On Some Properties of Multiple Moduli of Continuity

For functions of several variables a property is established similar to the well-known result of S. B. Stechkin about the metric property of almost increasing functions. In the case of one variable the proof is easier than the known one.     

Best rank one approximation of real symmetric tensors can be chosen symmetric

We show that a best rank one approximation to a real symmetric tensor, which in principle can be nonsymmetric, can be chosen symmetric. Furthermore, a symmetric best rank one approximation to a symmetric tensor is unique if the tensor does not lie on a certain real algebraic variety.     

Remarks on Propagation of Singularities in Thermoelasticity

The propagation of high order weak singularities for the system of homogeneous thermoelasticity in one space variable is studied by using paralinearization and a new decoupling technique introduced by the author (Microlocal analysis in nonlinear thermoelasticity, to appear). For the linear system, one shows that the nonsmooth initial data for the parabolic part lead to singularities in the hyperbolic part of solutions, even when the initial data for that part are identically zero. Both the Cauchy problem and the problem inside of a domain for the semilinear system are considered. It is shown that the propagation of high order singularities is essentially dominated by the hyperbolic operator in the system of thermoelasticity.     

Stepwise Estimation of Random Processes

The problem of estimating a continuous-time random process from its observations at appropriately designed sampling points is considered. The quality of an estimator is measured by its integrated mean square error (IMSE). Here, sampling points are designed stepwisely to minimize the IMSE and the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) is so determined that the earlier calculations do not have to be repeated with addition of one or more new samples. For random processes whose covariance has a sharp corner at the diagonal, it is shown that essentially, an optimal one-step forward sampling location is one of the midpoints of intervals determined by the current and previous sampling points. Both analytical and numerical examples are considered. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A comparison of three linear rules for classification

This paper compares three different linear procedures for classification: the normal one, the canonical one and a distribution-free one recently described by Heuchenne. The study is mainly conducted using a simulation which makes it possible to compute the probabilities of correct allocation of the three methods in 3888 different cases. The normal rule looks slightly better than Heuchenne's, which looks clearly better than the canonical one. Finally, inference on Heuchenne's method is examined and conditions under which this method is optimal are given.     

A study of prebiotic evolution

A very simple model prebiotic system is explored, both, to elucidate the full complexity of its dynamic behavior, and from the standpoint of what a thermal analysis can tell us about evolution more generally. The system consists of a coacervate containing a four variable enzymatic oscillator that is driven by a single input concentration. The reaction scheme is “nested”; i.e., by “turning on” one reaction at a time we can go from a two‐variable system, to one of three variables, to one of four, each developing more complex behavior. The four‐variable system is shown to have at least five distinct genera of complex attractors within the range examined. Two of these coexist for the same parameter values; the other three are substantially separated in the bifurcation space. The fixed points, characteristic roots, Lyapunov exponents, stability (dissipation), Kaplan‐Yorke dimensions, and correlation dimensions are all calculated for each attractor. A six‐variable amplification of the reaction scheme is considered as a simple model of nucleation in a coacervate and is shown to totally stabilize the corresponding attractor. An Evolutionary Potential is proposed that is wholly beyond the purview of classical thermostatics, yet incorporates entropy effects via Clausius' strong version of the Second Law. It is shown that the latter is a necessary condition for the sort of structuring characteristic of living systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 8: 45–67, 2003     

Uniformly Distributed Systems of Elements on Metabelian Lie Rings

In this article, the notion of a uniformly distributed systems of elements on the variety of metabelian Lie algebras is introduced. This notion is analogous to one of a measure preserving systems of elements on group varieties. As the main result of the article, it was shown that on the variety of metabelian Lie algebras a system of elements is primitive iff it is uniformly distributed.     

A generalization of the Gauss-Lucas theorem

Given a set of points in the complex plane, an incomplete polynomial is defined as the one which has these points as zeros except one of them. The classical result known as Gauss-Lucas theorem on the location of zeros of polynomials and their derivatives is extended to convex linear combinations of incomplete polynomials. An integral representation of convex linear combinations of incomplete polynomials is also given.     

Persistence and periodic orbits for two-species nonautonomous diffusion lotka-volterra models

This paper considers a competing system in which one of two species can diffuse between two patches, while the other is confined to one patch and cannot diffuse. It is proved that the system can be made persistent under some appropriate conditions even if the competitive patch is not persistent without diffusion. Further, if the system is a periodic system, it can have a strictly positive periodic orbit which is globally asymptotically stable under the appropriate conditions.     

An optimal error estimate for upwind Finite Volume methods for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws

The purpose of this paper is to show that the cell-centered upwind Finite Volume scheme applied to general hyperbolic systems of m conservation laws approximates smooth solutions to the continuous problem at order one in space and time. As it is now well understood, there is a lack of consistency for order one upwind Finite Volume schemes: the truncation error does not tend to zero as the time step and the grid size tend to zero. Here, following our previous papers on scalar equations, we construct a corrector that allows us to prove the expected error estimate for nonlinear systems of equations in one dimension.     

Juche in international trade

We show that in trade between two parties, one of whom has much greater endowment that the other, calculated by the Nash bargaining solution, tends to exploit the poorer party, as compared with the competitive equilibrium. This can be interpreted as saying that trade between a developed country and a developing nation, each acting on the basis of self-interest, will result in exploitation of the developing nation. This illustrates one aspect of the idea of Juche. We also show that if trade in two goods among two parties is extended to a third, one of the two parties will be worse off as a result under natural hypotheses. This can be interpreted as explaining why trade between a developing country and a developed country might make some groups in the developing country rich but other groups poor, a second aspect of Juche.     

康托尔实数的局限性

康托尔为我们建立了集合论，并且证明了实数的不可数性，但是其中留下了很多疑点． 1．—个实数能在每—个集合论模型中出现的充分必要条件是它是可以被集合论来定义的．那些在集合论模型中不出现的实数，我们可以把他们叫做看不见的实数． 2．在实数的十进位无穷小数表示法中有些是我们能确切地知道它的第几位是什么，但是对另外的一些实数我们对它们就只能有模糊的认识，也就是说它的第几位是什么我们不可能全部知道．我们可以把他们叫做写不出的实数． 3．由于Cantor关于实数是不可数的证明不是构造性的证明，而是用所谓的归谬证法．它们中有很多是看不见写不出的实数．因此说它们是虚拟的实数． 4．虚拟实数就像银行中的虚拟货币，你可用它来买东西，它可从—个户头转拨到另—个户头，但是钱的实体是不存在的。这个现象也让我们对某些数学工具的合法性挺出质疑．我们用对角线法来证明实数的基数比自然数的基数大。但是我们并没有真正有效的地构造出那么多的实数．因此我们没有办法来确切地定义它们．也可以说它们中的绝大多数是不可以定义的．在一般的情况下虚拟实数是不可以个别地使用的．     

知识规律与规律的属性扰动

By employing the knowledge(R-element equivalence class)in one direction Srough sets and dual of one direction S-rough sets,the concept of knowledge law is given;the generation theorem of knowledge law,the excursion theorem of knowledge law,and the attribute disturbance discernible theorem of knowledge law are proposed.Knowledge law is a new characteristic of S-rough sets.     

A Volterra integral formulation for determining the periodic solutions of some autonomous, nonlinear, third-order ordinary differential equations

A Volterra integral formulation based on the introduction of a term proportional to the velocity times the square of the (unknown) frequency of oscillation, a new independent variable equal to the original one times the (unknown) frequency of oscillation, the method of variation of parameters and series expansions of both the solution and the frequency of oscillation, is used to determine the periodic solutions to three nonlinear, autonomous, third-order, ordinary differential equations. It is shown that the first term of the series expansion of the frequency of oscillation coincides with that determined from a first-order harmonic balance procedure, whereas the two-term approximation to the frequency of oscillation is shown to be more accurate than that of a parameter perturbation procedure for the second equation considered in this paper. For the third equation, it is shown that the two-term approximation presented in this paper is more accurate than the corresponding one for one of the parameter perturbation methods, and for initial velocities less than one, for the other parameter perturbation approach.     

Convergence of minimum norm elements of projections and intersections of nested affine spaces in Hilbert space

We consider a Hilbert space, an orthogonal projection onto a closed subspace and a sequence of downwardly directed affine spaces. We give sufficient conditions for the projection of the intersection of the affine spaces into the closed subspace to be equal to the intersection of their projections. Under a closure assumption, one such (necessary and) sufficient condition is that summation and intersection commute between the orthogonal complement of the closed subspace, and the subspaces corresponding to the affine spaces. Another sufficient condition is that the cosines of the angles between the orthogonal complement of the closed subspace, and the subspaces corresponding to the affine spaces, be bounded away from one. Our results are then applied to a general infinite horizon, positive semi-definite, linear quadratic mathematical programming problem. Specifically, under suitable conditions, we show that optimal solutions exist and, modulo those feasible solutions with zero objective value, they are limits of optimal solutions to finite-dimensional truncations of the original problem.     

Chains of reinsurance

A one-dimensional, hierarchical system of reinsurance is considered. A member of the chain is in direct contact with only two other members: the one from which coverage is bought and the one to which coverage is sold. Exceptions are the first link (which does not sell any reinsurance coverage) and the last link (which does not buy any). The problem is to find the values of the quotas and the loadings that are optimal in some sense. Assuming exponential utility functions and a normal distribution for the claims, an explicit solution is found for two versions of the model.     

A new theory of regular functions of a quaternionic variable

In this paper we develop the fundamental elements and results of a new theory of regular functions of one quaternionic variable. The theory we describe follows a classical idea of Cullen, but we use a more geometric formulation to show that it is possible to build a rather complete theory. Our theory allows us to extend some important results for polynomials in the quaternionic variable to the case of power series.     

多机排序问题pm｜fix_j，pmtn｜C_（max）的多项式时间算法

在经典排序论中，一般都作以下两条假设：其一是每台机器在任一时刻至多加工一个零件，其二是每个零件在任一时刻至多被一台机器加工．在这篇文章中，研究多台机器可同时加工一个零件的多机排序问题，且每个零件可在固定的一个机器的子集上加工．本文在机器总数确定，零件加工可间断的条件下，设计出求这类问题最优解的计算方法，并研究了这种问题的计算复杂性．     

Function S-rough Sets and Their Law Characteristic

Function S-rough sets(Function Singular rough sets) are defined by R-function equivalence class which has dynamic characteristic, and a function is s law, function S-rough sets have law characteristic. Function S-rough sets has these forms: function one direction S-rough sets, function two direction S-rough sets and dual of function one direction S-rough sets. This paper presents the law characteristic of function one direction S-rough sets and puts forward the theorems of law-chain-attribute and law-belt. Function S-rough sets is s new research direction of the rough sets theory.     

考虑评价信息满意度的群体信息集结方法研究

信息集结方法是群体评价的重要研究内容,针对该问题本文对评价信息满意度进行测度,并基于此对群体信息的集结方法展开研究。该方法根据指标信息的变化赋予评价者不同的权重,以改变现有研究中评价者权重大多固定不变的做法,旨在使群体信息集结的结果更加公正和准确。首先对问题进行界定并给出评价信息满意度的定义;然后分别给出先验信息满意度和评价过程中的信息满意度的确定方法,利用先验信息满意度确定各评价者的初始权重,并利用评价过程中的信息满意度对其修正,从而得到各评价者的权重矩阵。最后,按照各评价者的评价信息满意度对群体评价信息进行集结。