硒对免疫功能的影响

硒可多方面影响机体的免疫功能。机体缺硒时，免疫细胞活性降低；给予适当剂量的硒，T、B淋巴细胞，NK细胞、吞噬细胞等免疫细胞活性增高，非特异性免疫、细胞免疫和体液免疫都增强，从而有助于提高机体的免疫功能。     

硒的免疫功能

硒是一种重要的人体必需微量元素。缺硒会损害免疫系统的功能。补充适量的硒可增强细胞免疫、体液免疫及非特异免疫功能。本文介绍了硒的免疫功能,并讨论硒在疾病防治中的作用。     

枸椽酸锗对小鼠免疫功能的影响

枸椽酸锗能明显提高小鼠血清溶血素抗体水平，增强二硝基氯苯（DNCB）致小鼠迟发型皮肤过敏反应。增加小鼠免疫器官胸腺和脾脏的重量，表明枸椽酸锗能增强小鼠体液免疫和细胞免疫水平。     

Can the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Confer Natural Immunity against COVID-19?

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still ongoing, with no signs of abatement in sight. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the causative agent of this pandemic and has claimed over 5 million lives, is still mutating, resulting in numerous variants. One of the newest variants is Omicron, which shows an increase in its transmissibility, but also reportedly reduces hospitalization rates and shows milder symptoms, such as in those who have been vaccinated. As a result, many believe that Omicron provides a natural vaccination, which is the first step toward ending the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on published research and scientific evidence, we review and discuss how the end of this pandemic is predicted to occur as a result of Omicron variants being surpassed in the community. In light of the findings of our research, we believe that it is most likely true that the Omicron variant is a natural way of vaccinating the masses and slowing the spread of this deadly pandemic. While the mutation that causes the Omicron variant is encouraging, subsequent mutations do not guarantee that the disease it causes will be less severe. As the virus continues to evolve, humans must constantly adapt by increasing their immunity through vaccination.     

Antitumor Effects of Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase Used as a Molecular Adjuvant

Gene therapy is a potentially powerful tool used in cancer therapy. The strength of immune responses induced by some strategies is usually low, therefore, the development of agents capable of enhancing these responses is highlighted. The authors investigated the potential of an approach based on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase(HN) of Newcastle disease virus(NDV) as a potential immune adjuvant. It was found that recombinant adenovirus(Ad) infected SGC7901 cells expressing HN exhibited both hemagglutinin(HA) and neuraminidase(NA) activities. It was demonstrated that administration of HN induced higher levels of the effector cytokines TNF-α, IFN-α and IFN-γ and increased natural killer(NK) cell activity. Based on the therapeutic tumor model, the results show that the administration of HN with Apoptin led to improved survival and tumor suppression. In conclusion, this study indicates that HN stimulates innate immune responses to make the activity of NK cells increased, which highlights the potential adjuvant activity of HN in cancer gene therapy.     

Antigen targeting to M cells for enhancing the efficacy of mucosal vaccines

Vaccination is one of the most successful applications of immunology and for a long time has depended on parenteral administration protocols. However, recent studies have pointed to the promise of mucosal vaccination because of its ease, economy and efficiency in inducing an immune response not only systemically, but also in the mucosal compartment where many pathogenic infections are initiated. However, successful mucosal vaccination requires the help of an adjuvant for the efficient delivery of vaccine material into the mucosa and the breaking of the tolerogenic environment, especially in oral mucosal immunization. Given that M cells are the main gateway to take up luminal antigens and initiate antigen-specific immune responses, understanding the role and characteristics of M cells is crucial for the development of successful mucosal vaccines. Especially, particular interest has been focused on the regulation of the tolerogenic mucosal microenvironment and the introduction of the luminal antigen into the lymphoid organ by exploiting the molecules of M cells. Here, we review the characteristics of M cells and the immune regulatory factors in mucosa that can be exploited for mucosal vaccine delivery and mucosal immune regulation.     

Potency of Attenuated Eimeria tenella in Protective Immunity Induction on Homologous and Heterologous Challenges

The aim of this study was to know the protective immunity of broilers immunized with attenuated Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) on homologous and heterologous challenges. The protective immunity was represented by oocyst production and histopathological changes of cecum. The previous experiment already produced attenuated E. tenella through serial passages of precocious lines in naive chicken. Four groups of chickens were separately divided into two non-immunized control groups and two immunized with attenuated E. tenella groups, and each group was challenged with homologous and heterologous strains. The results showed significant difference in oocysts production (p<0.01) and histopathological changes between control and immunized groups.     

免疫力低下患者血清中铁锌铜锰硒含量的研究

１３４例免疫力低下患者血清中铁、锌、铜、锰、硒的含量与对照组比较,结果揭示：①铁和铜的含量升高。两者差异有显著性或高度显著性;锌、锰和硒的含量均明显降低,两者差异有高度显著性。②可根据上列元素变化的特点,对免疫力低下者进行早期诊断和防治。     

脑血栓形成病人用精制蝮蛇抗栓酶治疗前后微量元素和体液免疫的变化及临床疗效的观察

用精制蝮蛇抗栓酶(Svate-3)治疗了108例急性期脑血栓形成病人,治疗前后分别测定病人血清微量元素锌、铜、铬、锰、硒及体液免疫指标 IgG, IgA, IgM及循环免疫复合物(CIC), 同时设定对照组观察 Svate-3的临床疗效.观察结果表明,治疗组疗效优于对照组.测定结果表明,Svate-3能使脑血栓病人血清 Zn增加(P＜0.05),血清 Cu减少(P＜0.05 ), Zn/Cu比值增加(P＜0.05),Svate-3可使体液免疫 IgA增加(P＜0.01) .     

肝硬化患者血清微量元素与免疫功能的相关性研究

为探讨肝硬化患者血清中微量元素含量与细胞免疫功能的相关性,将70例肝硬化患者根据代偿期及失代偿期分为两组,30例健康体检者为对照组,用日立7170A型全自动生化分析仪检测了血清中的镁、铁、铜、锌含量,流式细胞技术检查了外周血CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、NK细胞。结果表明,肝硬化患者血清镁、铁、锌水平显著低于对照组;血清铜水平显著高于对照组;CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞低于正常对照组,以失代偿期改变明显。肝硬化患者血清铜水平与CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞呈负相关,血清锌水平与CD3+、CD4+、NK细胞呈正相关。提示肝硬化患者微量元素代谢异常与细胞免疫功能下降有一定的联系。     

Liposome-Mediated Delivery of MERS Antigen Induces Potent Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Mice

The advancements in the field of nanotechnology have provided a great platform for the development of effective antiviral vaccines. Liposome-mediated delivery of antigens has been shown to induce the antigen-specific stimulation of the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we prepared dried, reconstituted vesicles (DRVs) from DPPC liposomes and used them as the vaccine carrier system for the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus papain-like protease (DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro). MERS-CoV PLpro emulsified in the Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro) was used as a control. Immunization of mice with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro did not induce any notable toxicity, as revealed by the levels of the serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood of immunized mice. Immunization with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro induced greater antigen-specific antibody titer and switching of IgG1 isotyping to IgG2a as compared to immunization with IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro. Moreover, splenocytes from mice immunized with DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro exhibited greater proliferation in response to antigen stimulation. Moreover, splenocytes from DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro-immunized mice secreted significantly higher IFN-γ as compared to splenocytes from IFA-MERS-CoV PLpro mice. In summary, DRVs-MERS-CoV PLpro may prove to be an effective prophylactic formulation to prevent MERS-CoV infection.     

噬菌体展示肿瘤异性抗原表位的初步免疫活性研究

利用噬菌体展示技术将丝噬菌体（fd)基因8克隆入pKK233-3质粒中，将人的恶性黑色素瘤的抗原表位基因插入到修饰后的质粒载体中，制备了含有抗原表位的杂合噬菌体。利用纯化的表位抗原免疫小鼠，用间接ELISA方法采用双波长（450/630nm)动态检测抗体。结果表明，噬菌体-表位抗原刺激小鼠产生了抗体。抗体的含量随时间不断增加，到4周进达到高峰。小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化实验表明噬菌体-表位抗原产生了明显的淋巴细胞增殖反应，为研制肿瘤疫苗奠定了基础。     

DDQ mediated stereoselective intermolecular benzylic CN bond formation: Synthesis of (−)-cytoxazone, (−)-4-epi-cytoxazone and their analogues and immunological evaluation of their cytokine modulating activity

A short and efficient strategy for the synthesis of (?)-cytoxazone, (?)-4-epi-cyoxazone and their analogues by using DDQ mediated diastereoselective intermolecular benzylic amination has been described. Immunological evaluation of their cytokine modulating activity revealed that the change of hydroxy methyl to methyl group increased the cellular immunity in in-vitro cultures. Changes in the stereochemistry of oxazolidine haven't influenced the biological activity.     

有机锗Ge—201对小鼠非特异免疫功能的实验研究

报告了有机锗Ｇｅ－２０１对小鼠非特异免疫功能和影响。Ｇｅ－２０１能明显增加小鼠静脉注射碳位廓清速率及腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬百分数和吞噬指数，对小鼠胸腺和脾脏指数无明显影响。     

缺硒儿童免疫功能下降反复呼吸道感染100例临床观察

为探讨硒缺乏与呼吸道感染的关系，对100例反复呼吸道感染患儿进行了肘静脉及颈静脉采血送检，观察了微量元素硒缺乏对儿童呼吸道免疫功能的影响。结果表明，补硒后呼吸道感染率明显降低，儿童健康水平明显提高。     

Comparative Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activities of Polysaccharides Extracted from the Radix of Platycodon grandiflorum with Different Extraction Methods

Platycodon grandiflorum is an edible and medicinal plant, and polysaccharides are one of its important components. To further improve the utilization rate of P. grandiflorum, we investigated the effects of four different extraction methods, including hot water, ultrasonic-assisted, acid-assisted, and alkali-assisted extractions, on the polysaccharides, which were named PG-H, PG-U, PG-C, and PG-A. The findings indicated that the extraction method had a significant impact on the yield, characteristics, and immunoregulatory activity. We observed that the yields decreased in the following order: PG-H, PG-U, PG-C, and PG-A. Galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose were the most prevalent monosaccharides in the four PGs. However, their proportions varied. In addition, the difference between the content of glucose and galacturonic acid was more significant. PG-U had the highest glucose content, whereas PG-C had the lowest. Galacturonic acid content was highest in PG-A, while the lowest in PG-U. The molecular weight decreased in the order of PG-U, PG-H, PG-C, and PG-A; the particle size was in the order of PG-U, PG-A, PG-H, and PG-C. Moreover, the extraction method had a great impact on immunoregulatory activity. The ability to stimulate the immune function of macrophages was as follows: PG-A > PG-C > PG-U > PG-H. The results indicated that PGs, with lower molecular weights and higher GalA content, exhibited better immune-stimulating activity. And more important the AAE method was a good way to extract polysaccharides from Platycodon grandiflorum for use as a functional product and immunological adjuvant.     

Role of lipid rafts in innate immunity and phagocytosis of polystyrene latex microspheres

Understanding of the association of phagocytosis of polymers with signaling of innate immunity of macrophages is the major purpose of this study. Polymer conjugates have been utilized for clinical therapy of cancer and infections, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as effective vectors of drug-delivery systems. They are incorporated through phagocytosis into macrophages and activate innate immunity signaling, which plays a crucial role in its therapeutic and side effects. Macrophage phagocytosis of polystyrene latex microspheres was examined and assayed by treatment of macrophages with the cholesterol depletor methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) or the sphingolipid depletor n-octyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (OGP). Expressions of various mRNAs during phagocytosis were quantified by real-time PCR. Phagocytosis of polystyrene latex microspheres by various macrophages, such as murine monocyte-derived macrophage J774, rat alveolar macrophage NR8383, and murine Kupffer cell KC13-2, was suppressed by treatment with MβCD or OGP in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of mRNAs of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL10 genes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not suppressed by treatment with MβCD in J774 cells. Moreover, genes that were induced by LPS were up-regulated even in the absence of LPS by the phagocytosis of polymer conjugates, but such up-regulations were not suppressed by the treatment with MβCD. It was shown that lipid rafts play a significant role in incorporation of polymer conjugates through phagocytosis of macrophages, but their association with signal transduction in innate immunity is very limited.     

An In Vitro Assessment of Immunostimulatory Responses to Ten Model Innate Immune Response Modulating Impurities (IIRMIs) and Peptide Drug Product,Teriparatide

Understanding, predicting, and minimizing the immunogenicity of peptide-based therapeutics are of paramount importance for ensuring the safety and efficacy of these products. The so-called anti-drug antibodies (ADA) may have various clinical consequences, including but not limited to the alteration in the product’s distribution, biological activity, and clearance profiles. The immunogenicity of biotherapeutics can be influenced by immunostimulation triggered by the presence of innate immune response modulating impurities (IIRMIs) inadvertently introduced during the manufacturing process. Herein, we evaluate the applicability of several in vitro assays (i.e., complement activation, leukocyte proliferation, and cytokine secretion) for the screening of innate immune responses induced by ten common IIRMIs (Bacillus subtilis flagellin, FSL-1, zymosan, ODN2006, poly(I:C) HMW, poly(I:C) LMW, CLO75, MDP, ODN2216, and Escherichia coli O111:B4 LPS), and a model biotherapeutic Forteo™ (teriparatide). Our study identifies cytokine secretion from healthy human donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as a sensitive method for the in vitro monitoring of innate immune responses to individual IIRMIs and teriparatide (TP). We identify signature cytokines, evaluate both broad and narrow multiplex cytokine panels, and discuss how the assay logistics influence the performance of this in vitro assay.     

Synthesis and bioactivity of fluorescence- and biotin-labeled lipid A analogues for investigation of recognition mechanism in innate immunity

Fluorescence- and biotin-labeled lipid A analogues were synthesized for the investigation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/lipid A recognition in the innate immune system. For the introduction of the labeling moiety, a hydrophilic glutaryl-glucose linker was used for maintaining the bioactivity and also for preventing self-aggregation, which causes quenching of the fluorescence. We also observed the biological activity of the labeled compounds.