再悬浮底泥中非吸附性污染物释放的数值模拟

环境水动力学中,湖库底泥中污染物释放是人们研究的主要问题之一.在水动力学条件作用下,污染底泥再悬浮使大量污染物被重新释放出来,造成水体的二次污染.本文基于水槽实验研究提供的大量实测数据,建立上覆水体-底泥-污染物的耦合力学模型.在上覆水体不同流速条件下,数值模拟底泥起动再悬浮过程以及污染物释放过程.分析流场特性和污染物浓度之间的关系,得到速度、颗粒体积分数、污染物浓度、湍动能以及时间等参数之间的定量关系.研究表明,底泥再悬浮污染物释放过程,是由上覆水体-底泥-污染物构成的耦合过程.迅速进入上覆水体的底泥颗粒,影响了上覆水体流动特性,进而影响到污染物的释放.对于非吸附性污染物,底泥起动后复杂的流场特性是底泥再悬浮污染物释放的主要影响因素.当流场特性(如雷诺数)改变时,对流和湍流扩散作用在污染物输运过程贡献不同.建立上覆水体-底泥-污染物的耦合模型,研究水动力学条件与底泥污染物释放规律的定量化关系,可为构建湖库区域水污染模型提供支撑.     

颗粒在大涡结构中的弥散

气相采用大涡模拟方法,颗粒相采用轨道模型研究了三维后台阶气粒两相湍流流动的大尺度涡结构的瞬时演变过程以及颗粒的瞬时弥散规律.比较了不同入流速度的颗粒在大涡结构中的瞬时弥散特性,尤其研究了高速释放大颗粒的弥散特性.三维流动中大尺度涡结构具有明显的脱离、发展、合并和破碎过程.小颗粒的分布受大涡结构的控制,其空间的弥散过程与流体 大涡结构的空间发展相一致,但是由于三维流动中大涡边缘和中心区的压力差,颗粒在大尺度 涡的边缘出现密集.而大颗粒在流场中的分布受其惯性控制,对气相的涡结构不敏感.高速释放到流场中的大颗粒受惯性影响最大,保持在其原有动量方向上运动.     

雾层两相耦合流场及气溶胶颗粒物的动力学性质

雾层气溶胶系统涉及复杂的动力学演变过程:碰撞、凝并、破碎、冷凝/蒸发、成核、沉积、表面化学反应等.因此,发展雾层与气相流场耦合的Eulerian-Lagrangian两相流模型、颗粒动力学及随机轨道模型,考虑重力、曳力、布朗力、Basset力等对颗粒相的作用.基于SIMPLE和多重Monte Carlo算法求解颗粒群平衡方程,自行开发了FAD程序首先对室内燃烧源细微颗粒物的扩散实验展开数值模拟,计算结果与实验数据吻合较好.将建立的模型和方法数值研究气溶胶污染物在雾环境中的输运过程,分析雾消散阶段颗粒相浓度、平均尺度的时空分布.结果显示:当时间演化至60 min,雾滴的平均尺度减小到初始的65.67％,而气溶胶颗粒最大数目对应的尺度为0.006 μm.     

振荡潜流带沉积层?水界面污染物输运的研究

潜流带中污染物质交换与输运特性是影响水资源环境的重要问题之一. 本文对底部为高渗透沉积层的三维槽道振荡流高Schmidt数传质问题进行了大涡模拟研究. 采用动力学亚格子模型来封闭滤波后的三维不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程以及污染物输运方程, 同时采用修正的Darcy-Brinkman-Forcheimer模型来描述沉淀有锌离子污染溶质的可渗透沉积层. 通过对沉积层内外流场和浓度场的统计特性以及瞬态结构的分析, 探究了上覆水体中振荡流驱动作用对污染物输运的动力学影响以及扩散率随振荡周期和振荡角的变化规律. 研究结果表明, 浓度通量中的湍流浓度分量在垂向物质交换中起主导作用, 流向、展向速度, 湍流强度和污染物浓度的波动跟随振荡驱动力呈现准周期变化, 同时发现沉积层?水交界面处的湍流浓度通量与法向湍流强度两者之间的变化具有明确的相关性. 并且在较大振荡角和低频振荡的情况下, 沉积层?水交界面处的有效扩散率增大, 这主要是来自于沉积层?水交界面处流体的猝发行为有效促进了湍流混合和物质交换, 进而增强了污染物的垂向输运.      

基于格子Boltzmann方法的电流变液动力学建模及数值模拟

电流变悬浮液内部结构对外电场的快速响应发生在指定的控制空间中,在这一特指的时间和空间尺度上电流变悬浮液的物理行为特征主要为剪切速率低和流动阻尼大,即Mach和Reynolds数一般不大,可以视为微尺度流动来加以研究。针对这一流动特征,基于介观动理论的格子Boltzmann方法,建立了电流变悬浮液两相流动的离散颗粒运动模型,通过该模型进行了动力学模拟,结果表明,该模型解决了分子动力学模型难以描述的因颗粒运动造成局部流场流变特性改变的难题,以及该流场双向耦合过程中对颗粒运动的影响。     

粘接-映射混合算法及其对颗粒材料中板的振动特性分析

结构与颗粒材料相互作用广泛存在于各工程领域,其研究过程中涉及的连续-离散耦合计算方法面对诸多挑战.本文提出了粘接-映射混合算法来研究连续体与离散介质耦合动力学问题.将连续体模型划分为内部区域及与颗粒接触的边界区域.边界区域采用粘接算法模拟连续体外部形状并使用高效的球形接触判断准则;提出一种包含Rayleigh阻尼映射的有限元映射质点弹簧算法来精确计算连续体内部区域内力和变形.二者相结合构成粘接-映射混合算法,并引入计算机集群和GPU(图形处理器)并行技术,对埋没于颗粒材料中受激振动固支方板的连续-离散耦合动力学问题进行了数值仿真研究.结果表明,粘接-映射混合算法有利于双层级并行算法的程序实现及优化,并在连续-离散耦合界面进行快速接触判断的同时实现对颗粒材料中方板位移、变形、振动形态等参数的研究.通过定幅扫频和定频变幅方式考察激振力频率和幅值对振动板非线性动力学行为的影响并观察到二倍周期现象,同时给出了该连续-离散耦合系统中颗粒体系的能量耗散特性.      

气相和微颗粒污染物在城市环境中的传输扩散

城市大气边界层中污染物传输扩散, 包括气相和微颗粒(PM), 是一个日益关注的问题. 本文结合笔者及合著者近些年来的工作, 试图综述在这方面研究的最新进展. 主要包括: 天气尺度(meso-scale) 和街道尺度耦合的大涡模拟, 温度稳定性层结效应, 高层建筑的影响, 在极端天气下的污染物浓度极值的预报, 化学反应和湍流的耦合计算和气溶胶动力学过程. 本文侧重于介绍英国和欧洲的数值模型研究的进展情况.      

气固两相流介尺度LBM-DEM模型

LBM-DEM耦合方法通常是指一种颗粒流体系统直接数值模拟算法,即是一种不引入经验曳力模型的计算方法,颗粒尺寸通常比计算网格的长度大一个量级,颗粒的受力通过表面的粘性力与压力积分获得,其优点是能描述每个颗粒周围的详细流场,产生详细的颗粒-流体相互作用的动力学信息,可以探索颗粒流体界面的流动、传递和反应的详细信息及两相相互作用的本构关系,但其缺点是计算量巨大,无法应用于真实流化床过程模拟。本文针对气固流化床中的流体以及固体颗粒间的多相流体力学行为,建立了一种稠密气固两相流的介尺度LBMDEM模型,即LBM-DEM耦合的离散颗粒模型,实现在颗粒尺度上流化床的快速离散模拟。该耦合模型采用格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)描述气相的流动和传递行为,离散单元法(DEM)用于描述颗粒相的运动,并利用能量最小多尺度(EMMS)曳力解决气固耦合不成熟问题,以提高其模拟精度。通过经典快速流态化的模拟,验证了介尺度LBM-DEM耦合模型的有效性。模拟结果表明介尺度LBM-DEM模型是一种探索实验室规模气固系统的有力手段。     

带自由表面水流与离散颗粒耦合模型研究

基于考察泥沙运动的细观行为特征,采用离散单元法(DEM)模拟泥沙颗粒运动,结合带自由表面的水动力学计算模型,建立了CFD-DEM耦合数值模型。计算程序开发基于Fortran语言来实现。耦合模型中实现了硬球模型和软球模型两种颗粒碰撞模型,应用范围较广。作为自由表面水流与泥沙颗粒流数值模型的初步研究,在模型建立的基础上,对模型做了基本的验证。分别通过单颗粒静水沉降和混合颗粒群分选两个计算工况,验证了模型的正确性及模拟精度。该耦合模型可进一步丰富带自由表面水流条件下泥沙运动的研究手段。     

可压缩气固混合层中离散相与连续相的相互作用研究

尽管已有许多文献采用数值模拟方法研究两相流问题,但主要是集中不可压流动方面.本文采用Eul-er-Lagrange颗粒-轨道双向耦合模型对时间模式下含有固粒的二维可压缩混合层流动进行了研究.气相流场采用非定常全Navier-Stokes方程描述,并应用具有空间三阶精度的WNND(Weighted Non-Oscillatory, Contai-ning No Free Parameters and Dissipative)格式进行数值高散.固相方程采用二阶单边三点差分离散.在考虑流场对固粒作用的同时,也计及颗粒对流场的反作用.主要研究混合层大尺度涡对颗粒扩散特性的影响及颗粒对流场结构的影响问题.在对流马赫数为0.5时,研究不同Stokes数颗粒在连续流场中的扩散特性,而在对流马赫数为0.8时研究了不同Stokes数颗粒对流场小激波结构的影响.     

Generalized Aifantis strain gradient plasticity model with internal length scale dependence on grain size,sample size and strain

Sediment-water interfaces are important interfaces for lakes, which are related to most environmental and ecological problems. Wind-induced waves cause secondary pollution via sediment resuspension. Since the coupling mechanism of water, resuspended sediments, and phosphorus affects the release of phosphorus (P) near the interface, a coupled model was explored for two sediment types with different adsorption-desorption capabilities to examine sediment resuspension and P release. The relationships among wind speed, wave characteristics, sediment distribution and P concentration were obtained. For different sediments, the unit sediment desorption release is negatively correlated with wind speed. When sediments are resuspended under low or moderate wind speed, the P concentration in the overlying water increases abruptly, hampering diffusion. P release exhibits the characteristics of concentrated release in a small region and changes the water environment rapidly.

     

A dynamic coupling numerical model for pollutant transport under wave condition

In order to study the diffusion, migration, and distribution of pollutants among overlying water-body and porous seabed under wave conditions, a dynamic coupling numerical model is proposed. In this model, the coupling between wave field of overlying water-body and seepage of porous bed, the capture and release of pollutants in porous media, and the transport process between the two different regions are taken into account. We use the unified equations for pressure correction and pollutant concentration to solve the numerical model, which avoids repeated iteration on the interface boundary. The model is verified by several case studies. Afterwards, the processes involving release of pollutant from porous seabed and transportation to overlying water-body under different wave conditions are investigated. The results show that the water depth, wave height,and wave period have great influences on the release, capture, and transport processes for phosphorus pollutant.     

Experimental study of steady concentration fields in turbulent wakes

 The pollutant transportation process in turbulent wakes is studied experimentally using planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). The concentration fields in the very near wake region behind typical bluff bodies are measured for steady flow. The characteristics of the mean and instantaneous concentration fields behind circular and sinusoidal islands and peninsulas are investigated. The results indicate that the pollutant distribution is closely related with the unsteady vortex shedding in the flow field. Compared with that of the circular island, more pollutants enter into the wake generated by the sinusoidal-shaped island. The time needed for pollutants to accumulate in or drain out of the wake region after the peninsula before reaching a relatively constant value is longer than that for the islands, regardless of the island or peninsula shape. The results will facilitate pollutant control behind sea islands and other natural or man-made structures in water. Also the results provide some fundamental data for checking numerical models. Received: 11 November 2000/Accepted: 26 January 2001     

Empirical model for estimating vertical concentration profiles of re-suspended,sediment-associated contaminants

Vertical distribution processes of sediment con-taminants in water were studied by flume experiments. Experimental results show that settling velocity of sedi-ment particles and turbulence characteristics are the major hydrodynamic factors impacting distribution of pollutants, especially near the bottom where particle diameter is similar in size to vortex structure.Sediment distribution was uniform along the distance, while contaminant distribution slightly lagged behind the sediment.The smaller the initial sediment concentration was,the more time it took to achieve a uniform concentration distribution for suspended sediment. A con-taminants transportation equation was established depending on mass conservation equations.Two mathematical estima-tion models of pollutant distribution in the overlying water considering adsorption and desorption were devised based on vertical distribution of suspended sediment:equilibrium par-tition model and dynamic micro-diffusion model.The ratio of time scale between the sediment movement and sorption can be used as the index of the models.When this ratio was large,the equilibrium assumption was reasonable,but when it was small,it might require dynamic micro-diffusion model.     

河口混合与泥沙输运

根据振荡边界层理论和波流分解方法,导出了河口往复水流的流速垂向分布廓线,据此建立了河口垂向准二维水流、盐度、泥沙运动模型。对泥沙输运,完整地考虑了其对流、扩散、起动和沉降的动力学过程。模拟结果与实测资料进行了对比。应用该模型研究河口泥沙输运,分析了河口混合对泥沙输运的影响及最大浑浊带的时空变化规律。     

Turbulence quantification and sediment resuspension in an oscillating grid chamber

An oscillating grid chamber has been developed to study sediment suspension, desorption of compounds from the resuspended sediment, and air–water mass transfer. The chamber is designed to allow researchers to study desorption of contaminants from cohesive sediments and the flux of those contaminants to the vapor phase. The chamber uses a single vertically oscillating grid driven by a DC motor and closed-loop controller. Sediment to be studied is placed in the bottom of the chamber and entrained into the water column by the turbulence generated by the oscillating grid. A two-component laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) was used to measure the turbulent velocity field inside the chamber. Detailed mapping of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) produced by this grid arrangement was compared with established grid-stirred systems. At distances closer to the grid than two grid bar spacings, large lateral gradients exist in the TKE. The suspension of cohesive sediments was also studied using this chamber. Steady-state suspended sediment concentrations were achieved within 30 min for a variety of turbulence levels. By adjusting the grid operating parameters, the TKE can be set to simulate the turbulence found either at the bed or free surface in open-channel flow systems. With some care, the oscillating grid chamber can be used as a simple laboratory analogue to study various environmental processes within the flow or at either the sediment–water or air–water interface.     

Dynamic release process of pollutants during suspended sediment transport in aquatic system

Pollutants release is highly consistent with suspended sediment concentration （SSC） in water column, especially during re-suspension and transport events. The present research focuses on pollutant dynamic release from re-suspended sediment, especially the vertical distribution relationship between them. The sediment erosion experiments on a series of uniform flow are conducted in a circulate flume. Reactive tracer （phosphorus） is used as the contaminant in fine-grained sediments to identify the release characteristic length and time. Experimental results show that the flow condition near-bed depends on the sediment surface roughness. The region with high turbulent intensities corresponds to a high concentration sediment layer. In addition, the SSC decreases with the distance, water depth, and particle grain size. The sediment in a smaller grain size takes much more time to reach equilibrium concentration. Total phosphorus （TP） concentration changes along the water depth as SSC in the initial re-suspension stage, appearing in two obvious concentration regimes： the upper low-concentration layer and the high-concentration near-bottom layer. This layered phenomenon remains for about 3 hours until SSC distri- bution tends to be uniform. Longitudinal desorption plays an important role in long-way transport to reduce the amount of suspended sediment in water column.     

细颗粒泥沙净冲刷和输移的大涡模拟研究

在传统水沙输移数值模拟研究中一般采用雷诺时均模拟技术(Reynolds-averaged simulation,RANS).与RANS相比,大涡模拟技术(large eddy simulation,LES)能够更加精确反映细部流动结构,计算机的发展使得采用LES探讨水流和泥沙运动规律成为可能.本文尝试给出净冲刷条件下悬沙计算的边界条件,采用动态亚格子模式对循环槽道和长槽道中的水流运动和泥沙输移进行了三维大涡模拟研究.利用直接数值模拟(direct numerical simulation,DNS)结果对LES模型进行了率定,计算结果符合良好,在此基础上初步探讨了泥沙浓度、湍动强度和湍动通量等的分布特征.结果表明,净冲刷条件下输沙平衡时泥沙浓度符合Rouse公式分布,单向流动中泥沙浓度沿着流向逐渐增大.泥沙浓度湍动强度和湍动通量都在近底部达到最大值,沿着垂向迅速减小.湍动黏性系数和扩散系数基本上在水深中间处达到最大.湍动Schmidt数沿着水深方向不是常数,在近底部和自由水面附近较大,在水深中间处较小.     

Viscoelastic modeling of the diffusion of polymeric pollutants injected into a pipe flow

This study focuses on the transient analysis of nonlinear dispersion of a polymeric pollutant ejected by an external source into a laminar pipe flow of a Newtonian liquid under axi-symmetric conditions.The influence of density variation with pollutant concentration is approximated according to the Boussinesq approximation and the nonlinear governing equations of momentum,pollutant concentration are obtained together with and Oldroyd-B constitutive model for the polymer stress.The problem is solved numerically using a semi-implicit finite difference method.Solutions are presented in graphical form for various parameter values and given in terms of fluid velocity,pollutant concentration,polymer stress components,skin friction and wall mass transfer rate.The model can be a useful tool in understanding the dynamics of industrial pollution situations arising from improper discharge of hydrocarbon pollutants into,say,water bodies.The model can also be quite useful for available necessary early warning methods for detecting or predicting the scale of pollution and hence help mitigate related damage downstream by earlier instituting relevant decontamination measures.