纳米阵列电极研究进展

从纳米阵列电极的制作、基本原理和应用 3方面综述了纳米阵列电极的研究进展。着重阐述了模板法和自组装法制作纳米阵列电极的具体过程以及纳米阵列电极的扩散电流理论 ,对纳米阵列电极在生物传感器、电化学动力学、电化学分析等方面的应用作了介绍     

用于长期神经电生理记录的自伸展电极阵列

Neural electrodes have been extensively utilized for the investigation of neural functions and the understanding of neuronal circuits because of their high spatial and temporal resolution. However, long-term effective electrophysiological recordings in free-behaving animals still constitute a challenging task, which hinders longitudinal studies on complex brain-processing mechanisms at a functional level. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility and advantages of using a self-spreadable octopus-like electrode (octrode) array for long-term recordings. The octrode array was fabricated by enwrapping a bundle of eight formvar-coated nickel-chromium microwires with a layer of polyethylene glycol in a custom-made mold. After the electrodeposition of platinum nanoparticles, the microwires at the electrode tip were gathered together and then re-enwrapped with a thin layer of gelatin to maintain their structure and mechanical strength for implantation. Shortly after implantation (within 20 min), the biocompatible gelatin encapsulation swelled and dissolved, causing the self-spreading of the recording channels of the octrode array in the brain. The electrochemical characteristics of the electrode/neural tissue interface were investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Four weeks after implantation, the average impedance of the octrodes (1.26 MΩ at 1 kHz) was significantly lower than that of the conventional tetrodes (1.50 MΩ at 1 kHz, p < 0.05, t-test). Additionally, the octrodes exhibited a better pseudo-capacitive characteristic and a considerably faster ion transfer rate at the electrode interface than the tetrodes. Spontaneous action potentials and local field potentials (LFPs) were also recorded in vivo to investigate the electrophysiological performance of the octrodes. The peak-to-peak spike amplitudes recorded for the octrodes were remarkably larger than those recorded for the tetrodes. The signal quality remained at approximately the same level for the four-week period, while the peak-to-peak spike amplitudes recorded for the tetrodes decreased abruptly. Moreover, the voltage amplitudes recorded by the octrodes at 1–200 Hz were notably larger than those by the tetrodes, suggesting a higher sensitivity in the recording of electrophysiological events. Furthermore, we performed immunochemical analyses on the brain tissues at post-implantation to evaluate the histocompatibility of the electrodes. Tissue responses of the octrodes were alleviated considerably, evidenced by the reduced astroglial intensity and increased neuron density around the implant site as compared to the tetrodes, which may be due to the relatively small size of each decentralized recording channel after self-spreading in vivo. Generally, the fabricated octrodes exhibited a lower electrochemical impedance value at the octrode/neural tissue interface and an increased signal quality during the long-term electrophysiological recording in freely moving mice as compared to the conventional tetrodes. All of these are desirable characteristics in neural circuit dissections in vivo.     

柔性超级电容器电极材料与器件研究进展

超级电容器,也称电化学电容器,它具有比锂离子电池更高的功率密度和更长的循环寿命,与此同时,其能量密度也高于传统的电介质电容器,因此成为了一类具有很大应用前景的能量储存设备。随着人们对智能电子设备性能要求的提高,各类柔性可穿戴电子设备相继出现,柔性超级电容器作为一类便携式能量储存设备也受到了许多研究者的关注。在持续的研究中,二维平面结构的柔性超级电容器得到较大发展并日益成熟,与此同时,随着对柔性电子设备可穿戴性能要求的提高,一维纤维结构的柔性超级电容器应运而生,并且得到了初步发展。本文首先介绍了超级电容器的储能原理和重要性能的评估方法;接着,重点概述了二维平面结构和一维纤维结构两类柔性超级电容器器件结构和电极材料的研究进展;最后,总结了两类柔性超级电容器仍然存在并亟待解决的问题以及未来发展所面临的关键技术挑战,期望能为柔性超级电容器的研究提供参考和借鉴。     

电沉积法制备3D镍纳米阵列电极材料及电化学性能研究

本文通过电化学沉积法制备了3D镍纳米阵列电极材料。通过X-射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了电极材料的晶态结构和微观形貌,同时详细研究了其电化学性能。制备的电极材料具有3D镍纳米阵列结构,极大地提高了其离子传输速度,进而提高了其电化学性能。该电极的比容量能达到500F/g,在电流密度不断增加的情况下电极的容量损失较少,依然能达到80%。该电极材料在超级电容器领域具有很好的应用前景。     

基于多层叉指超微带电极阵列的葡萄糖传感器

采用多层工艺和光刻方法在玻璃衬底上加工了亚微米级金叉指型超微带电极阵列（IDA）,IDA电极的宽度为362nm,电极表面位于沟槽内。实验表明,所加工的IDA电极可作为生物和化学传感器的一次性超微基体电极。采用电聚合的方法将葡萄糖氧化酶（GOD）和吡咯（PPy）固定于IDA电极,该修饰电极可作为葡萄糖传感器。采用该葡萄糖传感器对磷酸钾缓冲溶液（pH7．0）中的葡萄糖浓度进行了比对测量,在2．0-7．0mmol／L的浓度范围内,传感器的响应时间为10s;灵敏度为14．6nA／（mmol／L）,相关系数为0．999。     

酶电极电子转移途径的研究进展

酶的活性中心与电极表面的电子转移直接影响酶电极的性能和特征。自1962年第一个酶电极报道以来,科学家们不断探索新的方式实现酶与电极间电子转移并取得了较大的进展,使生物传感器由第一代依靠氧与葡萄糖氧化酶中的活性中心反应测量氧的消耗为原理,发展到第三代实现酶的活性中心与电极表面之间的直接电子转移,即所谓的"无试剂电化学生物传感器"。然而,探究酶电极内在电子转移机理以及设计能够满足不同应用要求并适合大规模量产、价格合适的酶电极仍然是研究的热点。本文综述了主要的电子转移方式以及相应的优缺点,以及笔者团队开发的使用氧化还原聚合物实现电子转移的方法,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

酶电极电子转移的途径及研究进展

酶的活性中心与电极表面的电子转移直接影响酶电极的性能和特征。自1962年第一个酶电极报道以来,科学家们不断探索新的方式实现酶与电极间电子转移并取得了较大的进展,使生物传感器由第一代依靠氧与葡萄糖氧化酶中的活性中心反应测量氧的消耗为原理,发展到第三代实现酶的活性中心与电极表面之间的直接电子转移,即所谓的"无试剂电化学生物传感器"。然而,探究酶电极内在电子转移机理以及设计能够满足不同应用要求并适合大规模量产、价格合适的酶电极仍然是研究的热点。本文综述了主要的电子转移方式以及相应的优缺点,以及笔者团队开发的使用氧化还原聚合物实现电子转移的方法,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

用于长期神经电生理记录的自伸展电极阵列（英文）

由于能够实现高时空分辨的神经环路功能解析,微电极阵列已经成为了神经科学研究中的重要工具。然而,目前在自由活动动物中实施长期稳定的电生理记录仍然极具挑战。为此,我们研发了一种可自伸展的多通道电极阵列,并探讨了其应用于长期神经电生理记录的可行性和潜在优势。当电极植入后,其表面的水凝胶包裹层会迅速溶胀并溶解,随后电极阵列的记录通道会在脑组织中自行展开。由于分散的记录通道的直径较小,电极在长期植入后的组织反应显著减轻。得益于此,与传统的四电极(tetrode)相比,这种自伸展电极在长期植入后的界面阻抗显著降低,电生理信号质量更好。上述特性将受益于活体水平的神经环路机制研究。     

银-氯化银柔性脑电电极的制备及其评价

本文采用丝网印刷技术制备了一种基于聚酰亚胺(PI)柔性塑料基片的Ag/AgCl脑电电极,并建立了一套系统评价柔性脑电电极性能的方法。评价方法主要包括扫描电镜(SEM)表征、电极电位/时间响应和稳定性测试、电化学阻抗测试、附着性测试。结果表明,该柔性电极表面为多孔结构,且与基底粘附性好;该电极呈现Ag/AgCl的电化学界面性质,其平衡电位为0.97±0.20mV,与Ag/AgCl粉末电极接近;且电极电位一致性和稳定性良好,最大极差电位不超过0.7mV,4h后电位漂移值在10μV/4min以内;经磨砂导电膏GT5处理后,电极-皮肤阻抗在5kΩ以内,满足脑电记录要求;相对于人体皮肤的高阻抗值,柔性电极-导电膏(GT20)的界面阻抗仅为166Ω·cm2。该评价方法系统、实用,可为制定相应国家标准提供技术参考。     

卟啉－苝酰亚胺分子阵列的合成及应用进展

由于卟啉与苝酰亚胺基元之间存在高效的能量转移或电子转移过程, 卟啉-苝酰亚胺分子阵列表现出优良的光电性能, 在有机分子器件、有机太阳能电池和光收集材料等高新技术领域展示出广阔的应用前景. 综述了近十几年来卟啉-苝酰亚胺分子阵列的合成及应用研究进展, 并展望了其发展前景.     

有机光伏材料与器件研究的新进展

近几年有机光伏电池应用研究发展迅猛。本文综述了有机光伏薄膜电池在材料(包括有机小分子材料与聚合物材料)、器件构造方面的最新进展，分析了有机聚合物光伏电池目前效率低的主要原因，并探讨了该领域进一步研究的方向和前景。     

TiO2纳米管阵列的制备、改性及其应用研究进展

新型纳米材料TiO₂纳米管阵列具有独特的、高度有序的阵列结构和良好的力学性能、化学稳定性以及抗腐蚀性能。该材料以纯金属钛为基体，在含有少量氟离子的电解质溶液中通过电化学阳极氧化法制得。本文综述了近年来TiO₂纳米管阵列在不同电解液体系中的制备工艺、形成机理、修饰改性及其在光催化降解污染物、太阳能电池、气敏传感材料、光解水制氢等领域应用的最新研究成果，并指出目前存在的问题，对今后的研究提出了展望。     

Evaluating Efficacy of Antimicrobial and Antifouling Materials for Urinary Tract Medical Devices: Challenges and Recommendations

In Europe, the mean incidence of urinary tract infections in intensive care units is 1.1 per 1000 patient‐days. Of these cases, catheter‐associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) account for 98%. In total, CAUTI in hospitals is estimated to give additional health‐care costs of £1–2.5 billion in the United Kingdom alone. This is in sharp contrast to the low cost of urinary catheters and emphasizes the need for innovative products that reduce the incidence rate of CAUTI. Ureteral stents and other urinary‐tract devices suffer similar problems. Antimicrobial strategies are being developed, however, the evaluation of their efficacy is very challenging. This review aims to provide considerations and recommendations covering all relevant aspects of antimicrobial material testing, including surface characterization, biocompatibility, cytotoxicity, in vitro and in vivo tests, microbial strain selection, and hydrodynamic conditions, all in the perspective of complying to the complex pathology of device‐associated urinary tract infection. The recommendations should be on the basis of standard assays to be developed which would enable comparisons of results obtained in different research labs both in industry and in academia, as well as provide industry and academia with tools to assess the antimicrobial properties for urinary tract devices in a reliable way.     

基于非稠环电子受体的有机太阳能电池材料与器件

近年来基于稠环电子受体的有机太阳能电池发展迅速,然而稠环受体分子结构的复杂性导致了较高的合成成本和较低的收率,限制了其商业化应用。非稠环小分子受体因其采用C-C单键连接,因具有分子结构简单、结构多样性、合成成本低等优点获得广泛关注。本文从材料设计角度入手,围绕非稠环电子受体的发展历程,简要讨论结构调控对材料基本性质、聚集态结构、分子堆积、活性层形貌及相应光伏性质的影响规律;重点介绍关于完全非稠环受体材料的结构-性质之间的关系。最后从材料设计、器件优化、器件光伏性能、器件稳定性方面对非稠环受体材料的发展做出展望。     

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling in vivo: muscle and adipose tissue

Calibration methods for microdialysis sampling were studied in the muscle and adipose tissue of rats. Both the delivery method and the no-net-flux method were used to determine the extraction efficiency (EE) of acetaminophen and caffeine in both tissues. There was no concentration dependence of the EE either in vitro or in vivo for either acetaminophen or caffeine. The EEs determined by the delivery and no-net-flux methods were not different. However, the EEs of both caffeine and acetaminophen determined in vitro were significantly higher than those determined in the muscle and adipose. This indicates that mass transfer in the tissue is the rate-determining factor for the EE in vivo. The relative difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the muscle was smaller than the difference between the EE in vitro and the EE in the adipose. In addition, the EE in the muscle decreased more than the EE in the adipose after the animal was euthanized. This indicated that exchange between the extracellular fluid and plasma is the rate-determining step in mass transport relative to microdialysis sampling. This has a more significant effect on the EE in the muscle than the EE in the adipose. Both the delivery and no-net-flux methods can be used to calibrate microdialysis probes in the muscle and adipose.     

Nitric Oxide Release for Enhanced Biocompatibility and Analytical Performance of Implantable Electrochemical Sensors

The real-time, continuous monitoring of glucose/lactate, blood gases and electrolytes by implantable electrochemical sensors holds significant value for critically ill and diabetic patients. However, the wide-spread use of such devices has been seriously hampered by implant-initiated host responses (e. g., thrombus formation, inflammatory responses and bacterial infection) when sensors are implanted in blood or tissue. As a result, the accuracy and usable lifetime of in vivo sensors are often compromised. Nitric oxide (NO) is an endogenous gas molecule able to inhibit platelet adhesion/activation, inflammatory responses and bacterial growth. As such, the release of NO from the surfaces of in vivo sensors is a promising strategy for enhancement of their biocompatibility and analytical performance. In this review, the physiological functions of NO to improve the biocompatibility of implantable electrochemical sensors are introduced, followed by a brief analysis of chemical approaches to realize NO release from such devices. A detailed summary of the various types of NO releasing electrochemical sensors reported to date and their performance in benchtop and/or in vivo testing are also provided. Finally, the prospects of future developments to further advance NO releasing sensor technology for clinical use are discussed.     

表界面化学调控二维材料电催化生物质转化的研究进展

电催化生物质转化是以间歇式能源产生的电能驱动生物质电转化为高附加值有机化学品的过程,将其与水分解耦合能够产生高纯度氢气,具有有效降低化石燃料消耗、优化能源结构及解决环境问题的潜力.然而,由于生物质具有多个官能团及其转化反应涉及多个电子参与,电催化生物质转化面临着转化效率低、选择性差和稳定性不足等挑战.通过调控表面本征结构、构筑表面空位、引入表面杂原子和构建表面协同界面等一系列表界面化学工程对二维电催化材料进行设计和改性,实现对其表面电子结构和几何结构的优化,可以有效地改善二维材料的电转化效率、选择性和稳定性.本综述详细介绍了表界面化学改性二维材料电催化生物质转化的最新研究进展,总结了该研究领域存在的问题,并展望了其研究前景.