分子模拟研究微孔材料对光气吸附扩散性能的影响及材料筛选

利用分子模拟的方法研究了微量光气(COCl₂)在微孔材料中的吸附和扩散性能, 并分析了材料结构的影响. 结果表明, 光气在金属有机框架材料(MOF)和共价有机框架材料(COF)中的吸附等温线主要表现为第Ⅰ类型和第Ⅴ类型吸附. 当光气压力较低时, COF材料和含有开放金属位点的材料对其吸附性能较好. 通过对不同压力下吸附量的比较发现, 吸附达到饱和前, 随着压力和孔隙率(VF)的升高, 材料对光气的吸附量增大. 通过分子动力学模拟研究光气在微孔材料中的扩散性能发现, 较强吸附位点的存在不利于光气在孔道中的扩散. 通过气体分子在材料中的径向函数分布图及模拟轨迹分析发现, 分子协同效应和空间位阻效应相互竞争决定了扩散速率的快慢. 综合评价材料的吸附和扩散性能发现, COF-102, COF-300, ZnMOF-74, Zn-DOBDC和PCN-60是理想的吸附材料, 这些材料可以应用于环境中光气泄漏的防治.     

生物金属-有机骨架材料中药物吸附及扩散的分子模拟研究

选用了三种bio-MOFs （bio-MOF-1,bio-MOF-11,bio-MOF-100）材料,采用蒙特卡罗和分子动力学模拟研究了布洛芬分子在bio-MOF材料中的吸附和扩散性质. 结果发现,bio-MOF材料结构对药物分子布洛芬的吸附及扩散有很大影响. 其中,孔径控制着客体分子布洛芬的进入及扩散; 孔隙率大小与布洛芬的吸附量及自扩散系数大小成正比. 静电作用力对布洛芬分子的吸附有较小的促进作用. 另外还研究了布洛芬分子在MOF材料中的最佳吸附位及最优构型,发现布洛芬分子优先吸附在金属角落处,以及不同材料其吸附的布洛芬分子最优构型是不一样的.     

分子动力学模拟1-丁烯和正丁烷在MCM-22分子筛中的扩散行为

应用分子动力学方法研究了1-丁烯和正丁烷在MCM-22型分子筛(ITQ-1)中的扩散行为. 得到了两种物质在ITQ-1分子筛两个独立孔道中的均方位移曲线、自扩散系数和扩散轨迹. 计算结果表明, 在温度为400 K时, 1-丁烯或正丁烷在十元环孔道中的扩散明显低于在超笼中的扩散, 吸附质在超笼的底部和顶部的扩散明显低于在超笼中心的扩散; 1-丁烯和正丁烷在ITQ-1分子筛的超笼中两者扩散速率较为相似, 而在十元环中, 两者的扩散速率差别较大.可以推测, 选择性催化主要发生在十元环中.     

CO2/CH4/N2在MER型沸石中扩散和分离的分子动力学模拟

采用巨正则蒙特卡洛(GCMC)模拟方法研究了CO_2、CH_4和N_2在MER型沸石中的吸附性能,模拟结果与实验结果吻合证明模型和力场是可靠的。在此基础上,以纯硅MER型沸石作为对照,采用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法研究了CO_2、CH_4和N_2在K-MER型沸石中的扩散和分离性能。结果表明,CO_2、CH_4和N_2在MER型沸石中存在亚扩散现象,扩散方式为构型扩散,在沸石三维通道中的扩散存在各向异性。沸石与气体之间的作用力和沸石骨架外阳离子均影响气体分子的扩散能力,而沸石骨架外阳离子是影响气体分子扩散能力的主要因素。CO_2和N_2的自扩散系数随吸附浓度的增加而减小;CH_4的自扩散系数随吸附浓度的增大先增加后减小。CO_2、CH_4和N_2的自扩散系数随温度的升高均增加,扩散活化能大小顺序为N_2 (16.51 kJ/mol) CH_4 (8.39 kJ/mol) CO_2 (4.38 kJ/mol)。K-MER型沸石膜对CO_2/CH_4、CO_2/N_2和N_2/CH_4分离体系均有良好的分离选择性。气体分子的渗透率～104 GPU(1 GPU=3.35×10~(-10) mol/(s·m2·Pa))。     

孔道三维相互连通锐钛矿TiO2-SiO2纳米复合介孔材料的制备及其高光催化活性

本文报道一种孔道三维相互连通锐钛矿TiO2-SiO2纳米复合介孔材料的制备.该介孔材料是以两维六方有序结构、直孔道、锐钛矿70TiO2-30SiO2-950纳米复合介孔材料(于950oC晶化2 h)为前驱体, NaOH为SiO2的刻蚀剂,通过“在孔壁内造孔”的方法获得.我们的策略是采用温和的造孔条件,如稀NaOH溶液,合适的温度与固/液比等.采用X射线衍射(XRD),透射电镜(TEM)和低温N2吸附等技术对样品的介孔结构进行了系统表征.结果表明,墙内孔的密度非常高,孔径均一(平均尺寸3.6 nm),且在三维网络高度连通原孔道,但介孔结构仍保持其完整性.锐钛矿纳米晶粒的结晶度和大小在墙内造孔前后基本保持不变.该材料光催化降解罗丹明B(0.303 min–1)与亚甲基蓝(0.757 min–1)的活性相当高,此活性分别是其母体材料的5.1和5.3倍,甚至是Degussa P25光催化剂的16.5和24.1倍.这充分表明三维连通孔道结构对活性的大幅提高起了关键作用.孔道三维连通式锐钛矿TiO2-SiO2纳米复合介孔材料对上述污染物展现出意想不到的高降解活性,显著高于迄今已报道的金属氧化物基介孔材料对上述污染物的降解活性.更重要的是,该光催化剂具有相当高的稳定性和重复使用性.相信,本方法将为具有超高性能的孔道三维相互连通其它金属氧化物基介孔材料的制备铺平了道路.
　　小角XRD结果表明,母体材料的孔道是两维六方有序结构,在孔壁内造孔之后,样品原有的介孔结构仍保持其规整性.宽角XRD结果显示,二氧化钛的晶相是锐钛矿,晶粒尺寸为10.8 nm.造新孔之后,锐钛矿纳米晶粒的结晶度和大小与母体样品的相比变化不大. TEM结果显示,母体样品的孔壁内没有孔.孔道是两维六方有序排列的直孔道,孔径大小均一(平均尺寸4.1 nm).高分辨透射电镜(TEM)观察揭示,锐钛矿纳米晶粒(平均大小11.3 nm)在孔壁内随机排列,并与无定形SiO2纳米颗粒相互连接,相间共存,形成类似“砖块?水泥砂浆”砌成的孔壁,这种独特的复合骨架结构赋予其很高的稳定性.当一些SiO2纳米颗粒被去除之后, TEM观察显示,孔壁内有密集分布的孔,这些孔取向随机,并在三维方向连通原孔道,但介孔骨架结构仍保持其完整性.墙内孔的大小范围很窄(3.1?4.3 nm),平均大小为3.6 nm.高分辨TEM观察显示,锐钛矿晶粒大小与母体材料内的相比基本未变.上述结果与XRD结果一致.低温N2吸附表征结果显示,母体样品内只有一种孔道,孔径为4.0 nm.去除部分SiO2后的样品内有两种孔道,孔径分别是3.4和4.1 nm.这些结果与TEM的观察吻合.罗丹明B与亚甲基蓝在造孔前后样品内扩散速率评价结果显示,其在三维连通孔道内的扩散速率很高,大约是其母体材料内的5倍以上.这表明相互连通的孔道网络结构非常有利于客体分子在其内扩散.光催化降解性能评价结果显示,罗丹明B与亚甲基蓝在相互连通孔道内降解的速率相当高,分别是其在不连通孔道内的5.1和5.3倍.这充分证明孔道三维相互连通对活性的大幅提高起了关键作用.我们对材料的稳定性和重复使用性作了评价,经过10次循环使用孔道三维相互连通锐钛矿TiO2-SiO2纳米复合介孔材料,其吸附与光催化降解罗丹明B的性能变化不大.这充分证明本文制备的孔道连通复合介孔材料的性能是相当稳定的和可重复使用的.该方法可用于制备具有超高性能的孔道三维相互连通其它金属氧化物基介孔材料,如Nb2O5, Ta2O5等.     

芳香类化合物在ITQ-1分子筛中吸附特性的蒙特卡罗模拟

用巨正则统计系综蒙特卡罗模拟研究了苯、甲苯以及间二甲苯分子在ITQ-1分子筛中的吸附特性.从这3种分子的粒子分布云图上,可发现分子的扩散和吸附主要在十二元环超笼内发生,在十元环通道内的吸附和扩散则相对较难.从一系列不同压力下的蒙特卡罗模拟还预测了3种分子的吸附等温线,预测结果与实验结果相符.这3种分子在一定压力下,都可通过十元环通道或连接十二元环超笼的十元环窗口到达分子筛孔道内部,达到较好的吸附平衡状态.     

微孔晶体孔道结构的分子设计

微孔晶体具有特定规整的孔道结构,由于客体分子在孔道中与骨架结构之间的化学作用远大于一般的多孔材料,故其孔道结构特征与性质如孔道的大小(0.3—2.0纳米)、形状、维数、走向、孔壁的性能以及孔道中腔、笼和缺陷等都将影响孔道中分子的扩散、吸附、脱附、分子间反应的选择性、中间态的生成等等。因而微孔晶体是最具特色的,并且从目前发展水平来看又是应用特别广泛的一大类催化材料与吸附材料。近年来,又在大量与高技术有关的新型材料开发应用中显示了广泛的潜力。目前人工合成微孔晶体(如硅铝酸盐型分子筛、磷酸盐等等)的骨架结构已有二百多种,人们对其结构特点、结构对其中分子运动与反应的影响,造孔合成规     

疏水性微孔中水的结构和扩散性质的分子模拟

用分子动力学（MD）方法模拟了受限在疏水性微孔中的水的结构与动力学行为.分别考察了孔径、温度和压力对水在孔道方向的密度分布和自扩散系数的影响,计算了不同温度下水的径向分布函数.发现在小孔径的微孔中,随着温度的降低,水分子沿孔道的分布逐渐变得不均匀,最终导致气-液相分离,微孔孔道内有明显的分段现象.受限在小孔径微孔中水的自扩散系数大约为体相流体水的20％～30％,并且随着孔径的减小,自扩散系数也减小.同时还发现沿孔道方向的自扩散系数分量大约为孔径方向的4～5倍.提出了微孔中水自扩散系数的关联模型.     

气体在纳孔分子材料中吸附的理论模拟研究进展

纳孔分子材料是由孤立分子通过非共价相互作用堆积形成的具有纳微孔道结构的材料.和传统共价网络孔材料相比,纳孔分子材料具有独特的溶解性,并兼具气体存储与分离,限域反应和催化等方面的潜在应用,已成为当前研究的新热点.通过着眼于新型纳孔分子材料的设计,对相关理论研究进行了综合评述,主要包括以下3个方面:(1)无论是气体吸附还是催化反应,纳孔分子材料的晶体结构预测都是先决条件,只有在纳孔分子材料的晶体结构得到准确预测的前提下,才能够定向、准确、系统地对其进行设计;(2)气体在纳孔分子材料中吸附的分子动力学研究有助于深刻理解气体吸附的微观传输扩散机制;(3)气体在纳孔分子材料中吸附的巨正则蒙特卡洛模拟有利于对设计材料的吸附性能进行直接预测,得到可以直接与实验吸附量、吸附热等信息进行比较的结果.最后,简述了理论设计新型纳孔分子材料存在的问题以及未来发展前景.     

氨基修饰的锆基金属有机框架材料对香料的吸附和缓控释

本文以氨基修饰的锆基金属有机框架材料(MOF) UiO-66-NH_2为香料载体,研究了其对一系列香料分子的吸附和释放行为.我们发现UiO-66-NH_2对非极性的萜类香料吸附几乎无差别,而在极性香料的酯类吸附上差异较大.我们通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和红外光谱(FTIR)等对UiO-66-NH_2吸附香料后的样品进行表征,结果表明MOF材料吸附香料后不会造成结构坍塌和晶型变化, UiO-66-NH_2中的氨基与不同的酯类香料可形成氢键,对提高吸附量和延长缓释效果起到积极促进作用.与传统吸附材料活性炭相比, MOF对香料有更好的吸附效果.我们使用顶空-气相色谱对酯类香料的释放进行检测,结合释放动力学模型分析,发现其释放行为符合Korsmeyer-Peppas模型,孔道扩散是其释放的限速性环节.     

Precise Control of Molecular Self-Diffusion in Isoreticular and Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks

Understanding the factors that affect self-diffusion in isoreticular and multivariate (MTV) MOFs is key to their application in drug delivery, separations, and heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we measure the apparent self-diffusion of solvents saturated within the pores of large single crystals of MOF-5, IRMOF-3 (amino-functionalized MOF-5), and 17 MTV-MOF-5/IRMOF-3 materials at various mole fractions. We find that the apparent self-diffusion coefficient of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) may be tuned linearly between the diffusion coefficients of MOF-5 and IRMOF-3 as a function of the linker mole fraction. We compare a series of solvents at saturation in MOF-5 and IRMOF-3 to elucidate the mechanism by which the linker amino groups tune molecular diffusion. The ratio of the self-diffusion coefficients for solvents in MOF-5 to those in IRMOF-3 is similar across all solvents tested, regardless of solvent polarity. We conclude that average pore aperture, not solvent-linker chemical interactions, is the primary factor responsible for the different diffusion dynamics upon introduction of an amino group to the linker.     

Self-diffusion and transport diffusion of light gases in metal-organic framework materials assessed using molecular dynamics simulations

Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials pose an interesting alternative to more traditional nanoporous materials for a variety of separation processes. Separation processes involving nanoporous materials can be controlled by either adsorption equilibrium, diffusive transport rates, or a combination of these factors. Adsorption equilibrium has been studied for a variety of gases in MOFs, but almost nothing is currently known about molecular diffusion rates in MOFs. We have used equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) to probe the self-diffusion and transport diffusion of a number of small gas species in several MOFs as a function of pore loading at room temperature. Specifically, we have studied Ar, CH4, CO2, N2, and H2 diffusion in MOF-5. The diffusion of Ar in MOF-2, MOF-3, and Cu-BTC has been assessed in a similar manner. Our results greatly expand the range of MOFs for which data describing molecular diffusion is available. We discuss the prospects for exploiting molecular transport properties in MOFs in practical separation processes and the future role of MD simulations in screening families of MOFs for these processes.     

Density inhomogeneity and diffusion behavior of fluids in micropores by molecular-dynamics simulation

The density profiles and the diffusion behavior of fluid argon confined in micropores were studied by molecular-dynamics simulations. The effects of pore size (width), temperature and number density on the density profiles and the self-diffusion coefficients in micropores were simulated with pore widths from 0.6 to 4.0 nm. The density profiles are greatly affected by the pore size. Strong inhomogeneities in the channel direction and vapor-liquid phase separation in the micropores were observed when initial conditions were chosen in the coexistence region of the fluid. The self-diffusion coefficient in the channel direction in the pores was found to be much lower than in the bulk, and decreasing with decreasing pore size, decreasing temperature, and increasing density.     

Self-diffusion of methane in single-walled carbon nanotubes at sub- and supercritical conditions

The diffusivities of methane in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are investigated at various temperatures and pressures using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations complemented with grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The carbon atoms at the nanotubes are structured according to the (m, m) armchair arrangement and the interactions between each methane molecule and all atoms of the confining surface are explicitly considered. It is found that the parallel self-diffusion coefficient of methane in an infinitely long, defect-free SWNT decreases dramatically as the temperature falls, especially at subcritical temperatures and high loading of gas molecules when the adsorbed gas forms a solidlike structure. With the increase in pressure, the diffusion coefficient first declines rapidly and then exhibits a nonmonotonic behavior due to the layering transitions of the adsorbed gas molecules as seen in the equilibrium density profiles. At a subcritical temperature, the diffusion of methane in a fully loaded SWNT follows a solidlike behavior, and the value of the diffusion coefficient varies drastically with the nanotube diameter. At a supercritical temperature, however, the diffusion coefficient at high pressure reaches a plateau, with the limiting value essentially independent of the nanotube size. For SWNTs with the radius larger than approximately 2 nm, capillary condensation occurs when the temperature is sufficiently low, following the layer-by-layer adsorption of gas molecules on the nanotube surface. For SWNTs with a diameter less than about 2 nm, no condensation is observed because the system becomes essentially one-dimensional.     

Calculations of the distribution of trace impurities in cylindrical pores

The equilibrium distribution of a trace impurity and the self-diffusion coefficients of molecules of the base component and the trace impurity in narrow cylindrical pores were calculated using the lattice-gas model. Two types of lattice structures with six and eight closest neighbors were considered. The sizes of the base component and impurity molecules were taken to be identical. Lateral interactions were taken into account in the quasi-chemical approximation. The equilibrium distributions of the trace impurity across a pore section in the gas and liquid phases of the base component and at the interface for the case of capillary condensation were considered. The probability of existence of isolated dimeric clusters was estimated and the self-diffusion coefficients of the base component and trace impurity for a single-phase distribution of the base component were calculated. The effects of the energy of interaction of impurities with the pore walls and the concentration of the base component on the diffusion mobility of the impurities were analyzed. The concentration dependences of the partition coefficient for the trace impurity between the pore center and the pore wall and the concentration dependences of the self-diffusion coefficients for the trace impurity molecules become nonmonotonic with an increase in the base component concentration. These effects are due to the displacement of the impurity from the near-surface area to the bulk of a pore following an increase in the pore coverage by the base component and to higher mobility of the impurity in the free bulk of the pore. Further filling of the pore bulk reduces the mobility of all molecules. The energetics of intermolecular interactions also plays a certain role. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 4, pp. 605–615, April, 2000.     

Surface self-diffusion of organic molecules adsorbed in porous silicon

The pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance method has been employed to probe self-diffusion of organic guest molecules adsorbed in porous silicon with a 3.6 nm pore size. The molecular self-diffusion coefficient and intrapore adsorption were simultaneously measured as a function of the external vapor pressure. The latter was varied in a broad range to provide pore loading from less than monolayer surface coverage to full pore saturation. The measured diffusivities are found to be well-correlated with the adsorption isotherms. At low molecular concentrations in the pores, corresponding to surface coverages of less than one monolayer, the self-diffusion coefficient strongly increases with increasing concentration. This observation is attributed to the occurrence of activated diffusion on a heterogeneous surface. Additional experiments in a broad temperature range and using binary mixtures confirm this hypothesis.     

Concentration-dependent self-diffusion of liquids in nanopores: a nuclear magnetic resonance study

Nuclear magnetic resonance has been applied to study the details of molecular motion of low-molecular-weight polar and nonpolar organic liquids in nanoporous silicon crystals of straight cylindrical pore morphology at different pore loadings. Effective self-diffusion coefficients as obtained using the pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance method were found to pass through a maximum with increasing concentration for all liquids under study. Taking account of a concentration-dependent coexistence of capillary condensed, adsorbed and gaseous phases a generalized model for the effective self-diffusion coefficient was developed and shown to satisfactorily explain the experimental results. An explicit use of the adsorption isotherm properties within the model extends its applicability to the mesoporous range and highlights the role of surface interaction for the transport of molecules in small pores. The problem of surface diffusion and diffusion of multilayered molecules is also addressed.     

Computer modelling of adsorbate transport in nanospaces

The passage of adsorbed molecules, through pores of nanometre dimensions, under a concentration gradient, is important in several processes. The basic equations for single-component flow in pores identify a diffusive and cooperative (viscous) component to the flux. Three simulation techniques, including non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD), have been used to investigate (spherical) methane and ethane adsorbates in model graphite pores at ambient temperatures. The NEMD method measures flux directly and shows an interesting behaviour in the total diffusion coefficients, including transitions and values substantially in excess of the Darken diffusion coefficient, calculated from self-diffusion. A simple Stokes–Einstein type of model can account for some results. The instances where this model fails can be rationalised in terms of confinement effects, and the relative contribution of kinetic energy to the Hamiltonian.     

Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks for Gas Separation

Microporous metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are comparatively new porous materials. Because the pores within such MOFs can be readily tuned through the interplay of both metal‐containing clusters and organic linkers to induce their size‐selective sieving effects, while the pore surfaces can be straightforwardly functionalized to enforce their different interactions with gas molecules, MOF materials are very promising for gas separation. Furthermore, the high porosities of such materials can enable microporous MOFs with optimized gas separation selectivity and capacity to be targeted. This Focus Review highlights recent significant advances in microporous MOFs for gas separation.