高热安定型碳氢燃料的理论设计与制备

结合碳氢燃料的组成-性质关系和喷气燃料的基本理化性质指标,建立了高热安定性碳氢燃料的设计方法.通过碳氢燃料烃族组成(直链烷烃、异构烃、环烷烃、芳烃)和性质关系的三角相图,确定符合吸热型碳氢燃料基本理化性质(密度、闪点、冰点、热值与热安定性)的烃族组成域.对4种燃料样品的热安定性研究表明,在确定的组成域内燃料的热安定性优于RP-3,证实了燃料理论设计方法的可靠性.     

吸热型碳氢燃料裂解催化剂结焦研究

建立了一套可以同时进行吸热型碳氢燃料催化裂解研究和催化剂结焦评价的装置。选用SAPO－34、HZSM－5以及USY型不同孔径的分子筛催化剂对自行研制的吸热型碳氢燃料S－1进行催化裂解反应，采用注氧烧焦的方法考察了改变反应温度、反应时间等实验条件对催化剂结焦性能的影响，结果发现，当温度达到700℃时，三种催化剂都有最大的结焦量，而USY型分子筛高达55μL/mg。同时还考察了作为结焦母体的小分子烯烃在裂解产物中的分布与催化剂结焦的关系，对燃料S－1在三种分子筛上裂解结焦的规律有了初步的了解，从而为筛选适用于吸热型碳氢燃料催化裂解的催化剂提供了有力的依据。     

吸热型碳氢燃料在银、镧改性混合分子筛上的裂解研究

为进一步提高吸热型碳氢燃料的吸热能效，考察了吸热型碳氢燃料NNJ－150在USHY和HZSM－5混合分子筛以及银、镧改性混合分子筛催化剂上的催化裂解。结果表明，在Ag-LaUSY Ag-LaZSM-5(75:25)混合分子筛催化NNJ－150裂解反应中，低碳烯烃选择性较高，催化剂寿命较长。采用此催化剂，能较好满足吸热型碳氢燃料裂解的需要。     

提高烃类燃料热沉的研究进展

吸热型烃类燃料是一种热安定性好、可以利用其化学热沉的燃料,其热沉能够满足高超音速飞行的需要.本文论述了燃料热安定性、催化脱氢、催化裂解、引发裂解、超临界裂解等对吸热型烃类燃料热沉的影响,重点论述了引发裂解在吸热型烃类燃料中的裂解优势,提出引发裂解在高超音速飞行器上具有诱人的应用前景.     

提高烃类燃料热沉的研究进展

吸热型烃类燃料是一种热安定性好、可以利用其化学热沉的燃料,其热沉能够满足高超音速飞行的需要。本文论述了燃料热安定性、催化脱氢、催化裂解、引发裂解、超临界裂解等对吸热型烃类燃料热沉的影响,重点论述了引发裂解在吸热型烃类燃料中的裂解优势,提出引发裂解在高超音速飞行器上具有诱人的应用前景。     

提高烃类燃料热沉的研究进展

吸热型烃类燃料是一种热安定性好、可以利用其化学热沉的燃料,其热沉能够满足高超音速飞行的需要。本文论述了燃料热安定性、催化脱氢、催化裂解、引发裂解、超临界裂解等对吸热型烃类燃料热沉的影响,重点论述了引发裂解在吸热型烃类燃料中的裂解优势,提出引发裂解在高超音速飞行器上具有诱人的应用前景。     

吸热碳氢燃料裂解镧改性混合型催化剂的研究

制备了吸热型碳氢燃料NNJ-150和镧离子交换改性的USY、ZSM-5分子重申及混合分子筛，考察了NNJ-150在USHY、HZSM-5和两者混合物以及镧改性单分子筛和混合分子筛催化剂上的裂解反应。结果表明，ZSM-5分子筛中添加镧，对NNJ-150的单分子裂解反应有明显影响；混合分子两种分子筛之间存在协同作用，低温（500℃）下，LaUSY LaZSM-5（75：25）混合分子筛对低碳烯烃的选择性较高（41.48％），催化剂寿命较长（35min以上），能有效提高吸热型碳氢燃料NNJ-150的吸热能效。     

银、镧改性混合型吸热碳氢燃料裂解分子筛催化剂的研究

为提高吸热型碳氢燃料的吸热能效,制备了吸热型碳氢燃料NNJ-150和银、镧 离子交换改性USY,ZSM-5分子筛及混合分子筛,考察了NNJ-150在USHY,HZSM-5和 二者混合物以及银、镧改性混合分子筛催化剂上的裂解情况。结果表明,NNJ-150 在Ag-LaUSY + Ag-LaZSM-5（75：25）混合分子筛上裂解时,低碳烯烃选择性较高 （600 ℃,47.92%）,催化剂寿命较长(35 min以上）,催化性能比较稳定,可满 足冷却高超音速飞行器的要求。     

吸热型碳氢燃料在银、镧改性ZSM-5分子筛上的裂解研究

为提高吸热型碳氢燃料的吸热能效，对HZSM－5分子筛进行了La^3 、Ag^ 离子交换改性，考察了吸热型碳氢燃料NNJ－150在HZSM－5及改性ZSM－5分子筛催化剂上的裂解情况。结果表明，La^3 、Ag^ 离子交换改性催化剂提高了NNJ－150的裂解气中低碳烯烃的选择性（500℃,81.63%)，并且改性催化剂和未改性催化剂的活性在35min内均未随进样时间下降，转化率也未降低（500℃,HZSM-5,64.62%;LaZSM-5,65.71%；AgZSM-5,68.75%)。实验结果表明，双金属离子改性可为今后研究的方向。     

吸热型碳氢燃料的核磁共振和色谱/质谱分析及热力学性质

测定两种吸热型碳氢燃料的^1H和^13C NMR谱,从NMR等实验数据计算得到平均分子结构参数。以基团贡献法为桥梁,总结定量结构—性能关系,从NMR结构信息预测了燃料的蒸发焓和燃烧焓,与热力学实验结果吻合良好。用GC/MS分析燃料的化学组成,检出主要由脂肪烃、芳烃和环烷烃3类构成的60余种烃类化合物,为吸热型碳氢燃料的结构和特性表征以及燃料的开发提供重要信息。     

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for the analysis of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels

Fully synthetic jet fuel (FSJF) produced via Fischer-Tropsch (FT) technology was recently approved by the international aviation fuel authorities. To receive approval, comparison of FSJF and crude-derived fuel and blends on their qualitative and quantitative hydrocarbon composition was of utmost importance. This was performed by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) in the reversed phase mode. The hydrocarbon composition of synthetic and crude-derived jet fuels is very similar and all compounds detected in the synthetic product are also present in crude-derived fuels. Quantitatively, the synthetic fuel consists of a higher degree of aliphatic branching with less than half the aromatic content of the crude-derived fuel. GC×GC analyses also indicated the presence of trace levels of hetero-atomic impurities in the crude-derived product that were absent in the synthetic product. While clay-treatment removed some of the impurities and improved the fuel stability, the crude-derived product still contained traces of cyclic and aromatic S-containing compounds afterwards. Lower level of aromatics and the absence of sulphur are some of the factors that contribute to the better fuel stability and environmental properties of the synthetic fuel. GC×GC was further applied for the analysis of products during Jet Fuel Thermal Oxidation Testing (JFTOT), which measures deposit formation of a fuel under simulated engine conditions. JFTOT showed the synthetic fuel to be much more stable than the crude-derived fuel.     

Effect of stabilizers on the preparation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Previous investigators have indicated that stabilizers will block the transesterification catalyst in the preparation of PET by the DMT process. This was not the case when triphenyl phosphate (TPP) or Irganox 1010 was used as the stabilizer and manganous acetate as the catalyst. Stabilizers in this study included TPP, trimethyl phosphate (TMP), tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), Irganox 1010, and Irganox 1222. Their effect on the properties of PET made by the TPA process was investigated. It was observed that TPP and TMP greatly reduced the carboxyl content of PET and that the others had little or no effect. All stabilizers lowered the diethylene glycol content of PET. The rate of polycondensation was slightly increased when a small amount of Irganox 1010, Irganox 1222, or TMP was added. Proper concentration of stabilizer should be chosen to obtain good stability and low diethylene glycol content. Among the five stabilizers studied TPP was the best with respect to carboxyl and diethylene glycol content and thermal stability. The concentration of TPP should be kept under 0.04% by weight of PET.     

全二维气相色谱-质谱分析煤油基吸热型碳氢燃料烃族组成

采用全二维气相色谱-质谱联用（GC×GC-MS）考察了色谱柱系统、程序升温条件和调制周期3个主要因素对样品组分分离结果的影响,建立了煤油基吸热型碳氢燃料烃族组成的定性分析方法,并利用GC×GC-FID通过有效碳数校正因子对烃族组成进行定量。对选取的9种燃料的分析结果表明,该方法对链烷烃和环烷烃的定量结果与标准方法ASTM D2425的结果高度一致,相对误差基本均在±10%以内。利用该方法计算的碳含量结果与元素分析法相比误差均在0.5%以下。该方法无需复杂的前处理,稀释后可直接进样分析,操作简单,而且可直观地看出不同样品之间的差异,为改进燃料的性能提供了必要的分析手段。     

CeO2/RP-PSCFM@CoFe阳极材料用于质子导体乙烷燃料电池共生乙烯和电能

The continuous consumption and excessive use of fossil fuels promote the exploration of new energy conversion technologies. Meanwhile, the increase in the supply of ethane encourages the development of industrial technology for the production of ethylene chemical raw materials. Compared with traditional fossil fuel energy conversion equipment, solid oxide ethane cogeneration fuel cells are an efficient energy processing device. Through selective oxidation of fuel gas on the anode, the endothermic process of ethane dehydrogenation is converted into an exothermic oxidation reaction, which has a greater driving force for reaction thermodynamics, and simultaneously produces clean electricity and value-added chemicals without CO₂ emissions. The anode material used for the proton conductor ethane fuel cells needs to operate stably and efficiently under hydrocarbon fuel. Consequently, excellent catalytic activity, low polarization resistance, and anti-coking stability are essential. In this work, CeO₂ was uniformly impregnated into the surface of the porous cubic perovskite Pr_0.4Sr_0.6Co_0.2Fe_0.7Mo_0.1O_3−δ anode by wet impregnation, and then calcined and reduced to obtain a CeO₂/RP-PSCFM@CoFe composite anode embedded with nanoparticles, which was successfully used in electrolyte-supported proton conductor fuel cells. CeO₂ has a high ionic conductivity and transport capacity, which accelerates the transfer rate of protons on the anode and improves the catalytic reaction and transport process. Moreover, uniformly dispersed CeO₂ can effectively increase the three-phase interface of the anode reaction and increase the range of reaction activity. The peak power densities before and after wet impregnation reached 172 and 253 mW·cm⁻², respectively, at 750 ℃. When switching to ethane as the fuel, the peak power densities reached 136 and 183 mW·cm⁻², respectively. The polarization resistance of the impregnated single cell was significantly reduced, and the catalytic activity improved. Moreover, there was no attenuation for 10 h in the long-term test. Inversely, the current density increased with the continuous reduction of the composite anode. Product analysis revealed that the yield of ethylene increased from 23.52% at 650 ℃ to 34.09% at 750 ℃, and the ethylene selectivity exceeded 94%. These results clearly show that the impregnated anode exhibited excellent catalytic activity and anti-coking ability in hydrocarbon fuels at high temperatures. Combining CoFe nanoparticles with CeO₂ enhanced the electronic conductance and ionic conductance of the electrode, improved the transmission of electric energy and the efficient conversion of chemicals, thus successfully producing the cogeneration of electric energy and ethylene.     

吸热型碳氢燃料RP3仿JP7临界性质（tc、pc）的测定

建立了一套低停留时间流动法测定物质临界性质的实验装置，样品在加热区停留10s~50s,有效的抑制了被测流体的热分解和热聚合反应。采用正戊烷、正己烷及环己烷为标准物对装置进行了可靠性校验，测定了RP-3和仿JP-7两种吸热燃料的临界温度和压力。同时选用了四种以体积平均沸点和相对密度为主要参数的估算方法，对燃料的临界性质进行了估算，比较了实验值与估算值的偏差,表明API(American Petroleum Institute) 方法 和 Riazi Daubert关联式相对较准确。     

绿脓杆菌阳极的微生物燃料电池含溶解氧性能研究

本文研究了绿脓杆菌分泌的电子中介体绿脓菌素与电极之间的反应,并探讨了溶解氧的影响. 通过循环伏安曲线、测试电极开路电位等方法,确定绿脓菌素阳极反应是受扩散控制的可逆反应. 菌液的溶解氧浓度在一定范围内（0 ~ 1.6 mg.L^-1）对绿脓菌素和电极之间的反应影响不大. 微生物燃料电池的极化曲线表明,当溶解氧为1.6 mg.L^-1时,微生物燃料电池输出电流下降了7%,对绿脓杆菌阳极的微生物燃料电池影响不大.     

氢、碳氢燃料对向扩散火焰

A comprehensive analysis of hydrogen/oxygen and hydrocarbon/oxygen counterflow diffu-sion flames has been conducted using corresponding detailed reaction mechanisms. The hydrocarbon fuels contain n-alkanes from CH₄ to C₁₆H₃₄. The basic diffusion flame struc-tures are demonstrated, analyzed, and compared. The effects of pressure, and strain rate on the flame behavior and energy-release rate for each fuel are examined systematically. The de-tailed chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory(LLNL) are employed, and the largest one of them contains 2115 species and 8157 reversible reactions. The results indicate for all of the fuels the flame thickness and heat release rate correlate well with the square root of the pressure multiplied by the strain rate. Under the condition of any strain rate and pressure, H₂ has thicker flame than hydrocarbons, while the hydrocarbons have the similar temperature and main products distributions and almost have the same flame thickness and heat release rate. The result indicates that the fuels composed with these hydrocarbons will still have the same flame properties as any pure n-alkane fuel.     

Will Zeolite‐Based Catalysis be as Relevant in Future Biorefineries as in Crude Oil Refineries?

Transition from petroleum‐ to biomass‐based fuel economy will require new conversion strategies. In a petroleum refinery, particular hydrocarbon fractions from crude oil are catalytically converted into high‐grade fuels. Certain zeolite catalysts are performing exceptionally well. Unlike petroleum fractions, biomass‐derived compounds have a high oxygen content requiring low‐temperature catalytic aqueous phase processes for selective conversion and stability of zeolite catalysts in hot liquid water. It will be shown that recent developments in zeolite synthesis and modification allow adapting zeolite properties to achieve selective conversion of biomass compounds/fractions as well.