Pants Decompositions of Random Surfaces

Our goal is to show, in two different contexts, that “random” surfaces have large pants decompositions. First we show that there are hyperbolic surfaces of genus g for which any pants decomposition requires curves of total length at least g ^7/6−ε . Moreover, we prove that this bound holds for most metrics in the moduli space of hyperbolic metrics equipped with the Weil–Petersson volume form. We then consider surfaces obtained by randomly gluing euclidean triangles (with unit side length) together and show that these surfaces have the same property.     

Surfaces in Conformal Geometry

Properties of submanifolds are examined which remain invariantunder a conformal change of metric of the ambiant space. In particular,the Willmore energy functional is discussed as is the Willmoreconjecture for tori.     

Extremal Decompositions of Riemann Surfaces and Quasiconformal Mappings of Special Form

It is shown that the extremal decomposition of a finite Riemann surface into a system of doubly connected domains may be associated with a family of quasiconformal mappings , which are similar to the Teichmüller mappings. In the case , this construction allows us to prove that the extremal value of the functional in the indicated problem on the extremal decomposition is a pluriharmonic function of the coordinates of the distinguished points on . Bibliography: 5 titles.     

Decompositions of Fundamental Groups of Closed Surfaces into Free Constructions

Let T be a closed surface. It is proven that any decomposition of ₁(T,x) into an amalgamated product (or, more generally, into the fundamental group of a finite graph of groups) with f.g. edge group(s) is almost geometric. A problem of H. Zieschang is solved and the edge rigidity property is investigated.     

Timelike Minimal Surfaces via Loop Groups

This work consists of two parts. In Part I, we shall give a systematic study of Lorentz conformal structure from structural viewpoints. We study manifolds with split-complex structure. We apply general results on split-complex structure for the study of Lorentz surfaces.In Part II, we study the conformal realization of Lorentz surfaces in the Minkowski 3-space via conformal minimal immersions. We apply loop group theoretic Weierstrass-type representation of timelike constant mean curvature for timelike minimal surfaces. Classical integral representation formula for timelike minimal surfaces will be recovered from loop group theoretic viewpoint.     

Laguerre Geometry of Surfaces in R^3

Let f ： M → R3 be an oriented surface with non-degenerate second fundamental form. We denote by H and K its mean curvature and Gauss curvature. Then the Laguerre volume of f, defined by L（f） = f（H2 - K）/KdM, is an invariant under the Laguerre transformations. The critical surfaces of the functional L are called Laguerre minimal surfaces. In this paper we study the Laguerre minimal surfaces in R^3 by using the Laguerre Gauss map. It is known that a generic Laguerre minimal surface has a dual Laguerre minimal surface with the same Gauss map. In this paper we show that any surface which is not Laguerre minimal is uniquely determined by its Laguerre Gauss map. We show also that round spheres are the only compact Laguerre minimal surfaces in R^3. And we give a classification theorem of surfaces in R^3 with vanishing Laguerre form.     

Extremal Decompositions of Riemann Surfaces and Quasiconformal Mappings of Special Form. II

Let be a finite Riemann surface. For a quadratic differential on associated with a certain problem on extremal decomposition of into n domains, a parametric family of quasiconformal mappings , is defined. These mappings map the domains of the extremal decomposition of onto the domains of the extremal decomposition of ._K This allows one to study the functional dependence of the problem on the parameters. Bibliography: 6 titles.     

Integral Geometry of Real Surfaces in the Complex Projective Plane

We give a Poincaré formula for any real surfaces in the complex projective plane which states that the mean value of the intersection numbers of two real surfaces is equal to the integral of some terms of their Kähler angles.     

On the Geometry of Hyperbolic Surfaces with a Conical Singularity

The geometry of compact hyperbolic surfaces with conical singularities isinvestigated. The Teichmüller space of a hyperbolic pair of pants with asingle singularity is studied. A finite number of real parameters whichdetermine the geometry of a hyperbolic torus of genus two with a singlesingularity, is given.     

On maps between modular Jacobians and Jacobians of Shimura curves

Fix a squarefree integer N, divisible by an even number of primes, and let Γ′ be a congruence subgroup of level M, where M is prime to N. For each D dividing N and divisible by an even number of primes, the Shimura curve X ^D (Γ₀(N/D) ∩ Γ′) associated to the indefinite quaternion algebra of discriminant D and Γ₀(N/D) ∩ Γ′-level structure is well defined, and we can consider its Jacobian J ^D (Γ₀(N/D) ∩ Γ′). Let J ^D denote the N/D-new subvariety of this Jacobian. By the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence [J-L] and Faltings’ isogeny theorem [Fa], there are Hecke-equivariant isogenies among the various varieties J ^D defined above. However, since the isomorphism of Jacquet-Langlands is noncanonical, this perspective gives no information about the isogenies so obtained beyond their existence. In this paper, we study maps between the varieties J ^D in terms of the maps they induce on the character groups of the tori corresponding to the mod p reductions of these varieties for p dividing N. Our characterization of such maps in these terms allows us to classify the possible kernels of maps from J ^D to J ^D′, for D dividing D′, up to support on a small finite set of maximal ideals of the Hecke algebra. This allows us to compute the Tate modules J ^D of J ^D at all non-Eisenstein of residue characteristic l > 3. These computations have implications for the multiplicities of irreducible Galois representations in the torsion of Jacobians of Shimura curves; one such consequence is a “multiplicity one” result for Jacobians of Shimura curves.     

Homogeneity for Surfaces in Four-Dimensional Vector Space Geometry

We classify all surfaces in R ⁴ which are homogeneous in the sense of equi-centroaffine differential geometry. There result 21 group classes, some of them depending on one or two real parameters. The classification is cleared up, i.e. each copy is equivalent to exactly one representative. This applies as well to the corresponding groups as to the orbits (and also to the parameter cases). In particular, we can characterize the Clifford tori in a purely affine manner and determine all homogeneous centroaffine spheres. This answers a former question on the existence of centroaffine spheres which are not contained in a hyperplane. The classification and, in particular, the uniqueness is based on geometric insight and is essentially not computer dependent. The leading ideas are of a general nature and may also be applied to homogeneity for higher-dimensional cases and for related geometries.     

Generalized Jacobians and rigidificators

The purpose of this paper is to give a new interpretation and generalization of both the singularization procedure of Rosenlicht and the concept of the generalized Jacobian [18], which arose in the attempt to understand the role the generalized Jacobian plays in Krichever's theory of the integration of non-linear evolution equations in terms of theta functions of curves [14], [16]. The interpretation of the generalized Jacobian as a rigidificator for the Jacobian of a regular curve is not surprising (cf. Drinfeld [3]), but does not seem to exist in the present literature on algebraic curves.     

On the Jacobians of plane cubics

Let S be a scheme and f a ternary cubic form whose ten coefficients are sections of O_S without common zero. The equation f=0 defines a family of plane cubic curves parametrized by S. We prove that the family of generalized Jacobians of those cubic curves is a group scheme J/S which is the locus of smoothness of a scheme f*=0, where f* is a Weierstrass cubic formf*=f*(x,y,z)=y²z+a₁xyz+a₂yz²-x³-a₂x²z-a₄xz²-a₆z³, in which the coefficient a_i is a homogeneous polynomial with integral coefficients, of degree i in the ten coefficients of f, which we give explicitly. A key ingredint of the proof is a characterization, over sufficiently nice bases, of group algebraic spaces which can be described by such a Weierstrass equation.     

Conformal Gauss Map Geometry and Application to Willmore Surfaces in Model Spaces

Potential Analysis - In this paper we make a detailed and self-contained study of the conformal Gauss map. Then, starting from the seminal work of Bryant (J. Differential Geom. 20(1), 23–53...     

Geometry of Optimal Paths around Focal Singular Surfaces in Differential Games

We investigate a special type of singularity in non-smooth solutions of first-order partial differential equations, with emphasis on Isaacs’ equation. This type, called focal manifold, is characterized by the incoming trajectory fields on the two sides and a discontinuous gradient. We provide a complete set of constructive equations under various hypotheses on the singularity, culminating with the case where no a priori hypothesis on its geometry is known, and where the extremal trajectory fields need not be collinear. We show two examples of differential games exhibiting non-collinear fields of extremal trajectories on the focal manifold, one with a transversal approach and one with a tangential approach.