_3)(PO_4)_2∶Eu~(3+)/Tb~(3+)荧光材料的制备及其光致发光性能

采用优化的高温固相方法制备了稀土离子Eu~(3+)和Tb~(3+)掺杂的La_7O_6(BO_3)(PO_4)_2系荧光材料,并对其物相行为、晶体结构、光致发光性能和热稳定性进行了详细研究。结果表明,La_7O_6(BO_3)(PO_4)_2∶Eu~(3+)材料在紫外光激发下能够发射出红光,发射光谱中最强发射峰位于616 nm处,为5D0→7F2特征能级跃迁,Eu~(3+)的最优掺杂浓度为0.08,对应的CIE坐标为(0.610 2,0.382 3);La_7O_6(BO_3)(PO_4)_2∶Tb~(3+)材料在紫外光激发下能够发射出绿光,发射光谱中最强发射峰位于544 nm处,对应Tb~(3+)的5D4→7F5能级跃迁,Tb~(3+)离子的最优掺杂浓度为0.15,对应的CIE坐标为(0.317 7,0.535 2)。此外,对2种材料的变温光谱分析发现Eu~(3+)和Tb~(3+)掺杂的La_7O_6(BO_3)(PO_4)_2荧光材料均具有良好的热稳定性。     

Ion-beam irradiation of lanthanum compounds in the systems La2O3-Al2O3 and La2O3-TiO2

Thin crystals of La₂O₃, LaAlO₃, La_2/3TiO₃, La₂TiO₅, and La₂Ti₂O₇ have been irradiated in situ using 1 MeV Kr²⁺ ions at the Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscope-Tandem User Facility (IVEM-Tandem), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). We observed that La₂O₃ remained crystalline to a fluence greater than 3.1×10¹⁶ ions cm⁻² at a temperature of 50 K. The four binary oxide compounds in the two systems were observed through the crystalline-amorphous transition as a function of ion fluence and temperature. Results from the ion irradiations give critical temperatures for amorphisation (T_c) of 647 K for LaAlO₃, 840 K for La₂Ti₂O₇, 865 K for La_2/3TiO₃, and 1027 K for La₂TiO₅. The T_c values observed in this study, together with previous data for Al₂O₃ and TiO₂, are discussed with reference to the melting points for the La₂O₃-Al₂O₃ and La₂O₃-TiO₂ systems and the different local environments within the four crystal structures. Results suggest that there is an observable inverse correlation between T_c and melting temperature (T_m) in the two systems. More complex relationships exist between T_c and crystal structure, with the stoichiometric perovskite LaAlO₃ being the most resistant to amorphisation.     

Effect of La2O3 on Catalytic Performance of Au/TiO2 for CO Oxidation

Pure TiO₂ and La-doped TiO₂ were prepared by the sol-gel method. Au was supported on TiO₂ by the deposition-precipitation (DP) method, and its catalytic activity for CO oxidation was tested. The results showed that doping La in Au/TiO₂ could improve its catalytic activity obviously for CO oxidation. The analyses of X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area further showed that the presence of La in TiO₂ not only increased its surface area and restrained the growth of TiO₂ crystallites, but could also enhance the microstrain of TiO₂. In terms of O₂-TPD, a new adsorbed species O⁻ appeared on the surface of La-doped TiO₂. The results of in-situ Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy illustrated that the high activity of Au/La₂O₃-TiO₂ was attributed to the presence of La promoting the reactivity of CO adsorbed on the Au site and the formation of the second active site on the surface of TiO₂     

g-C3N4/Bi2O2CO32D纳米片复合材料的制备及可见光催化性能研究

采用自组装和化学沉淀法分别制得两种可见光驱动复合材料石墨相氮化碳/碳酸氧铋(g-C_3N_4/Bi_2O_2CO_3).采用X射线衍射光谱(XRD),紫外可见光谱、扫描电镜(SEM)、N_2吸附、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等分析手段对制备的催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,制备方法对纳米复合材料的晶相、形态及光学性能没有影响,但是影响g-C_3N_4和Bi_2O_2CO_3之间的相互作用力,导致光生电子-空穴对的分离速率存在显著差异.以可见光驱动苯酚和罗丹明B的降解实验为探针反应检测催化剂的光催化性能.实验结果表明自组装法得到的异质结催化剂中相互作用力更强,催化效果最高.O_2-是罗丹明B降解反应的主要活性物种,染料的光敏化、Bi_2O_2CO_3与g-C_3N_4综合效应,导致光生载流子电荷分离效率更高.     

Synthesis and characterization of MgF2 and KMgF3 nanorods

MgF₂ nanorods with diameters of 60-100 nm were synthesized by a microemulsion method. Subsequent hydrothermal reaction of as-synthesized MgF₂ nanorods and KF at 240°C for 3 days or 140°C for 7 days resulted in KMgF₃ nanorods, which retained the rod-like morphology of the source material MgF₂ in the reaction process. The morphology of as-synthesized MgF₂ strongly depended on the molar ratio between water and the surfactant CTAB and the concentration of CTAB.     

离子交换-双氧水氧化法制备纳米CeO2晶体

以99.995% Ce(NO₃)₃和强碱性阴离子交换树脂为原料，采用离子交换-双氧水氧化法合成制备出纳米CeO₂晶体。并就离子交换反应中的Ce³⁺浓度、树脂加入速度和离子交换温度及H₂O₂加入速度等条件对CeO₂粒径的影响进行了探讨，得出了离子交换-双氧水氧化法制备纳米CeO₂晶体的最佳工艺条件。FTIR、TEM分析表明，离子交换法无需对合成的Ce(OH)₃溶胶进行洗涤即可去除NO₃^-、CO₃^2-等阴离子杂质，并用H₂O₂将该溶胶氧化，经真空干燥可制得粒径分布均匀，平均晶粒尺寸约3 nm，高纯度的CeO₂粉体。     

A Structural Investigation of La2(GeO4)O and Alkaline-Earth-Doped La9.33(GeO4)6O2

The structures of the oxyorthogermanate La₂(GeO₄)O and the apatite-structured La_9.33(GeO₄)₆O₂ have been refined from powder neutron diffraction data. La₂(GeO₄)O crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell (P2₁/c) and is cation stoichiometric in contrast to previous reports. La_9.33(GeO₄)₆O₂ crystallizes in a hexagonal unit cell (P6₃/m) and the powder diffraction data show anisotropic peak broadening that is observed in electron diffraction patterns as incommensurate diffuse spots at hkq reciprocal planes (with q=1.6-1.7) and can be attributed to a correlated disorder in the “apatite channels”. This compound was doped up to a nominal composition close to M₂La₈(GeO₄)₆O₂ with M=Ca, Sr, Ba. The dopant ions preferentially occupy the 4f sites as the number of La vacancies decreases. The measured ionic conductivity of La_9.33(GeO₄)₆O₂ is about 3 orders of magnitude larger than for La₂(GeO₄)O at high temperatures and decreases with increasing dopant content from the highest value of about 0.16 S cm⁻¹ at 1160 K.     

Energetics of copper diphosphates – Cu2P2O7 and Cu3(P2O6OH)2

Differential scanning calorimetry and high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry are used to study enthalpy of phase transition and enthalpies of formation of Cu₂P₂O₇ and Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂. α-Cu₂P₂O₇ is reversibly transformed to β-Cu₂P₂O₇ at 338–363 K with an enthalpy of phase transition of 0.15 ± 0.03 kJ mol⁻¹. Enthalpies of formation from oxides of α-Cu₂P₂O₇ and Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂ are −279.0 ± 1.4 kJ mol⁻¹ and −538.8 ± 2.7 kJ mol⁻¹, and their standard enthalpies of formation (enthalpy of formation from elements) are −2096.1 ± 4.3 kJ mol⁻¹ and −4302.7 ± 6.7 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The presence of hydrogen in diphosphate groups changes the geometry of Cu(II) and decreases acid–base interaction between oxide components in Cu₃(P₂O₆OH)₂, thus decreasing its thermodynamic stability.