倾斜界面耦合弹性层中的渡越辐射能

物理学中,摄动源在非均匀介质中或非均匀介质附近匀速直线运动所产生的能量辐射现象称为渡越辐射.列车沿轨道运行,由轮轨接触产生的弹性波在非均匀轨道和基础中传播将发生渡越辐射,而轨道和基础的非均匀性集中体现在不同轨道基础之间的过渡段(如路桥过渡段、桥隧过渡段或有砟-无砟轨道过渡段).为研究车致弹性波在过渡段中引发的渡越辐射现象,本文以典型高速铁路路桥过渡段结构形式为依据,建立了二维平面应力渡越辐射能计算模型.其中,两个材料参数不同的半无限弹性层由一倾斜界面耦合,底端固定,上表面自由,一个集中载荷在自由表面上匀速运动.界面两侧弹性体中的波动方程均分解为本征场、自由场两个部分分别求解,其中自由场波动方程采用分离变量法数值求解.通过模型求解得到了不同载荷移动速度和界面倾斜角度条件下的渡越辐射能及界面附近应变能密度.结果表明,渡越辐射能的大小随载荷移动速度增大单调非线性增大,移动载荷速度达到刚度较大一侧介质表面波速的74%时产生的渡越辐射能就将超过载荷本身激发的本征场应变能;界面倾斜角度越大,即两侧介质刚度过渡距离越短,渡越辐射能与本征场应变能比值越大.     

双介质耦合刚性基弹性层平面应变型导波模式及界面散射能量分配

过渡段动力稳定性问题已成为制约400 km/h及以上高铁路基设计的关键难题,亟需从波动和能量的角度探究由基础非均匀引发的线路系统动力响应放大机理.文章将轨下基础简化为上表面自由、底端固定的刚性基弹性层,将高铁过渡段车致弹性波传播问题提炼为非均匀介质刚性基弹性层中波的散射问题,建立双介质耦合刚性基弹性层平面应变模型,优化该类波导结构频散方程在复平面求根方法,并结合岩土类介质特征展开刚性基弹性层频散分析,以明确其多模式导波特性及散射能量分配,最后,围绕弹性层厚度、刚度比等影响因素开展对比分析.结果表明:刚性基弹性层各模式导波均具有截止频率,弹性层厚度越小,杨氏模量越大,各阶导波模式的截止频率越高;入射波在双介质刚性基弹性层发生散射后,透射场基阶模式导波会占据主体能量,随着高阶导波模式被逐一激发,反射场及透射场高阶模式能量占比会在全频率范围呈现“此消彼长”状态;交换两侧弹性层材料,改变弹性层厚度及两弹性层刚度比不会显著改变能量分布规律,但总体来看,能量更易集中在较软侧弹性层中,各模式导波在激发初始频段会更为活跃,可分配到更多能量.     

瞬态光学渡越辐射测量系统的设计

光学渡越辐射是运动的带电粒子穿过两种不同电介质的界面时产生的能量向外辐射,辐射能量的分布具有显著的角度分布特点。对电子束产生的光学渡越辐射能量的空间角分布进行测量,可以获得电子束的发散角、发射度、能量等参数。针对所测量的带电粒子束的特点,介绍了在神龙一号上利用光学渡越辐射原理进行电子束发射度测量的瞬态测量系统的设计方法,达到了同时测量电子束发散角和束斑的要求,为进行时间分辨测量系统的设计奠定了基础。     

涂层对复合材料电-磁-弹性性能的影响

研究带界面层的双周期排列电磁弹性纤维复合材料在远场反平面机械载荷和面内电磁载荷作用下的电-磁-弹性响应,结合本征广义应变(本征应变、本征电场、本征磁场)的概念和双准周期Rimann边值问题理论为其发展了一个严格的解析分析方法.解答可用于对胞元内电磁弹性场量进行精细分析,也可对复合材料有效电磁弹性模量做出准确预测.以纯弹性环氧树脂涂层为例,分析了涂层对应力集中系数和有效电磁弹性模量的影响.本文结果可作为一个"基准",用以评价有限元等数值与近似方法的精度.     

双周期分布圆环形截面夹杂反平面问题的解析方法

研究含双周期分布圆环形截面弹性夹杂的无限大介质在远场均匀反平面应力下的弹性响应。通过在双周期圆环形区域内引入非均匀本征应变,将双周期非均匀介质问题转化为带有双周期非均匀本征应变的均匀介质问题,结合双周期函数和双准周期Riemann边值问题理论,获得了该问题弹性场的级数形式解答。作为一个应用,利用该解答预测了含双周期圆环形截面夹杂复合材料的有效纵向剪切模量。数值结果表明,在相同夹杂体积分数下,含圆环形截面夹杂的复合材料比含圆形截面夹杂的复合材料拥有更高的有效纵向剪切模量。     

黏弹性界面断裂分析的增量“加料”有限元法

提出了一种适用于黏弹性界面裂纹问题的增量“加料” 有限元方法. 利用弹性界面裂纹尖端位移场的解答,通过对应原理和拉普拉斯逆变换近似方法,得到了黏弹性界面裂纹的尖端位移场. 用该位移场构造了黏弹性界面裂纹“加料” 单元和过渡单元位移模式,推导了增量“加料” 有限元方程,求解有限元方程可获得应力强度因子和应变能释放率等断裂参量. 建立了典型黏弹性界面裂纹平面问题“加料” 有限元模型,计算结果表明,对于弹性/黏弹性界面裂纹和黏弹性/黏弹性界面裂纹,该方法都能得到相当精确地断裂参量,并能很好地反映蠕变和松弛特性,可推广应用于黏弹性界面断裂问题的计算分析.      

平面任意形状等剪切模量异质夹杂问题的解析解

本文研究任意形状夹杂域在受到远端均匀荷载和均匀本征应变作用下的弹性场问题,其中基体和夹杂的材料不同但具有相同的剪切模量。利用等效理论将远端均匀荷载引起的扰动转化为等效均匀本征应变的作用,再利用K-M势函数表达扰动场问题的界面连续条件;借助于黎曼映射定理,用洛朗多项式将平面光滑闭合曲线外部区域映射到单位圆外部区域,借助柯西积分公式和Faber多项式求解了等剪切本征应变下夹杂和基体的K-M势函数的显式解析解,其中考虑了夹杂相对于基体的刚体位移。将得到的结果与相关文献的结果进行对比,表明了本论文的方法和结果是有效的和正确的。     

黏弹性固体中地下爆炸辐射地震波能量的演化

地下爆炸与介质的能量耦合和介质中的波传播机制是理解地下爆炸源物理的重要基础。为研究地下爆炸辐射地震波能量的传播衰减规律,分析了黏弹性介质中地下爆炸地震波能量的组成。基于无限介质中黏弹性球面波理论,给出了速度、位移、应力、应变等物理量Laplace域的理论解。利用Laplace数值逆求解方法,建立了黏弹性介质中地下爆炸辐射地震波场的计算方法。以干黄土作为典型黏弹性材料,计算给出了地震波能量的传播特征,分析了地下爆炸辐射能量的传播衰减规律。结果表明:（1）在黏弹性介质中,某球面处流入的能量随半径增加而逐渐降低。在理想弹性介质中,某球面处流入的能量在几倍弹性半径外即可稳定到某一定值;（2）在某一固定的有限观测区域内,当观测时间足够长时,势能和耗散能均趋于某一定值,辐射动能趋于零;（3）当有限的观测区域能容纳一个完整波长的地震波时,地震波辐射动能的稳态值随波传播距离的增大而减小,总体上可以用指数函数和幂函数进行分段拟合。     

含有功能梯度界面相压电纤维复合材料的平面问题

基于复变函数理论和线弹性压电材料本构方程,研究了含有功能梯度界面相压电纤维复合材料平面问题的电-弹场.首先基于复变函数理论,对功能梯度界面相分层均匀化处理,然后将基体、分层均匀化后的界面相以及压电纤维的复势设定为含有待定系数的级数解形式,再通过边界条件建立相应的方程组求解复势中的待定系数,最后求得在各种载荷下压电复合材料的电-弹场.研究结果表明功能梯度界面相的材料属性对压电复合材料的电-弹场有重要的影响.     

双周期圆柱形压电夹杂反平面问题的精确解及其应用

研究无限压电介质中双周期圆柱形压电夹杂的反平面问题.借鉴Eshelby等效夹杂原理,通过引入双周期非均匀本征应变和本征电场,构造了一个与原问题等价的均匀介质双周期本征应变和本征电场问题.利用双准周期Riemann边值问题理论,获得了夹杂内外严格的电弹性解.作为压电纤维复合材料的一个重要模型,预测了压电纤维复合材料的有效电弹性模量.     

Transition radiation in an elastically supported string. Abrupt and smooth variations of the support stiffness

Generation of waves due to a constant load moving uniformly along an infinite string resting on an inhomogeneous elastic foundation is studied. Two types of inhomogeneity are considered: (1) an abrupt change of the foundation stiffness; (2) a smooth change of the foundation stiffness. It is shown that transition radiation arises as the load passes the region of inhomogeneity. Expressions for the spectral density of the radiation energy forwards (in the direction of the load motion) and backwards are found and analysed as a function of the load velocity, the ratio of the foundation stiffness and a characteristic length of the inhomogeneity. To visualise the process of radiation the transient vibrations of the string are determined for an abrupt change of the stiffness.     

Radiation emitted by a constant load moving uniformly in a circle on an elastically supported membrane

Wave radiation is studied which is due a constant load moving with a constant speed along a circular path over an unbounded membrane on a elastic foundation. The steady-state solution of the problem is obtained, showing that the radiation occurs for all load velocities. It is shown that the elastic field radiated by the supercritically moving load is confined in a spiral-like apex. The membrane displacements at the boundaries of this apex are discontinuous. The radiated energy per period of load rotation is calculated showing a discrete energy spectrum. For increasing load velocities, the total amount of radiated energy becomes larger. It also turns out that the major part of the radiated energy follows the direction of the load motion.     

冲击荷载作用下滤波混凝土的动态响应与层裂损伤数值研究

借鉴局域共振材料的工作机制,通过在混凝土基体中嵌入滤波单元,设计出具有应力波衰减特性的滤波混凝土。通过将滤波混凝土结构简化为质量弹簧力学系统来分析滤波混凝土对应力波的衰减机制。采用数值模拟方法,对比研究了冲击荷载作用下普通混凝土模型和滤波混凝土模型中应力波的传播特性和层裂破坏模式。通过参数分析,研究了滤波单元的材料和几何属性对其储能效果的影响。研究结果表明：滤波单元有效降低了混凝土基体中应力波的传播速度和应力峰值;滤波单元的储能机制有效降低了混凝土基体中的能量;金属球的质量越大,滤波单元的储能效果越好,但弹性层的弹性模量和厚度需要通过适当分析进行设计以实现滤波单元的储能最大化;滤波混凝土基体的局部损伤耗散了荷载中的大量能量,有效降低了结构自由面附近的破坏程度。     

石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击实验的数值模拟

采用离散元方法模拟石英玻璃杆Taylor撞击问题,再现了其破坏过程:在撞击端,杆以压缩失效波的形式破坏;在自由端,出现了密集的拉伸层裂破坏. 分析表明:层裂是失效波阵面应力快速下降引起的追赶卸载波,与弹性压缩前驱波在自由端反射引起的迎面卸载波相互作用的结果;随着撞击速度的增大,撞击端失效波造成的压缩破坏区域损伤程度增大,反射端层裂破坏损伤区域减小. 进一步对失效波阵面的结构变化及其波速问题进行了研究,发现失效区域随着扩张变成一段裂纹逐渐由密到稀的区段,将此区段分为高损伤区和低损伤区,研究发现由稀疏微裂纹组成的低损伤区的前端面传播速度和弹性前驱波速基本相同,为固定值;而高损伤区前端面的裂纹密度随着传播距离的增加变稀,直至过渡为低损伤区,其传播具有显著的速度衰减、端面模糊直至停止的过程. 高损伤前端面的平均速度随着撞击速度的增大而增大,并逐渐趋近于弹性波速. 最后与已有实验做了对比,发现实验中高速摄影观察到的玻璃中"失效波"阵面实际上是高损伤前端面,而稀疏的低损伤微裂纹很难捕捉.      

Love waves in functionally graded piezoelectric materials

To investigate the features of Love waves in a layered functionally graded piezoelectric structure, the mathematical model is established on the basis of the elastic wave theory, and the WKB method is applied to solve the coupled electromechanical field differential equation. The solutions of the mechanical displacement and electrical potential function are obtained for the piezoelectric layer and elastic substrate. The dispersion relations of Love waves are deduced for electric open and short cases on the free surface respectively. The actual piezoelectric layer–elastic substrate systems are taken into account, and some corresponding numerical examples are proposed comparatively. Thus, the effects of the gradient variation about material constants on the phase velocity, the group velocity, the coupled electromechanical factor and the cutoff frequency are discussed in detail. So the propagation behaviors of Love waves in inhomogeneous medium is revealed, and the dispersion and the anti-dispersion are analyzed. The conclusions are significant both theoretically and practically for the surface acoustic wave devices.     

Computation of interface wave motions by reciprocity considerations

The current theoretical study deals with computation of Stoneley waves along a solid–solid interface and Scholte waves (also called Scholte-Gogoladze) along a solid–liquid interface by reciprocity considerations. Closed-form solutions of the wave motions generated by a time-harmonic line load applied in two bonded elastic half-spaces of different material properties are derived in a simple manner. In order to perform direct applications of reciprocity theorems, we introduce in this article new expressions for the displacements of free interface waves. Reciprocity relations between an actual state, interface wave motion generated by a time-harmonic line load, and a virtual state, an appropriately chosen free wave traveling along the interface, are derived. Scattered amplitudes of Stoneley waves and Scholte waves due to the load are thus computed. To show application of the obtained results, scattering of Stoneley wave by a delamination at the interface is then studied.     

An analytical and numerical study of chaotic dynamics in a simple bouncing ball model

Dynamics of a ball moving in gravitational field and colliding with a moving table is studied in this paper. The motion of the limiter is assumed as periodic with piecewise constant velocity-it is assumed that the table moves up with a constant velocity and then moves down with another constant velocity.The Poincaré map,describing evolution from an impact to the next impact,is derived and scenarios of transition to chaotic dynamics are investigated analytically and numerically.     

Behavior of a Semi-Infinite Ice Cover Under a Uniformly Moving Load

This paper consideres the behavior of a semi-infinite ice cover on the surface of an ideal incompressible fluid of finite depth under the action of a load moving with constant velocity along the edge of the cover at some distance from it. The ice cover is modeled by a thin elastic plate of constant thickness. In a moving coordinate system, the deflection of the plate is assumed to be steady. An analytic solution of the problem is obtained using the Wiener–Hopf technique. The wave forces, the deflection of the plate, and the elevation of the free surface of the fluid at different velocities of the load are investigated.     

The stress field of a sliding inclusion

This paper discusses the stress fields when a spheroidal inclusion, free to slip along its interface, is subjected to a constant nonshear eigenstrain, and when an elastic body containing the inhomogeneity is under all-around tension or uniaxial tension at infinity. In each case the stress field in the inclusion or the inhomogeneity is not constant, contrary to Eshelby's solution. When sliding takes place, the stress increases locally compared with the perfect bonding case, but the elastic energy decreases due to the relaxation. The relative displacement (slip) along the interface is also evaluated.