CuO/Al2O3催化剂高温固相反应的原位XRD和Raman研究

采用原位XRD和激光Raman光谱等技术对CuO/Al2O3系列催化剂高温下的表面组成和体相结构的变化进行研究.结果表明,随着焙烧温度升高,CuO首先与载体Al2O3发生固相反应生成CuAl2O4.CuAl2O4层能阻止外层CuO进一步向载体Al2O3扩散,从而使部分CuO稳定在CuO/Al2O3催化剂的表层.     

Fe基催化剂物相演变及CO2加氢反应性能影响

本研究使用原位X射线衍射(in-situ XRD)技术,对Na/Fe₂O₃样品的还原及活化过程进行了原位表征,探究了Na含量、预处理气氛对Fe基催化剂物相的影响,并研究了铁氧化合物与铁碳化合物在CO₂加氢过程中的协同作用。结合H₂-TPR、CO+H₂-TPSR-MS手段对催化剂样品进行了物化性质表征。结果表明,还原气氛为H₂时,Na助剂修饰会抑制Fe₂O₃催化剂还原;然而还原气氛为合成气(CO/H₂=1:2)时,适量Na助剂会降低还原和活化温度,提高碳化铁含量。采用H₂和合成气分别对Fe基催化剂进行还原处理,低碳烯烃选择性由0.3%提高至20.2%,CO₂转化率由7.3%提升至25.8%;与纯Fe₂O₃相比,Na修饰后催化剂Fe₅C₂含量从8.5%提高到38.4...     

χ-Fe_5C_2：结构，合成与催化性质调控

铁碳化物,特别是χ-Fe_5C_2,因在多个不同领域的应用长期以来受到研究者的密切关注。事实上,χ-Fe_5C_2已经被认定为铁基费托合成催化剂的活性相。除了作为催化剂外,χ-Fe_5C_2在电化学、磁成像和治疗等方面也有应用价值。自发现以来,人们对χ-Fe_5C_2的结构、稳定性、催化性能等物理化学性质开展了研究。χ-Fe_5C_2的C2/c结构在上世纪60年代初次得到解析,但是受限于样品中常常混合其他氧化铁和碳化铁,在结构方面还存在争议。研究者仍致力于结合先进表征技术和理论方法,利用高纯度的样品来建立更加准确的模型。作为一种亚稳态结构,传统合成方法很难制备高纯度的χ-Fe_5C_2。经过对合成方法的不断探索,物相单一和尺寸形貌可控的合成已经实现。多种铁和碳的前驱体可以用来合成χ-Fe_5C_2,而固-固、固-气和固-液相的碳化过程均能够用来制备不同粒度和形貌的χ-Fe_5C_2。合成方法方面的成果来了对χ-Fe_5C_2物相形成机理的新认识。利用原位表征方法,研究者已经揭示了气固相和液固相制备过程中物相形成的一些细节。无定形的Fe-C复合物的形成与晶化有可能是关键步骤。在新的制备方法基础上,出现了多种调控χ-Fe_5C_2催化活性的新手段。低钴含量的有钴纳米粒子和χ-Fe_5C_2组成的复合体具有非常高的低温费托合成活性。通过第二组分的修饰后可以使χ-Fe_5C_2突破传统的费托合成反应的局限,成为制备低碳烯烃、长链α烯烃、芳烃和含氧化物的新型催化剂。在这篇综述中,我们将回顾自上世纪中期以来对χ-Fe_5C_2物相的研究成果,聚焦于对结构解析,制备方法,生成机制以及在催化性能调控等方面的进展。我们总结了一系列用于制备χ-Fe_5C_2的方法以及控制催化性质的路径。合成方法的突破是更好认识χ-Fe_5C_2物理化学的关键。     

镧助剂对Fe/ZrO2催化剂结构及F-T反应性能的影响

用ＸＲＤ，Ｍｏｓｓｂａｕｅｒ谱，ＴＰＲ，ＣＯ－ＴＰＤ和ＣＯ加氢反应性能测试等手段研究了镧助剂对Ｆｅ／ＺｒＯ２催化剂结构及Ｆ－Ｔ合成催化剂性能的影响。结果表明，不同的制备方法明显影响催化剂的结构及反应的性能，镧助剂以Ｌａ２Ｏ３形式存在时，催化剂上甲烷选择降低，烯烃选择性提高；镧助剂以ＬａＦｅＯ３形式存在时，催化剂的催化活性大大提高，但同时甲烷选择性上升，烯烃选择性下降。     

Fe－Mn催化剂对F－T合成反应的催化性能Ⅰ．初期反应性能

 在固定床积分反应器中，对Fe－Mn催化剂上F－T合成反应的初期反应性能进行了一系列条件实验，考察了在不同温度、压力、原料气H2／CO比和空速下催化剂的催化性能．结果表明，该催化剂运行200h后，仍显示出较高的催化活性和稳定性，对低碳烯烃和C5＋烃具有较高的选择性，且C5＋烃的时空收率较高．在n（H2）／n（CO）＝1，GHSV＝6000h－1，p＝2．02MPa和θ＝300℃的条件下，CO转化率可达74．1％，总有效烃（C＝2～4＋C5＋）的选择性可达88．6％，甲烷选择性为6．7％，C5＋烃的时空收率为0．54g／（ml·h）．     

Cleavage of the Fe—Fe Bond of （Me2SiSiMe2） [η^5－C5H4Fe（CO）2]2 with Na／Hg and Molecular Structure of the Ring－Opened Complex

The reaction of the rifle cyclic complex (1) with sodium amalgam in THF resulted in the expected cleavage of the Fe-Fe bond to afford his-sodium salt ( Me2SiSiMe2 ) [η^5-C5H4Fe(CO)2]2 (4). The latter was not isolated and was used directly to react with MeI, PhCH2Cl, CH3C(O)Cl, PhC(O)Cl,Cy3SnCl (Cy= cyclohexyl) or Ph3SnCl to afford corresponding ring-opened derivatives (Me2SiSiMe2) [η^5-C5H4Fe(CO)2]2 [5, R=Me; 6, R=PhCH2; 7, R=CH3C(O); 8, R=PhC(O); 9, R = Cy3Sn or 10, R = Ph3Sn ]. The crystal and molecular structures of 10 were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The molecule took the desired ant/ conformation around the Si-Si bond. The length of the Si--Si bond is 0.2343(3)nm, which is essentially identical to that in the cyclic structure of 1[0.2346(4) tun]. This result unambiguously demonstrates that the Si--Si bond in the cyclic structure of 1 is not subject to obvious strain.     

Fe－Mn催化剂对F－T合成反应的催化性能Ⅱ．中后期反应性能

 采用固定床积分反应器，详细考察了F－T合成反应用Fe－Mn催化剂运行900和1800h后的中后期反应性能．结果表明，该催化剂仍维持着较高的催化活性及稳定性；与初期反应性能相比，运行900h后CH4选择性有明显升高的趋势，运行1800h后CH4选择性进一步升高．运行2200h后，通过降低原料气的H2／CO比和提高反应压力，可明显改善烃产物的选择性．在n（H2）／n（CO）＝0．62，GHSV＝2300h－1，p＝3．02MPa和θ＝283℃的条件下，CO转化率可达75．6％，总有效烃（C＝2～4＋C＋5）的选择性可达89．0％，CH4选择性为5．7％．这表明该催化剂具有良好的可操作性，且特别适合于由煤制合成气制液体燃料和C2～4低碳烯烃，在浆态床反应器中有潜在的应用前景．     

配合物[Fe(CTS)2]·5SO4·7H2O的热分解动力学

研究了壳聚糖对Fe2+的吸附行为,并进行了条件优化,得到了较为理想的合成产物.通过红外光谱和紫外光谱进行了表征,进而用化学分析、元素分析确定了配合物的组成,并利用TG-DSC分析,采用常用的22种机理函数,对非等温动力学数据进行了线性回归拟合处理,求得了配合物主要分解阶段热动力学最可机理函数和动力学参数(E和A).     

原位同步辐射光电离质谱研究压力对3Mn10Fe/Ni催化剂上N2O形成途径的影响

为了研究N2O在氨选择性催化还原脱硝(NH3-SCR)过程中的形成途径及其选择性受压力影响的变化规律,采用原位光电离质谱研究方法结合流动管反应器,对3Mn10Fe/Ni催化剂NH3-SCR反应体系中气相物种进行了原位检测并获得了各组分的质谱图,进一步分析了不同工况、温度和压力条件下N2O选择性以及NOx和NH3转化率的...     

助剂对铁基费托合成催化剂氧化行为的影响:H2O作用的解读

以纯Fe催化剂为研究对象,采用XRD、Raman和TPH等手段考察了催化剂的碳化程度、还原程度对H_2O氧化过程的影响,获得了H_2O氧化过程与催化剂中碳物种转变之间的相互影响规律;系统考察了典型的费托合成助剂K和SiO_2存在时对催化剂物化性质以及H_2O氧化行为的影响,发现催化剂的碳化程度越高,碳化铁的抗H_2O氧化能力越强,氧化过程使得碳物种的石墨化程度增加。适量K助剂可促进碳化铁和催化剂表面石墨碳的形成,提高了碳化铁在H_2O氧化过程中的稳定性;SiO_2助剂的加入显著抑制了催化剂的碳化,但可有效提高碳化铁以及碳物种的稳定性。     

单相Co_2C的制备及其费-托合成催化性能研究

采用CO与金属钴在温度280℃,压力2 MPa的条件下反应48 h后制备得到单相Co_2C催化剂。通过XRD、H2-TPR、TEM和XAS对催化剂的结构和组成进行表征并考察了单相Co_2C催化剂在费-托合成反应中的稳定性与催化性能。结果表明,随着费-托合成反应的进行,Co_2C催化剂的活性缓慢上升,同时伴随着产物中甲烷的选择性逐渐降低,C5+的选择性逐渐升高。对比反应前后催化剂发现,反应后的催化剂为Co_2C和少量金属Co的混合相,表明在费-托合成反应条件下,单相Co_2C会发生部分分解,生成的金属Co会导致CO的转化率和产物的选择性发生变化。     

Effect of La2O3 on a Precipitated Iron Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A series of La₂O₃-promoted precipitated iron catalysts (100Fe/2.8Si/nLa, n = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4, atomic ratio) were prepared and characterized by in situ X-ray diffraction, CO temperature-programmed reduction, and N₂ adsorption-desorption. The catalytic performance for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis was studied in a fixed-bed reactor. It was found that the addition of a small amount of La₂O₃ (La/Fe ≤ 0.01) gave a large decrease in the particle size of Fe₂O₃, which increased the specific surface area and dispersion of the catalysts. This also favored the formation of iron carbides, which gave a high catalytic activity in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. With increasing La₂O₃ content (La/Fe ≥ 0.02), a high La₂O₃ coverage and the formation of a LaFeO₃ compound decreased the formation of iron carbides, and the reaction activity decreased. The optimum La₂O₃ content was La/Fe = 0.01. The addition of La₂O₃ increased the selectivity for methane and suppressed the formation of C₅₊ hydrocarbons.     

CoFe2O4纳米阵列催化剂的费托合成性能研究

通过可控的水热生长方法和钴铁碳酸根氢氧根水合物的焙烧在泡沫铁上制备了CoFe₂O₄纳米阵列催化剂。通过粉末X射线衍射,扫描电镜和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱表征了CoFe₂O₄纳米阵列的晶相,结构和组成。制备的催化剂被用于费托合成性能研究。CoFe₂O₄纳米阵列催化剂在5L/（g·h）的空速下具有69%的转化率,并且其性能优于粉体催化剂。     

Fe3O4@PI催化剂的制备及其费托合成性能

分别采用水热、水热-包覆、球磨法制备了Fe_3O_4、聚酰亚胺(PI)改性的Fe_3O_4@PI和Fe_3O_4-PI催化剂用于费托合成反应,对比研究了PI改性及其含量变化对Fe基催化剂催化CO加氢产物分布的影响规律。结合XRD、SEM、TEM、H_2-TPR、COTPD、FT-IR、XPS、TG和接触角实验等手段对催化剂样品进行了表征。结果表明,Fe_3O_4、Fe_3O_4@PI和Fe_3O_4-PI样品均为球形颗粒; PI改性促进了Fe_3O_4的还原,亲水性增强。Fe_3O_4@PI样品中,PI均匀包覆于Fe_3O_4表面,具有较好的热稳定性;与Fe_3O_4、Fe_3O_4-PI相比,Fe_3O_4@PI样品CO吸附增强。在CO加氢反应中,与Fe_3O_4相比,PI改性的Fe_3O_4@PI和Fe_3O_4-PI样品催化活性下降,二次加氢能力受到抑制,烯烃选择性提高; Fe_3O_4@PI样品烯烃选择性增加明显,烯烷比(O/P)由改性前的0.50提高至2.15;适宜含量的PI改性促进C5+烃生成。     

Thermal solid–solid interactions and physicochemical properties of NiO/Fe2O3 system doped with K2O

The effects of calcination temperature and doping with K₂O on solid–solid interactions and physicochemical properties of NiO/Fe₂O₃ system were investigated using TG, DTA and XRD techniques. The amounts of potassium, expressed as mol% K₂O were 0.62, 1.23, 2.44 and 4.26. The pure and variously doped mixed solids were thermally treated at 300, 500, 750, 900 and 1000 °C. The catalytic activity was determined for each solid in H₂O₂ decomposition reaction at 30–50 °C. The results obtained showed that the doping process much affected the degree of crystallinity of both NiO and Fe₂O₃ phases detected for all solids calcined at 300 and 500 °C. Fe₂O₃ interacted readily with NiO at temperature starting from 700 °C producing crystalline NiFe₂O₄ phase. The degree of reaction propagation increased with increasing calcination temperature. The completion of this reaction required a prolonged heating at temperature >900 °C. K₂O-doping stimulates the ferrite formation to an extent proportional to its amount added. The stimulation effect of potassium was evidenced by following up the change in the peak height of certain diffraction lines characteristic NiO, Fe₂O₃, NiFe₂O₄ phases located at “d” spacing 2.08, 2.69 and 2.95 Å, respectively. The change of peak height of the diffraction lines at 2.95 Å as a function of firing temperature of pure and doped mixed solids enabled the calculation of the activation energy (ΔE) of the ferrite formation. The computed ΔE values were 120, 80, 49, 36 and 25 kJ mol⁻¹ for pure and variously doped solids, respectively. The decrease in ΔE value of NiFe₂O₄ formation as a function of dopant added was not only attributed to an effective increase in the mobility of reacting cations but also to the formation of potassium ferrite. The calcination temperature and doping with K₂O much affected the catalytic activity of the system under investigation.     

Effect of Al2O3 Binder on the Precipitated Iron-Based Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A series of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) catalysts incorporated with Al2O3 binder were prepared by the combination of co-precipitation and spray drying technology. The catalyst samples were characterized by using N2 physical adsorption, temperature-programmed reduc-tion/desorption (TPR/TPD) and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy (MES) methods. The characterization results indicated that the BET surface area increases with increasing Al2O3 content and passes through a maximum at the Al2O3/Fe ratio of 10/100 (weight basis). After the point, it decreases with further increase in Al2O3 content. The incorporation of AI2O3 binder was found to weaken the surface basicity and suppress the reduction and carburization of iron-based catalysts probably due to the strong K-Al2O3 and Fe-Al2O3 interactions. Furthermore, the H2 adsorption ability of the catalysts is enhanced with increasing Al2O3 content. The FTS performances of the catalysts were tested in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under the reaction conditions of 260℃, 1.5 MPa, 1000 h-1 and molar ratio of H2/CO 0.67 for 200 h. The results showed that the addition of small amounts of Al2O3 affects the activity of iron-based catalysts to a little extent. However, with further increase of Al2O3 content, the FTS activity and water gas shift reaction (WGS) activity are decreased severely. The addition of appropriate Al2O3 do not affect the product selectivity, but the catalysts incorporated with large amounts of Al2O3 have higher selectivity for light hydrocarbons and lower selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons.     

过氧化氢合成方法研究进展*

汇总了近年来H₂O₂的合成方法的主要研究进展,着重介绍了开发的在更温和的反应条件下实现H₂O₂合成的新方法,包括它们的基本原理、优越性和局限性等。推荐将此部分内容在基础无机化学教材中进行更新和补充,这不仅可以丰富元素化学教学内容、拓宽本科生认识范围、增强其环保意识,还可以起到激发学生探索科学、提高创新思维和能力的作用。     

Al2O3助剂对Co/SiC催化剂F-T反应性能的影响

分别采用沉淀法、尿素水解法制备Al₂O₃/SiC复合载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Co/Al₂O₃-SiC催化剂。结合N₂吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征手段,研究Al₂O₃助剂对钴基催化剂物相结构、还原行为以及F-T合成性能等的影响。结果表明,氧化铝加入后增强了载体与钴物种之间的相互作用,提高了钴物种的分散度,降低了钴物种的还原度。尿素水解法引入Al₂O₃后,载体与钴物种具有适中的相互作用,表现出较高的反应活性。沉淀法制备的载体负载钴物种后由于较强的金属-载体相互作用,表现出较优的稳定性。     

原位合成H2O2在水处理技术中的应用研究进展

从过氧化氢(H₂O₂)的原位生成技术角度总结了近年来利用原位合成H₂O₂处理水中污染物的研究,分析了当前可充当氢源材料的种类及不同的氢源材料对于提高H₂O₂产率的影响,以及不同的催化剂材料和催化反应环境提高H₂O₂利用率对污染处理效果的影响因素,并对原位合成H₂O₂在水处理领域中面临的挑战和发展前景做了展望,从而为该技术的大规模应用提供指导和借鉴。