~(13)C-NMR谱的化学位移与芳烃亲电取代定位效应

在芳烃亲电取代反应中,取代基的定位效应问题是有机化学工作者所普遍关心的。从本世纪初期就开始研究苯环上取代基对芳烃亲电取代反应的影响因素。根据亲电取代反应中取代产物的比例关系,归纳出苯环上不同取代基定位能力的相对强弱序列。此序列定性地解释了许多简单的芳烃亲电取代反应的事     

1H—NMR谱的化学位移与芳烃亲电取代反应定位效应

在芳烃亲电取代反应中,取代基的定位效应是有机化学工作者普遍关心的问题。从本世纪初就开始研究苯环上取代基对芳烃亲电取代反应定位效应的影响,根据反应中取代产物的     

用剩余电负性值法确定苯环上取代基的类型

自1895年Holleman总结出亲电芳香取代定位规律之后,根据大量事实,人们对苯的一取代所引起的亲电取代反应有所认识,把取代基分为邻对位定位基(即第一类定位基)和间位定位基(即第二类定位基),并对定位基使新导入基团定位的情况也有所了解。如何判断苯环上原有取代基属于哪一类定位基,已有不少定性的经验规律。一元取代苯的再取代,苯环上原有基团的定位能力往往取决于这个定位基对苯环π_6~6环状共轭体系的贡献大     

用氧化值法判断取代基属于哪一类的经验规律

苯的一取代物所起的亲电取代反应,根据大量实验事实归纳出下面的定位规律： 1.在苯环上新导入的取代基的位置主要由原有取代基来决定。2.可以把取代基分为两类：第一类取代基使新导入的基团进入邻位和对位,并且使反应易于进行（卤素除外）;第二类定位基使新导入的取代基进入间位,并且使取代反应难于进行。     

直接邻位锂化反应的新进展

在取代芳香环邻位上引入新取代基的一般方法是 Friedal-Crafts 反应及其它亲电取代反应。然而由于这些反应对芳香化合物活性的要求及产物中存在对位异构体等原因,使得亲电     

苯基在联苯亲电取代反应中的定位作用

运用G03程序,在HF/6-31G基组水平,分析了苯基（RPh）在联苯类化合物（RPh-Ph,R：NH2,CH3,OH,Br,H,CHO,CN,COOH,NO2）亲电取代反应中的定位作用。联苯和取代联苯的构象分析表明,联苯和间、对位取代联苯的碳-碳单键旋转的能垒很小,约12 kJ/mol,邻取代联苯的碳-碳单键旋转能垒△E（R）较大,且△E（COOH） > △E（NO2） > △E（CHO） > △E（CH3） > △E（NH2） > △E（OH） > △E（Br） > △E（CN）,因此,邻位取代基的空间效应较大,碳-碳单键旋转受阻。联苯和取代联苯的原子电荷分布随它们的构象改变而变化,在同一联苯或取代联苯化合物的最低能稳定结构中,无论取代基R为第一类还是第二类定位基,未取代苯环的碳原子总电荷密度比取代苯环碳原子的总电荷密度大,亲电取代反应将选择在未取代的苯环上发生;未取代苯环的邻位碳原子电荷密度较低、空间效应较大,而对位碳原子的电荷密度较大,亲电取代反应难以在该环的2,6-位（邻位）发生,将选择在该苯环的对位发生。因此,取代苯基（RPh-）在联苯的亲电取代反应中主要表现为对位定位基。     

充分利用电子效应解释苯环定位规律

利用电子效应解释一元取代苯环上亲电取代反应的定位规律,不但解释了各类定位基定位效应的不同,而且解释了同一类定位基邻位和对位产物比例的不同,而后者用被普遍使用的共振论则难以解释。     

芳环上取代基效应的定量处理

一、前言在芳香亲电取代反应中,芳环上已存在的基团对反应性能的影响,称为取代基效应。一般包括取代基的电子效应、定位效应和立体效应等。它们是有机化学的重要课题之一,一直受到广泛的注意。长期的研究,积累了大量资料和数据,本文结合亲电取代的历程及原子之间相互影响的理论,对这些带有基础性的问题作进一步的探讨,并尽可能在量的基础上予以说明,这对芳环上取代反应的深入了解,具有重要的意义。     

五羰基铁光催化烯丙基苯类化合物的异构化反应的研究

本文研究了以五羰基铁为催化剂,使不同取代基的烯丙基苯类化合物进行光异构化反应。苯环上不同极性的取代基对烯丙基苯类化合物异构化速度的影响也不同。烯丙基苯类化合物的异构化反应是一级反应。由活化能E_a及不同极性取代基对反应的影响,对它们可能的机理模型作了进一步讨论。     

nbs与取代苯的亲电反应及其应用

选取含不同取代基的甲苯在不同条件下与NBS反应,考察了溶剂极性、取代基的电子效应和温度等因素对反应结果的影响,结果表明,取代反应的区域选择性强烈地依赖于反应溶剂和取代基的电子效应及其数量。随反应溶剂极性的增强,芳环上亲电取代产物的比例增加;随芳环上取代基的推电子能力的增大,亲电取代反应的优势愈加明显;相反,则有利于α-位上的游离基取代。在此基础上,研究了溴化Q0的合成方法,形成了一条新的、简便的溴化Q0的合成路线,收率达86％以上。     

Synthesis of novel 3-substituted-2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]pyridines as potential new scaffolds for drug discovery: selective introduction of substituents on the pyridine ring

Selective introduction of substituents on 3-substituted-2,3-dihydro-1,4-dioxino[2,3-b]pyridine at the pyridine ring was achieved using electrophilic aromatic substitution and addition-elimination reactions. In all the examples, functionalization at the 3-position was maintained. For this reason, the products disclosed in this paper could be useful as potential scaffolds for drug discovery and combinatorial chemistry.     

Reaction of 5-(2-furyl)-1-methyl-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H-</Emphasis> and 1-methyl-5-(2-thienyl)-1<Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis>-imidazoles with electrophilic reagents

5-(2-Furyl)-1-methyl-1H- and 1-methyl-5-(2-thienyl)-1H-imidazoles were synthesized. The electronwithdrawing effect of the 5- and 2-imidazole substituents on the furan ring was studied by ¹H NMR spectroscopy and quantum-chemical calculations. Some electrophilic substitution reactions were investigated (nitration, bromination, sulfonation, hydroxymethylation, formylation, and acylation). In some cases, depending on the reaction conditions, both the furan and thiophene ring and the imidazole fragment undergo electrophilic attack.     

Regioselectivity in isoquinoline alkaloid synthesis

Regioselectivity in isoquinoline alkaloid synthesis is analyzed here. Our experiments have shown that substituents on the aromatic ring of the starting amine are determinant in isoquinoline synthesis. The use of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in activating carboxylic acids for electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions is presented for the first time.     

Positioning a Carbon–Fluorine Bond over the π Cloud of an Aromatic Ring: A Different Type of Arene Activation

It is known that the fluoro group has only a small effect on the rates of electrophilic aromatic substitutions. Imagine instead a carbon–fluorine (C?F) bond positioned tightly over the π cloud of an aryl ring—such an orthogonal, noncovalent arrangement could instead stabilize a positively charged arene intermediate or transition state, giving rise to novel electrophilic aromatic substitution chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis and study of molecule 1 , containing a rigid C?F???Ar interaction that plays a prominent role in both its reaction chemistry and spectroscopy. For example, we established that the C?F???Ar interaction can bring about a >1500 fold increase in the relative rate of an aromatic nitration reaction, affording functionalization on the activated ring exclusively. Overall, these results establish fluoro as a through‐space directing/activating group that complements the traditional role of fluorine as a slightly deactivating aryl substituent in nitrations.     

Synthesis of methoxy-substituted phenols by peracid oxidation of the aromatic ring

[reaction: see text] A novel benign protocol for the preparation of hydroxy-methoxybenzene derivatives is disclosed. By utilizing this protocol, activated aromatic compounds such as 1,3-dimethoxy-2-methyl-benzene and 1-(2,6-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone are smoothly converted to the corresponding monohydroxylated compound. The reaction can be considered to be a normal aromatic electrophilic substitution reaction, and the regioselectivity for the reaction thus follows the similar rules as for electrophilic substitutions. The protocol is composed by benign reagents, namely, hydogenperoxide, acetic acid, and p-toluene sulfonic acid, which lead to the production of ethaneperoxoic acid in situ. The ethaneperoxoic acid operates as the hydroxylating reagent. The hydroxylation reaction is completed within a short period and requires moreover only mild experimental conditions, which make this novel protocol a green, cheap, and rapid process leading to hydroxy-methoxybenzene derivatives. The proposed reaction mechanism is supported by density functional theory and NMR spectroscopy experiments. The mechanism is constituted by two discrete steps: (a) addition of OH+ to the most nucleophilic carbon atom of the aromatic ring, which is the rate-determining step, and (b) the loss of the proton from the aromatic ring.     

Addition of electron-rich aromatics to azafullerenium carbocation. A stepwise electrophilic substitution mechanism

[reaction: see text] The reaction between the C(59)N(+) carbocation and the electron-rich aromatic compounds toluene and anisole has been mechanistically studied. The measured intermolecular kinetic isotope effects are consistent with an electrophilic aromatic substitution mechanism in which the arenium cation is formed by electrophilic attack of C(59)N(+) on the aromatic ring in the first step of the reaction, followed by hydrogen abstraction in a rate-determining second step.     

Regioselective Bromination of a Thymine–Acridine Conjugate by N-Bromosuccinimide

A thymine and acridine conjugate (1), containing a benzylic carbon of thymine and an electron-rich aromatic ring (acridine) within the same molecule, was synthesized. Treatment of 1 with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in anhydrous chloroform in the presence of azobisisobutylnitrile produced a dibromo-substituted thymine–acridine conjugate (7) as a major product, in which the bromination was only observed on the acridine ring. Nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) difference spectroscopy revealed that the actual bromination substitution was on C-2 and C-7 of acridine. Our results suggest that electrophilic aromatic substitution, not the expected benzylic radical reaction, takes place predominantly even when 1 is subjected to the NBS reaction condition, which favors radical processes. In addition, such selectivity is clearly solvent dependent.     

Proton-abstraction mechanism in the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular arylation: substituent effects

The regioselectivity observed in the intramolecular palladium-catalyzed arylation of substituted bromobenzyldiarylmethanes as well as theoretical results demonstrate that the Pd-catalyzed arylation proceeds by a mechanism involving a proton abstraction by the carbonate, or a related basic ligand. The reaction is facilitated by electron-withdrawing substituents on the aromatic ring, which is inconsistent with an electrophilic aromatic-substitution mechanism. The more important directing effect is exerted by electron-withdrawing substituents ortho to the reacting site.     

Orbital Unsymmetrization Affects Facial Selectivities of Diels-Alder Dienophiles

We investigated the Diels-Alder reactions of maleic anhydrides embedded in a dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octatriene motif as a nonsterically biased dienophile. Substituents on a benzene ring in these dienophiles are far from the reaction center, providing a sterically equivalent pi-face. Instead substituents can unsymmetrize the dienophilic pi face through pi (anhydride)-pi (aromatic) orbital interactions. Electron-withdrawing substituents affect the facial bias and relative rates of these cycloadditions. The preference of the cycloadditions is opposite in direction to those observed in nucleophilic additions of 2-substituted-9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethanoanthracen-11-ones (dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octadienones) and in electrophilic additions of 2-substituted 9,10-dihydro-9,10-ethenoanthracenes (dibenzobicyclo[2.2.2]octatrienes), though all of them have related dibenzobicyclic systems.     

Mono(m-substituted) chloroacetyldiarylamines in the stollé reaction

The effect of substituted (OCH₃, Cl) on the ratio of the isomeric N-aryloxindoles formed in the Stollé reaction from mono (m-substituted) chloroacetyldiarylamines was studied. It was shown by means of gas—liquid chromatography (GLC) and PMR spectroscopy that in the case of the methoxy group electrophilic substitution occurs only in the ring activated by the substituent. The presence of a halogen atom leads only to 1-(m-chlorophenyl)oxindole. The results show that high selectivity of the attack by the carbonium ion on the phenyl rings with electrondonor and electron-acceptor substituents is also retained in the case of intramolecular electrophilic substitution under conditions of kinetic control.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 940–943, July, 1982.