应用于土遗址文物脱盐的高分子材料

运用吸附脱盐法除去土遗址中的可溶盐,所用的吸附材料是脱盐的关键要素之一。本文介绍了用于土遗址脱盐的吸附材料发展历程及其现状,重点介绍了耐盐性高分子吸水材料用于土遗址基体中盐类脱除的机理、存在的问题及发展方向,文中还对高分子吸水材料可能取得的进展和前景进行了展望。     

有机-无机杂化分离膜研究进展

有机-无机杂化膜材料结合了有机膜材料和无机膜材料的优良性能,已成为分离膜材料研究的一个热点。本文以有机、无机组分间相互作用类型对其进行分类,着重介绍组分间以化学键相结合的有机-无机杂化膜的优良特性,总结了影响此类杂化膜结构和性能的主要因素,概括了它在膜分离中的应用,提出了目前研究工作中存在的不足,并做出了简要的述评。     

含钒无机有机杂化材料的合成、结构与性质

含钒无机有机杂化材料的结构复杂多样,在吸附、氧化还原、电化学、催化、光学、磁学以及多孔、手性材料研究等方面应用前景广阔,引起人们广泛关注。本文综述了含钒无机有机杂化材料研究的最新进展,介绍了合成含钒无机有机杂化材料的主要方法,按照有机组分与无机骨架作用的方式分类总结了含钒无机有机杂化材料的结构,介绍了其在离子交换、电化学、磁学、光学、催化等方面的应用,并展望了该类材料的研究前景和意义。     

蒙脱土改性研究进展

概括了蒙脱土的结构和基本性质,综述了近年来国内外蒙脱土改性方面的研究进展,从无机改性、有机改性和有机-无机复合改性三方面对其改性方法和机理分别进行了讨论,并展望了其应用前景.     

基于倍半硅氧烷的有机-无机杂化材料研究

有机-无机杂化材料兼具有机材料和无机材料的优点,是继单组份材料、复合材料和梯度材料之后的新一代功能材料。基于可以通过分子设计与剪裁的倍半硅氧烷(笼型倍半硅氧烷和无规倍半硅氧烷)无机前驱体,利用多种方法如反应性共混法、溶胶-凝胶法、光固化、原子转移自由基聚合、自组装技术等制备一系列高性能聚合物/倍半硅氧烷有机-无机纳米杂化材料。     

有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料

有机基团可以通过嫁接或共聚的方法引入到氧化硅基介孔材料的孔表面或材料的骨架中,形成表面结合型和桥键型两大类有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料.本文综述了有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料的最新研究进展,介绍了其合成方法、应用及潜在的应用领域,详细总结了目前已报道的有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料的种类,展望了桥键型有机-无机杂化氧化硅基介孔材料的发展及应用前景.     

杂化太阳电池中异质结界面的修饰及其对电池光电性能的影响

有机-无机杂化太阳电池综合了有机、无机材料的优点,成本低、理论效率高,受到人们的广泛关注.杂化太阳电池的光活性层由无机半导体和有机共轭聚合物复合而成.当光照射到活性层上时,共轭聚合物吸收光子产生激子(电子-空穴对);激子迁移到有机给体-无机受体的异质结界面处发生解离而产生自由电子和空穴;自由电子和空穴分别向无机半导体和有机聚合物传输,从而实现电荷的分离和传导.激子在有机-无机异质结界面处的分离效率是影响电池性能的一个重要因素.有机、无机两相材料往往因为接触面积小以及相容性差使此两相材料接触不佳,激子迁移到此界面不能有效分离,从而严重影响了杂化太阳电池的效率.这个问题可以通过此界面的修饰加以改善.本文即综述了有机-无机异质结界面修饰的方法、作用和意义,并展望了杂化太阳电池未来的发展趋势和应用前景.     

聚集诱导发光有机小分子无机纳米复合材料的研究进展

有机-无机复合荧光纳米材料制备简便,生物相容性好,成像性能优异,在化学和生物传感、生物成像、催化及能源材料等领域受到很多关注.传统的荧光有机小分子与无机材料复合时,常发生荧光猝灭,而聚集诱导发光(Aggregation-InducedEmission,AIE)有机小分子在聚集态具有高发光量子产率,为有机-无机复合荧光纳米材料的研究提供了机遇.由于AIE有机小分子功能化的无机纳米材料独特的优点,人们对其设计、合成及应用进行了较多研究.综述了AIE有机小分子和多种类型的无机纳米结构(金属纳米颗粒、钙钛矿材料、层状材料、氧化物、硫化物等)复合材料的制备和应用的新进展,特别是在化学和生物传感、生物成像、药物输运、光热治疗、催化以及能源等领域的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

有机太阳能电池材料研究新进展

介绍了有机太阳能电池研究的背景、基本原理、分类,并对有机太阳能电池材料进行了全面综述,包括小分子太阳能电池材料、大分子太阳能电池材料、D-A体系材料和有机无机杂化体系材料.     

制备有机-无机杂化纳米材料的研究进展

有机-无机杂化纳米材料由于小尺寸和兼具有机、无机材料的各种优良性质,在许多领域都有巨大的应用潜质。本文介绍了模板法、嵌段聚合物自组装、含特殊官能团的乙烯基单体直接聚合法等制备纳米有机-无机杂化材料的方法,并对各自的特点进行了说明。     

大唐西市土遗址苔藓物种鉴定及其病害成因分析

通过光学显微镜与扫描电子显微镜(SEM)相结合的分析方法对大唐西市土遗址表面滋生的苔藓进行分离鉴定,确定该苔藓为四川湿地藓Hyophila setschwanica(Broth.).在此基础上,采用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析手段对遗址内5处土样进行了分析.结果表明该遗址土壤中钙含量远高于一般表土平均量,且土壤含水量最高为23%,p H呈弱碱性.该种土壤环境为四川湿地藓的繁殖提供了有利的条件,导致四川湿地藓病害的广泛滋生,充分解释了四川湿地藓生长旺盛的根本原因,为后期有效治理该病害提供了一定理论依据.     

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and cultural heritage biodeterioration: Fungi identification in earthen architecture from Paraíba Valley (São Paulo,Brazil)

In this work, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) was employed in the taxonomic identification of fungi found in biofilms formed on earthen architecture walls (adobe, wattle and daub, and rammed earth) of historical buildings in the region known as Paraíba Valley (or São Paulo Historical Valley), which are representative of the first phase of the Brazilian coffee cycle (1820–1880). Very few studies are reported in the literature where SERS-based techniques are used in fungi identification, most of them focused on clinical diagnosis. In the present investigation, pure colonies isolated from biofilms on earthen walls previously identified by classic taxonomy and molecular biology were selected. The genera were Trichoderma, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Neurospora, Fusarium and Penicillium. The fungi were cultured on solid potato dextrose agar, extracted with ethyl acetate and the extracts were applied on dried Au nanoparticles. The SERS spectra exhibited bands in the 600–1800 cm⁻¹ region which are characteristic of each genus, except Penicillium, as revealed by PCA statistical analysis. This work reports the use of a facile to prepare SERS-active substrate in the identification of microbial communities on earthen architecture walls and is the first step of an investigation aiming at the fast identification of fungi species from biofilms formed on earthen architecture buildings without the need of isolating the pure cultures.     

Geochemical and Spatial Distribution of Topsoil HMs Coupled with Modeling of Cr Using Chemometrics Intelligent Techniques: Case Study from Dammam Area,Saudi Arabia

Unconsolidated earthen surface materials can retain heavy metals originating from different sources. These metals are dangerous to humans as well as the immediate environment. This danger leads to the need to assess various geochemical conditions of the materials. In this study, the assessment of topsoil materials’ contamination with heavy metals (HMs) was conducted. The material’s representative spatial samples were taken from various sources: agricultural, industrial, and residential areas. The materials include topsoil, eolian deposits, and other unconsolidated earthen materials. The samples were analyzed using the ICP-OES. The obtained results based on the experimental procedure indicated that the average levels of the heavy metals were: As (1.21 ± 0.69 mg/kg), Ba (110.62 ± 262 mg/kg), Hg (0.08 ± 0.18 mg/kg), Pb (6.34 ± 14.55 mg/kg), Ni (8.95 ± 5.66 mg/kg), V (9.98 ± 6.08 mg/kg), Cd (1.18 ± 4.33 mg/kg), Cr (31.79 ± 37.9 mg/kg), Cu (6.76 ± 12.54 mg/kg), and Zn (23.44 ± 84.43 mg/kg). Subsequently, chemometrics modeling and a prediction of Cr concentration (mg/kg) were performed using three different modeling techniques, including two artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, namely, generalized neural network (GRNN) and Elman neural network (Elm NN) models, as well as a classical multivariate statistical technique (MST). The results indicated that the AI-based models have a superior ability in estimating the Cr concentration (mg/kg) than MST, whereby GRNN can enhance the performance of MST up to 94.6% in the validation step. The concentration levels of most metals were found to be within the acceptable range. The findings indicate that AI-based models are cost-effective and efficient tools for trace metal estimations from soil.     

Self‐reinforced composites based on commercial PP woven fabrics and a random PP copolymer modified with quartz

Self‐reinforced composites based on commercial polypropylene (PP) woven fabrics and a random PP copolymer modified with quartz were obtained by film stacking. The effect of the incorporation of quartz on the materials fracture and failure behavior was studied through uniaxial tensile tests and quasi‐static fracture experiments. Acoustic emission analysis was also performed in situ in the tensile tests. A higher consolidation quality was obtained for the composites containing quartz. In the composite with random PP modified with 5 wt% quartz, the higher consolidation and the better dispersion of quartz particles positively impacted on the materials tensile and fracture behavior. From the results of acoustic emission analysis, fiber fracture appears as the dominant failure mechanism in the investigated composites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

无机材料在骨质文物加固保护中的应用

传统上,合成高分子树脂是骨质文物加固保护中常用的材料,但长期的应用实践表明此类材料存在耐候性不良、与骨质文物兼容性差等问题。近年来,耐候性优良且与骨质文物兼容性好的无机保护材料的研究逐渐兴起,也引起了越来越多文物保护工作者的关注。本文就骨质文物无机加固保护材料及其作用机理和应用研究现状进行了系统的介绍与评述。     

Monodisperse red blood cell-like particles via consolidation of charged droplets

Recently, researchers have tried to produce non-spherical and anisotropic particles to be used in the next generation of multi-functional materials. Of key interest is the red blood cell-like particle. The torus structure was produced under the relatively fast consolidation of monodisperse droplets, and its parameters were found to be tunable by temperature as well as solvent type and concentration. The observation of consolidation demonstrated that the polymers were accumulated and solidified in the torus structure, naturally, whereas there was the critical droplet size to induce the asymmetry diffusivities. The torus structures could be simply tuned by the flow rate and concentration. The coaxial nozzle system produced the core/shell torus particles. These results state that the consolidation mechanism can hold important clues to enhance the range of tuning capabilities.     

New Chemical Technologies Based on Turing Reaction–Diffusion Processes

Doklady Chemistry - Diamond–SiC composite materials were obtained by impregnation with gaseous and liquid Si. The mechanisms of the impregnation and consolidation of the diamond–silicon...     

老山汉墓土遗址盐分调查与分布规律探索

老山汉墓土遗址中可溶-微溶盐导致遗址表面酥碱、起甲、泛白和块状脱落等病害较为严重.利用X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)以及离子色谱(IC)等方法测定了老山汉墓遗址不同取样位置及距遗址表面不同深度处可溶盐的成分及含量,并分析了盐分对遗址破坏的可能机制.结果表明,该遗址的主要有可溶盐有Na2SO4、Na2SO4·10H2O、Na Cl、Na12Mg7(SO4)13·15H2O,微溶盐有Ca SO4、Ca SO4·2H2O,此外还含有少量的Ca Cl2、KNO3、KCl、Mg Cl2、K2SO4、Mg SO4等盐分.随着取样深度增加,各盐分的种类及含量有所减少,此分布规律可能与可溶盐的赋存环境及水分运移有关.试验结果对于老山汉墓土遗址的保护措施具有一定的参考价值.     

Kinetics of colloidal templating using emulsion drop consolidation

The emulsion templating of ordered colloidal microsphere assemblies by Manoharan et al. involves a consolidation process where dispersed phase fluid is transported from droplets into a continuous phase. Consolidation can be approximated as a diffusion process with moving boundaries. The kinetics of consolidation are investigated here by following droplet shrinkage with time as a prelude to understanding rate effects on assembly structure. Consolidation kinetics are influenced by liquid diffusivity, the number of colloidal particles in a droplet, and the surfactant concentration. While surfactant exhibits little effect well below its critical micelle concentration (CMC) value, it significantly slows consolidation above the CMC. For a specific continuous phase (i.e., silicone oil and fluorinated silicone oil), with proper scalings, the droplet size shrinks with time following a power law independent of droplet diameter, surfactant concentrations, and particle number concentration. The power law exponent varies from 1/2 to 2/3 with different continuous oil phases as a result of concentration and interfacial effects. This study leads to an improved understanding of colloidal microstructure development at interfaces that can be applied in novel materials synthesis and drug delivery areas.